放疗技师独立模拟定位的可行性分析

目的:探讨放疗技师独立模拟定位的可行性和意义。方法:根据医师填写的模拟定位申请单,应用模拟定位机独立完成照射野设计,医师审核计划并确定治疗剂量和分割方式后实施治疗。结果:技师独立完成603例各种肿瘤患者的模拟定位,二次定位率5.3%(32/603)。结论:技师独立模拟定位具有可行性。     

Palliative radiotherapy

Radiotherapy is often used for the palliative treatment of advanced cancer. Although each cancer is unique in its histology and natural history, there are several scenarios that repeatedly challenge physicians. Specifically, skeletal metastases, spinal cord compression, brain metastasis, bronchial obstruction, and vena cava obstruction are regularly encountered. This review will discuss the diagnosis and treatment of these common important situations.     

Postmastectomy radiotherapy

Radiotherapy given after mastectomy (PMRT) will reduce the risk of local recurrence by about two-thirds. The absolute benefit will depend on the risk of local recurrence, which will depend on pathological characteristics (tumour size, nodal status, etc.) but also the type and extent of the surgery. The overall effect of radiotherapy on survival has changed with time. Improved local control reduces the risk of dying from breast caner, presumably by preventing secondary dissemination from recurrent disease. Older radiotherapy techniques were associated with an excess risk of cardiovascular death, which counterbalanced the improvement in survival seen with better local control. More recent studies show that modern radiotherapy techniques can improve local control and avoid cardiac morbidity. PMRT remains an important component of the management of patients with breast cancer.     

Flash放疗

Flash放疗是利用超高剂量率超快辐射所产生的对正常组织有保护作用的Flash效应进行的放疗。由于其独特的放射生物学优势,Flash放疗正受到学术界和工业界越来越多的关注,成为了当前放疗领域的前沿热点。本文总结了目前已开展及计划开展Flash照射实验报道,对各类细胞和动物实验、实验条件及实验结果等进行了归纳;同时介绍了Flash效应可能的生物学机理和分析了Flash放疗面临的挑战,对潜在的临床应用进行了展望。     

图像引导的放射治疗技术

胸腹部肿瘤因呼吸等生理运动处于不断运动的状态,影响成像、治疗计划和治疗过程的精确度。图像引导放疗(IGRT)技术有望解决运动肿瘤的精确治疗问题,它主要分为3个研究方向。其中,呼吸门控放疗开展较早,已经进入临床应用;集成放疗成像系统把定位和治疗设备合二为一,实现常规模拟定位、锥形束CT和实时成像等功能;射束同步放疗技术以四维CT成像技术为基础,控制动态多叶光栅使射束随着肿瘤的运动而不断运动,是最理想的放疗实现模式。     

鼻咽癌常规放疗与调强放疗的临床研究

目的:比较鼻咽癌不同放疗方式的远期并发症发生情况及远期疗效.方法:采用门诊随访、电话随访、随访信等方式,调查2003-01-01-2006-07-31在我院行放射治疗的145例鼻咽癌患者临床资料,分析不同放疗方式远期并发症发生率及远期疗效.其中常规放疗68例,调强放疗77例.随访的远期并发症包括口干、张口受限、放射性龋齿、听力下降、颈部纤维化等.所有的远期并发症均视为二分类变量.结果:常规放疗组和调强放疗组口干、颈部纤维化的发生率分别为94.1％和61.0％(x2=22 012,P＜0.01)、41.2％和15.6％(x2=11.839,P=0.001),张口受限、放射性龋齿、听力下降的发生率分别为35.3％和26 0％(x2 =1.484,P=0.223)、35.3％和28.6％(x2=0.753,P=0.385)、52.9％和40.0％,x2 =2.846,P=0.092.常规放疗组和调强放疗组5年生存率分别为60.5％和77.4％,x2=4.320,P=0.038.结论:鼻咽癌调强放疗远期并发症的发生率低于常规放疔,远期疗效明显优于常规放疔,但调强放疔仍存在部分远期并发症,影响患者的生存质量.     

Respiratory gated radiotherapy: the 4D radiotherapy

Respiration-gated radiotherapy offers a significant potential for improvement in the irradiation of tumor sites affected by respiratory motion such as lung, breast and liver tumors. An increased conformality of irradiation fields leading to decreased complications rates of organs at risk (lung, heart...) is expected. Respiratory gating is in line with the need for improved precision required by radiotherapy techniques such as 3D conformal radiotherapy or intensity modulated radiotherapy. Reduction of respiratory motion can be achieved by using either breath hold techniques or respiration synchronized gating techniques. Breath hold techniques can be achieved with active, in which airflow of the patient is temporarily blocked by a valve, or passive techniques, in which the patient voluntarily breath-hold. Synchronized gating techniques use external devices (CCD camera for the GEMS/Varian system tested at Curie Institute) to predict the phase of the respiration cycle while the patient breaths freely. A new strategy is currently developed: the 4D Respiration correlated CT. It consists of retrospectively reconstruct CT slices at different phases of the breathing cycle allowing to measure residual movements and to choose the optimal patient's breathing phase where tumor movements are lower. These techniques presently investigated in several medical centers worldwide. The first results are very promising.     

Intraoperative radiotherapy

The potential benefit of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) was originally recognized years ago and has recently attracted renewed interest. Modern radiotherapeutic approaches may be more successful as a result of technical innovation, particularly in the use of electron beam accelerators. Preliminary studies, mainly uncontrolled and nonrandomized, have assessed the role of IORT for treatment of a variety of deep seated abdominal, retroperitoneal, and pelvic cancers. The results of some studies show much promise, but prospective trials are needed to scientifically validate these favorable initial observations.     

图像引导的放射治疗技术

胸腹部肿瘤因呼吸等生理运动处于不断运动的状态，影响成像、治疗计划和治疗过程的精确度。图像引导放疗（IGRT）技术有望解决运动肿瘤的精确治疗问题，它主要分为3个研究方向。其中，呼吸门控放疗开展较早，已经进入临床应用；集成放疗成像系统把定位和治疗设备合二为一，实现常规模拟定位、锥形束CT和实时成像等功能；射束同步放疗技术以四维CT成像技术为基础，控制动态多叶光栅使射束随着肿瘤的运动而不断运动，是最理想的放疗实现模式。     

Clinical and dosimetric study of radiotherapy for glioblastoma: three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus intensity-modulated radiotherapy

Journal of Neuro-Oncology - We aimed to compare three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for the treatment of glioblastoma. Retrospective study...     

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy significantly reduces xerostomia compared with conventional radiotherapy

PURPOSE: Xerostomia is a severe complication after radiotherapy for oropharyngeal cancer, as the salivary glands are in close proximity with the primary tumor. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) offers theoretical advantages for normal tissue sparing. A Phase II study was conducted to determine the value of IMRT for salivary output preservation compared with conventional radiotherapy (CRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 56 patients with oropharyngeal cancer were prospectively evaluated. Of these, 30 patients were treated with IMRT and 26 with CRT. Stimulated parotid salivary flow was measured before, 6 weeks, and 6 months after treatment. A complication was defined as a stimulated parotid flow rate <25% of the preradiotherapy flow rate. RESULTS: The mean dose to the parotid glands was 48.1 Gy (SD 14 Gy) for CRT and 33.7 Gy (SD 10 Gy) for IMRT (p < 0.005). The mean parotid flow ratio 6 weeks and 6 months after treatment was respectively 41% and 64% for IMRT and respectively 11% and 18% for CRT. As a result, 6 weeks after treatment, the number of parotid flow complications was significantly lower after IMRT (55%) than after CRT (87%) (p = 0.002). The number of complications 6 months after treatment was 56% for IMRT and 81% for CRT (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: IMRT significantly reduces the number of parotid flow complications for patients with oropharyngeal cancer.     

Comparison of conventional radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for post-operative radiotherapy for primary extremity soft tissue sarcoma

Introduction

Doses in conventional radiotherapy for extremity soft tissue sarcoma (STS) potentially exceed normal tissue tolerances. This study compares 3D-conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in optimising target volume coverage and minimising integral dose to organs-at-risk (OAR).

Methods and materials

Ten patients undergoing post-operative radiotherapy for extremity STS were assessed. PTV₁ was defined as tumour bed plus 5 cm superiorly/inferiorly and 3 cm circumferentially, PTV₂ was defined as 2 cm isotropically. OAR were defined as whole femur, neurovascular bundle, tissue corridor and normal tissue outside PTV₁. For each patient 2-phase 3D-CRT was compared to 2/3 field (2/3f) and 4/5 field (4/5f) IMRT with simultaneous integrated boost (SIB). The primary planning objective was to minimise femur and skin corridor dose. Volumetric analysis and conformity and heterogeneity indices were used for plan comparison.

Results

A planning protocol containing dose/volume constraints for target and OAR was defined. 4/5f IMRT showed greatest conformity and homogeneity. IMRT resulted in significantly lower femur V45 using 2/3f (p = 0.01) and 4/5f (p = 0.0009) than 3D-CRT. 4/5f IMRT resulted in significantly lower normal tissue V55 (p = 0.004) and maximum dose (p = 0.04) than 3D-CRT.

Conclusions

A reproducible set of planning guidelines and dose-volume constraints for 3D-CRT and IMRT planning for extremity sarcomas was devised. 4/5f IMRT with SIB resulted in better target coverage and significantly decreased OAR dose. Further evaluation of this technique within a clinical trial is recommended to demonstrate that the technical benefit of the more complex technique translates into patient-derived benefit by reducing late toxicity.     

Comparison of intensity-modulated radiotherapy, adaptive radiotherapy, proton radiotherapy, and adaptive proton radiotherapy for treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancer

Background and purpose

Various radiotherapy planning methods for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) have been proposed to decrease normal tissue toxicity. We compare IMRT, adaptive IMRT, proton therapy (IMPT), and adaptive IMPT for SCCHN.

Materials and methods

Initial and re-simulation CT images from 10 consecutive patients with SCCHN were used to quantify dosimetric differences between photon and proton therapy. Contouring was performed on both CTs, and plans (n = 40 plans) and dose-volume histograms were generated.

Results

The mean GTV volume decreased 53.4% with re-simulation. All plans provided comparable PTV coverage. Compared with IMRT, adaptive IMRT significantly reduced the maximum dose to the mandible (p = 0.020) and mean doses to the contralateral parotid gland (p = 0.049) and larynx (p = 0.049). Compared with IMRT and adaptive IMRT, IMPT significantly lowered the maximum doses to the spinal cord (p < 0.002 for both) and brainstem (p < 0.002 for both) and mean doses to the larynx (p < 0.002 for both) and ipsilateral (p = 0.004 IMRT, p = 0.050 adaptive) and contralateral (p < 0.002 IMRT, p = 0.010 adaptive) parotid glands. Adaptive IMPT significantly reduced doses to all critical structures compared with IMRT and adaptive IMRT and several critical structures compared with non-adaptive IMPT.

Conclusions

Although adaptive IMRT reduced dose to several normal structures compared with standard IMRT, non-adaptive proton therapy had a more favorable dosimetric profile than IMRT or adaptive IMRT and may obviate the need for adaptive planning. Protons allowed significant sparing of the spinal cord, parotid glands, larynx, and brainstem and should be considered for SCCHN to decrease normal tissue toxicity while still providing optimal tumor coverage.     

食管癌适形与调强放疗技术剂量参数比较的Meta分析

目的:探讨食管癌三维适形放疗(three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy,3D-CRT)与调强放疗(intensity modulated radiotherapy,IMRT)技术间的剂量参数差异,为临床提供有价值的循证医学证据.方法:计算机检索Cochrane、PubMed、Embase及中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库中所有比较食管癌三维适形放疗及调强放疗的文章,应用RevMan 5.2软件对所有满足条件的数据进行Meta分析.结果:17篇文献纳入本次研究.食管癌调强放疗与适形放疗比,能显著降低双肺的K0(MD=4.63,95％ CI:1.69 ～ 7.56,P＜0.01)及K0(MD =4.21,95％CI:1.48 ～6.94,P＜0.01),且有更好的适形指数(MD=-0.14,95％CI:-0.2 ～-0.07,P＜0.01)及均匀指数(MD =0.04,95％CI:-0.01 ～0.07,P＜0.01);双肺V5、V10、心脏V40及脊髓最大受量Dmax两种放疗技术间无统计学差异.结论:食管癌IMRT与3D-CRT比较能明显降低肺的V20及K30,具有更好的靶区适形度.     

二十一世纪的放射治疗——调强适形放疗

放射治疗是重要的局部治疗手段,提高肿瘤的放射剂量能够增加肿瘤的局部控制率,并进一步改善生存率,但是严重的正常组织损伤限制了放射剂量的进一步提高。调强适形放疗具有高剂量区剂量分布的三维形状与靶区形状一致,靶区内剂量能够按照处方要求分布的优点,能够在不增加正常组织损伤的前提下,提高肿瘤的放射剂量,具有重要的临床意义,并已经在头颈癌、前列腺癌等的治疗中取得了较好的疗效。     

宫颈癌根治性放疗中三维适形调强放疗技术的应用

目的:探讨三维适形调强技术在宫颈癌放射治疗中的应用.方法:应用PubMed检索系统,以"宫颈癌、调强放疗"为关键词,检索2000-01-2009-10相关宫颈癌调强治疗文献.进一步筛选有关调强放疗在宫颈癌根治性放疗中降低胃肠道及骨髓毒性、靶区的勾画原则及调强放疗在后程推量中的应用的文献有26篇.结果:盆腔、盆腔延伸野适形调强放疗可以降低小肠、骨髓、直肠、膀胱和肾脏在高剂量区的受照射体积,降低严重急性毒性的发生率.膀胱、直肠充盈状态及肿瘤体积的变化,导致子宫体、子宫颈位移.每周进行CT或MR定位扫描并进行靶区勾画及计划设计可以减少危及器官在计划靶体积(PTV)中的受照射体积.在宫颈癌根治性放疗中建议使用调强技术与腔内技术结合进行后程推量治疗.结论:三维适形调强放射治疗在宫颈癌根治性治疗中具有重要的意义,临床治疗结果仍在观察中.