腹腔镜根治性单侧肾、输尿管及全膀胱切除治疗上尿路上皮癌合并膀胱癌的疗效观察

目的：探讨腹腔镜根治性单侧肾、输尿管及全膀胱切除术治疗上尿路上皮癌合并膀胱癌的安全性及可行 性。方法：回顾性分析我院 ２０１６年 ５月至 ２０２１年 ２月收治的 ９例单侧上尿路上皮癌合并膀胱癌的临床资料，术前 结合病史及膀胱镜活检结果、输尿管活检结果、泌尿系增强 ＣＴ、腹部增强 ＭＲＩ等检查提示单侧上尿路上皮癌合并膀 胱浸润性尿路上皮癌，手术方式采用腹腔镜根治性单侧肾、输尿管及全膀胱切除术。统计并分析患者手术及术后相 关指标、近期及远期并发症、生活质量评分及复发与转移情况。结果：９例手术均于腹腔镜下顺利完成，女性患者同 期切除子宫及附件，９例患者均采用健侧输尿管皮肤造口术。中位手术时间 ４２５（２６０～６１０）ｍｉｎ；中位术中出血量 １２００（３００～２５００）ｍＬ；围术期输血 ８例，中位输血量 １０００（０～２１００）ｍＬ；术后中位住院时间 １３（１０～２７）ｄ；中位随 访时间 ２５（６～６３）月。术后 ４例出现并发症，１例盆腔淋巴漏，１例造瘘口感染、尿路感染、输尿管吻合口狭窄，２例肾 功能不全。术后病理：肾盂癌、输尿管癌及浸润性膀胱癌 ２例，输尿管癌及浸润性膀胱癌 ６例，肾盂癌及膀胱浸润性 癌 １例。９例患者生活质量评分术后 ６月较术前均提高。术后 ３例行化疗，１例吉西他滨 ＋顺铂方案化疗 １周期，１ 例吉西他滨 ＋顺铂方案化疗 ２周期，此 ２例化疗后均因骨髓抑制及自身原因不愿再继续化疗；１例吉西他滨 ＋卡铂 方案化疗 ４周期；另外 ６例不愿接受化疗。９例均定期复查随访。１例患者术后 ９月出现肾功能不全进展至尿毒症 期，未行透析等治疗，于术后 １０月死亡；１例患者术后 ３８月出现复发转移，于术后 ３８月死亡，其余患者随访生存良 好。结论：上尿路上皮癌合并浸润性膀胱癌临床少见且治疗棘手，手术治疗创伤大，同期腹腔镜单侧肾、输尿管切除 ＋膀胱全切术是一种安全有效的治疗术式，该术式具有创伤小、恢复快等微创优势，提高术后生活质量，肿瘤治疗效 果好，可以获得较长的生存期。     

输尿管残端癌36例报告

目的 减少和预防肾盂癌术后输尿管残端癌及输尿管口附近膀胱肿瘤的发生。方法 肾盂癌行肾、输尿管全长及膀胱部分切除。输尿管残端癌行输尿管残端及膀胱部分切除。术中及术后膀胱灌注化疗药物。结果 本组36例行输尿管残端及膀胱部分切除,术中及术后膀胱灌注化疗,二年内未见复发,均存活五年以上。结论 肾盂癌必须行肾、输尿管全长及膀胱部分切除、术中及术后膀胱灌注化疗,可减少和预防输尿管残端癌及膀胱肿瘤的发生。     

应用TUR术治疗膀胱癌膀胱全切术后复发性尿道癌

目的：探讨膀胱癌行膀胱全切术后尿道复发的治疗方法.方法：回顾性分析膀胱癌行膀胱全切术患者216例,其中术后复发尿道癌15例（6.9％）,复发平均时间18（3-46）个月.15例患者术后因肉眼血尿（7例）、血性分泌物（3例）及排尿不畅（5例）再次就诊.均经尿道膀胱镜检查及尿道冲洗细胞学检查确诊.尿道镜活检报告为尿道尿路上皮癌,病理分期为Ta-T1.15例均行TUR术,术后辅以羟基喜树碱灌注治疗.结果：15例患者术后平均随访36（6-52）个月.其中12例患者健在,未见肿瘤复发及转移;1例术后14个月肿瘤复发,行全尿道切除＋尿液转流术,随访至今未见肿瘤再次复发及转移;1例术后8个月肿瘤复发,行全尿道切除＋阴道前壁、侧壁、子宫及附件切除＋盆腔淋巴结清扫术,术后9个月死于肿瘤多发转移;1例死于心肌梗死.结论：膀胱癌膀胱全切术后复发尿道癌可应用TUR术治疗,临床效果良好且生活质量较高.早期诊断与治疗是保证预后的关键.     

新辅助介入化疗及放疗后经尿道切除治疗浸润性膀胱癌

目的：评价新辅助动脉介入化疗、盆腔放疗结合经尿道切除治疗浸润性膀胱癌的效果：方法：对13例平均年龄68．3岁、有膀胱全切指征而患者无法耐受或不愿接受膀胱全切手术的浸润性膀胱移行细胞癌(T2-3/G1-3)进行保留膀胱的治疗：治疗方式采用新辅助动脉介入化疗、盆腔放疗及经尿道切除：经髂内动脉灌注的化疗药物为顺铂80mg、表柔比星50mg、氟尿嘧啶1g或喜树碱30mg，放疗平均剂量为30～50Gy.结果：经新辅助动脉介入化疗及盆腔放疗，膀胱癌瘤体明显缩小，完全缓解(CR)1例(7．69％)，部分缓解(PR)12例(92．31％)，缩小的癌灶经尿道电切或钬激光得以顺利切除，患者膀胱得以保留：所有病例定期随访，平均随访26．46个月。肿瘤复发5例(38．46％)，对复发肿瘤行再次经尿道切除或化、放疗。结论：虽然根治性膀胱全切术是浸润性膀胱癌的主要治疗方法，但在部分病例中可选择新辅助介入化疗、放疗结合经尿道切除的治疗，初步的结果提示疗效良好，且患者保留膀胱功能、获得了较好的生活质量。     

膀胱腺癌的诊断与治疗(附24例报告)

目的：提高膀胱腺癌的诊断与治疗水平。方法：分析经手术病理证实的24例膀胱腺癌患者资料。原发性膀胱腺癌23例，原发性膀胱腺癌行根治性膀胱全切除术＋尿流改道术9例，行广泛性扩大膀胱部分切除术11例；经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术2例；未予手术治疗2例。结果：膀胱腺癌占同期膀胱癌的1．6％。22例获得随访，时间为3个月～9年，2例患者失访。本组1年生存率为63．7％，2年生存率50．0％，5年生存率为26．3％。结论：原发性膀胱腺癌宜行根治性全膀胱切除术，对复发、转移性患者应采用综合治疗，以提高生存率。     

膀胱癌切除后的局部复发

分析术前未进行放疗的膀胱癌切除后的骨盆局部复发的发生率、临床和病理分期与局部复发的相关性,以便指导局部复发的治疗。 686例膀胱癌病人中83例施行膀胱切除术(未用其它治疗)。男67例,女16例。年龄54～82岁。随访时间为0～167个月,平均56个月。所有病人均行膀胱切除术加回肠造瘘输尿管吻合     

原发性中下段输尿管癌保肾手术治疗18例

目的探讨原发性中下段输尿管癌保肾手术治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析18例输尿管癌合并肾功能不全、孤立肾、严重心肺疾病不能耐受肾输尿管全长切除术患者的临床资料,所有患者行保肾手术治疗。其中6例行输尿管肿瘤段切除端端吻合术;5例行输尿管末端及膀胱袖口状切除,输尿管膀胱再植术;7例行输尿管镜下钬激光切除肿瘤组织。结果 18例患者手术均顺利并获随访,随访时间1-7年。有3例原位复发,5例膀胱再发,术后1年内死于肾功能衰竭和全身转移3例;1-3年死于癌全身转移4例,3-5年死于多器官功能衰竭和癌全身转移6例。生存超过5年者5例。结论对于中下段输尿管癌,合并以下情况如孤立肾、双侧尿路上皮癌,肾功不全者,合并多种内科疾病,身体一般状况较差,不能耐受大手术者,无论肿瘤分级如何,可以选择保肾手术治疗。术后膀胱灌注化疗及密切随访是必要的。     

老年膀胱癌腹腔镜膀胱全切除手术疗效分析

[目的]探讨老年膀胱癌腹腔镜下膀胱全切除的手术方法和临床效果。[方法]老年膀胱癌患者12例,采用5个Trocar,腹腔镜下行膀胱根治性切除术,下腹正中做小切口,取出切除的膀胱、前列腺、子宫、附件。尿流改道方式回肠膀胱术患者9例,直肠膀胱术患者3例。[结果]手术时间4～7h,平均手术时间5.3h;术中失血400～650ml,平均约542 ml。术后禁食时间3~7d,平均3.7d。随访时间1~35个月,1例复发于术后5个月死亡,其余病例均生存。[结论]对老年肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者采取腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除术是临床上一种常用的有效的治疗方法。     

经耻骨途径全膀胱后尿道切除5例报告

我科对膀胱癌开展了经耻骨途径全膀胱后尿道切除术,从1983年11月～1984年10月共做5例。其中2例术后半年内死亡,死因均与该术式无关。余3例健在,随访2～3年的无残端尿道癌发生。本文对全膀胱切除后,后尿道癌的发生和经耻骨全膀胱后尿道切除术加以讨论。     

吡柔比星膀胱灌注预防膀胱癌术后复发的临床观察

目的：探讨吡柔比星(THP)膀胱内灌注化疗预防浅表性膀胱癌电切(TUR-Bt)、膀胱局部切除或部分切除术后的效果和安全性。方法：选择34例行TUR-Bt、膀胱局部切除或部分切除术后并有随访结果的病例，术后定期应用THP30mg／50ml、1次／周，连续8周；以后1次／月，连续10月。膀胱内灌注化疗，每次膀胱内液保留30分钟，根据随访结果对其疗效进行评价。结果：34例患者总疗程12个月，平均随访16个月～22个月，无肿瘤复发32例(94．1％)，复发2例，未见全身性药物不良反应。大部分患者灌注后出现一过性轻度尿频、尿急症状。结论：THP短时间膀胱内灌注预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发疗效满意，病人耐受性好，副作用小，值得临床推广应用。     

Significance of intraoperative ureteral evaluation at radical cystectomy for urothelial cancer

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) for urothelial cancer are at increased risk for upper tract recurrence and anastomotic recurrence. In an attempt to reduce this recurrence risk, urologists employ intraoperative frozen sections to achieve an uninvolved ureteral margin. The utility of this surgical approach was examined. METHODS: A retrospective review identified 1330 bladder cancer patients from 1990 to 2004 with pathologic evaluation of their ureters. Using pathologic findings on permanent section as the reference standard, the accuracy of ureteral frozen sections was examined. Ureteral involvement and margin status were examined as risk factors for upper tract and anastomotic recurrence and overall survival. RESULTS: Of 2579 ureteral margins evaluated in 1330 patients, ureteral involvement was noted in 9% of ureters (13% of patients). The sensitivity and specificity of frozen section analyses were approximately 75% and 99%, respectively. The 5-year probability of anastomotic and upper tract recurrences was low: 2% and 13%, respectively. Evidence of involvement of the ureter or at the ureteral anastomotic margin was associated with higher likelihood of upper tract recurrence but not anastomotic recurrence or overall survival. Furthermore, sequential resection of ureters to reach a negative anastomotic ureteral margin did not eliminate the risk of anastomotic or upper tract recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with involved ureters and/or ureteral anastomotic margins have a higher risk of upper tract recurrence. However, the overall risk of recurrence is low and is not clearly associated with overall survival. The data do not support routine intraoperative frozen sections to assess ureteral involvement.     

Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Instillation for Primary and Recurring T1G3 Bladder Cancers

Instruction: With T1G3 bladder cancer, it remains unresolved whether the best treatment option is bladder preservation or total cystectomy. To assess the feasibility of the first option, we performed a clinical evaluation of the efficacy of intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for prevention of T1G3 bladder cancer recurrence after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-Bt). Methods: A total of 30 patients with T1G3 bladder cancers received 6 to 8 weekly instillations of BCG followed in some cases by further applications at monthly intervals. Results: Recurrence occurred in 13 cases. There were 6 patients with progression, total cystectomy being performed for 5 of these. Further BCG-including treatments were performed in 7 patients, and all of them were alive at the end of the follow-up period. Finally, bladder preservation proved successful in 24 of 30 cases. Conclusion: Intravesical instillation of BCG in high-risk T1G3 cases, including additional BCG treatment, proved effective and satisfactory in our series. Therefore, this option warrants emphasis with regard to its relative merit compared to total cystectomy.     

Studer回肠新膀胱的手术改良探讨

目的:对Studer回肠新膀胱术进行技术改良并评价其临床效果.方法:采用根治性膀胱全切、改良Studer回肠新膀胱术治疗5例男性浸润性膀胱癌患者.结果:5例患者手术顺利.拔除尿管后4例患者恢复生理性排尿,1例不能自主排尿.随访6～12个月,4例患者昼夜控尿良好.5例患者静脉肾盂造影未见输尿管新膀胱吻合口狭窄及上尿路积水.结论:改良Studer回肠新膀胱术操作相对简单,手术并发症低,可以取得满意的临床效果.     

Chemoradiotherapy for muscle invading bladder carcinoma. Final report of a single institutional organ-sparing program

PURPOSE: Chemoradiotherapy is becoming an alternative to radical cystectomy among patients with muscle invading bladder cancer. We began a prospective study in 1988 to determine the possibilities of conservative treatment and aiming to improve the results obtained by cystectomy alone in invasive bladder cancer. A combination of methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin, and cisplatin (M-VAC), followed by radiotherapy and concomitant cisplatin was used. METHODS: Fifty patients with good performance status and with stages T2 to T4 operable untreated invasive bladder cancer were entered in the study. Treatment protocol was as follows: (i) cytoreductive transurethral resection; (ii) two cycles of M-VAC chemotherapy; (iii) radiotherapy, 45 Gy on pelvic volume and, at the same time, 20 mg/m(2) cisplatin on days 1 to 5. Cystoscopic evaluation: if there was a complete response, radiotherapy was completed up to 65 Gy; if there was not a complete response, a cystectomy was performed. Median follow-up of the series was 73 months (18-180 m). RESULTS: Tumor response was as follows: 34 complete responses (68%), 9 partial responses (18%), and 7 nonresponses (14%) were observed. The 5-year overall survival and local control were 48% and 47%, respectively. For the complete responder patient, 5-year survival and local control were 65% and 70%, respectively. Severe toxicity was uncommon. The most frequent were leucopenia and cystitis. No treatment-related deaths occurred with either treatment protocol. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative combination treatment may be an acceptable alternative to immediate cystectomy in selected patients with bladder cancer, although a randomized clinical trial would be required to produce definitive results.     

Management of superficial recurrences in an irradiated bladder after combined-modality organ-preserving therapy

PURPOSE: Standard treatment for superficial bladder cancer is transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by intravesical therapy. Little is known about the biologic behavior and treatment response of superficial disease within an irradiated bladder. We specifically analyzed patients who developed superficial recurrence after TURBT and radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1982 and 2006, a total of 531 consecutive patients with invasive bladder cancer were treated by using various bladder-sparing protocols at our institution. Of these, 389 (76%) achieved a complete response after TURBT and radiotherapy/radiochemotherapy. During follow-up, 68 of 389 patients (17%) developed a superficial local relapse (< or = T1) and form the subject of this study. RESULTS: Sixty-four of 68 patients underwent conservative TURBT with or without intravesical treatment (4 patients underwent immediate cystectomy): 31 of 64 patients (48%) had no further bladder recurrence, 21 (33%) experienced additional superficial recurrences, and 12 (19%) ultimately progressed to muscle-invasive disease. Disease-specific survival rates were 87% and 72% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Compared with 255 patients without local bladder relapse after primary treatment, no significant difference was found for disease-specific survival rates (72% after superficial vs. 79% without local relapse at 10 years, p = 0.78). However, significantly fewer patients with a superficial relapse survived with their native bladder (50% after superficial vs. 76% without local relapse at 10 years, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A further bladder-sparing approach with TURBT and intravesical therapy is reasonable for patients with superficial relapse after combined-modality treatment without compromising survival. However, these patients are at greater risk of requiring late cystectomy.     

术前新辅助化疗治疗浸润性膀胱癌疗效观察

目的:观察术前新辅助化疗治疗浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效。方法:对27例平均年龄68岁、有全膀胱切除指征而无法耐受或不愿接受膀胱全切的浸润性膀胱癌患者行骼内动脉化疗并栓塞联合手术治疗,观察膀胱保留率、降级降期率、肿瘤复发率,Kaplan-Meier 法计算总生存率、无瘤生存率,并绘制生存曲线。结果:髂内动脉化疗、栓塞后,22例患者膀胱肿瘤缩小约81.5% ,无变化5 例;肿瘤临床分期降低21例（有效率77.8%）,无变化6 例;病理分级降低12例（降级率44.4%）,分级不变15例。共24例患者得以保留膀胱,其中21例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术（transurethral resection of the bladder ,TURB）,3 例行膀胱部分切除术（膀胱保留率88.9%）。 3 例接受根治性膀胱全切术。术后1、2、3、5 年分别复发4 例（14.8%）、7 例（25.9%）、11例（40.7%）、14例（51.9%）。 2 例随访11个月和23个月发现肿瘤远处转移后死亡,1 例膀胱切口种植转移,局部切除后再发,带瘤生存,术后3 年死于肿瘤进展,2 例腺癌5 年内死于肿瘤进展。至随访截止日期,死于术后肿瘤进展共5 例。27例患者1、2、3、5 年无瘤生存率分别为88.9% 、73.6% 、58.1% 、41.4% ,5 年总生存率66.0% 。结论:有选择地对部分浸润性膀胱癌患者施行术前髂内动脉灌注化疗、栓塞,联合手术等综合性治疗措施以保留功能性膀胱确实可行,但合理评价其在浸润性膀胱癌治疗中的应用价值尚需要进一步研究证实。      

保留部分前列腺包膜在全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术中的应用

目的：探讨传统全膀胱根治术及改良保留部分前列腺包膜全膀胱切除术对浸润性膀胱癌的疗效.方法：收集2000年1月～2006年1月膀胱癌行根治性全膀胱切除术45例,男性,平均年龄59岁,26例行传统全膀胱切除术,19例行改良保留部分前列腺包膜全膀胱切除术,随访观察手术效果及生活质量.结果：术后病理报告T2aN0M026例,T2BN0M0 16例,T3aN0M0 3例.平均随访39个月,改良组无瘤生存19例,传统纽无瘤生存23例,带瘤生存1例,死亡2例.改良组及传统组白天控尿率分别为100%和73%,夜间尿失禁10%和50%.改良组术后81%保留勃起功能,传统组仅14.3%.全部患者储尿囊容量350～480 ml,充盈压13～25 cmH2O,残余尿量10～60 ml.结论：对有选择的病例行保留部分前列腺包膜的全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术可以更好地保留勃起和控尿功能.     

Survival after pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical cystectomy in patients with lymph-node metastatic transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder

The objective of this study was to determine the clinical outcome of patients with invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and pelvic lymph node metastases treated by radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy in a single institution. From January 1980 to December 1993, 116 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical cystectomy at the Montreal General Hospital. Of these patients, 25 (21.6%) were found to have nodal metastases and form the basis of this retrospective analysis. Extent of nodal disease was as follows: 7 (28%) with N1, 17 (68%) with N2, and 1 (4%) patient with N3 disease. Of the 25 patients, 9 (36%) were alive with no evidence of disease and 1 (4%) died at 42 months from cardiovascular disease without clinical evidence of cancer recurrence. The median follow-up interval for these 10 patients was 26.5 months (mean, 31.4 months; range, 7-104 months). Fourteen (56%) patients died of recurrent bladder cancer and one patient was alive with systemic disease at 14 months. The median survival was estimated at 27 months, with 73% alive at 1 year, 51% alive at 2 years, and 33% alive at 3 years. Our data suggests that long-term survival free of disease can be achieved by radical surgery in some patients with node-positive bladder cancer.     

Lymphovascular invasion,ureteral reimplantation and prior history of urothelial carcinoma are associated with poor prognosis after partial cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer with negative pelvic lymph nodes

Purpose

To identify predictive factors underlying recurrence and survival after partial cystectomy for pelvic lymph node-negative muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) (urothelial carcinoma) and to report the results of partial cystectomy among select patients.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 101 cases that received partial cystectomy for MIBC (pT_2-3N₀M₀) between 2000 and 2010. The log-rank test and a Cox regression analyses were performed to identify factors that were predictive of recurrence and survival.

Results

With a median follow-up of 53.0 months (range 9–120), the 5-year overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were 58%, 65% and 50%, respectively. A total of 33 patients died of bladder cancer and 52 patients survived with intact bladder.Of the 101 patients included, 55 had no recurrence, 12 had non-muscle-invasive recurrence in the bladder that was treated successfully, and 34 had recurrence with advanced disease.The multivariate analysis showed that prior history of urothelial carcinoma (PH.UC) was associated with both CSS and RFS and weakly associated with OS; lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and ureteral reimplantation (UR) were associated with OS, CSS and RFS.

Conclusions

Among patients with pelvic lymph node-negative MIBC, PH.UC and UR should be considered as contraindications for partial cystectomy, and LVI is predictive of poor outcomes after partial cystectomy. Highly selective partial cystectomy is a rational alternative to radical cystectomy for the treatment of MIBC with negative pelvic lymph nodes.     

Is eligibility for a chemotherapy protocol a good prognostic factor for invasive bladder cancer after radical cystectomy?

PURPOSE: To assess whether eligibility to an adjuvant chemotherapy protocol in itself represents a good prognostic factor after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between April 1984 and May 1989, our institution entered 35 patients with invasive bladder cancer into the Swiss Group for Clinical and Epidemiological Cancer Research (SAKK) study 09/84. They were randomly assigned to either observation or three postoperative courses of cisplatin monotherapy after cystectomy. This study had a negative result. The outcome of these 35 patients (protocol group) was compared with an age- and tumor-stage-matched cohort (matched group; n = 35) who also underwent cystectomy during the same period, but were not entered into the SAKK study, as well as the remaining 57 patients treated during the study period for the same indication (remaining group). RESULTS: Median overall survival decreased from 76.3 months in the protocol group to 52.1 months in the matched group and to 20.3 months in the remaining group. The respective times of median recurrence-free survival were 67.2, 16.0, and 9.4 months. Tumor progression occurred in 46% of the protocol group compared with 69% in the matched group and 65% in the remaining group (P < .05). Cancer-related death was noted in 40% of the protocol group, 57% in the matched group, and 56% in the remaining group. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that being willing and fit enough for a chemotherapy protocol is a good prognostic factor for invasive bladder cancer. This eligibility bias emphasizes the need for prospective, randomized trials, and indicates that single-group studies using historical or matched controls have to be interpreted with caution.