后颅凹肿瘤术后发热的原因及治疗

目的：总结并分析后颅凹肿瘤术后发热的治疗经验。方法：收集并分析西北医院2001年9月至2010年7月后颅凹肿瘤开颅术后发热23例病例的临床资料。结果：20例患者预后良好,痊愈出院。2例死亡,1例放弃治疗出院。结论：后颅凹肿瘤术后发热是常见并发症,处理棘手,根据不同情况采取针对性治疗可取得满意效果。     

微小听神经瘤治疗方式探讨

目的:探讨及评估微小听神经瘤(2 cm以下)各种治疗方式及其治疗效果。方法:直径2 cm以下听神经瘤22例。均经MR I扫描诊断,分别采用中颅凹入路、乙状窦后入路、γ-刀放射治疗,对患者进行术前、术后听力及面神经功能测定。结果:完全生长在内听道的听神经瘤,经中颅凹入路手术治疗后,听力保存率83%,面神经功能完好率66%;经乙状窦后入路手术治疗后,听力保存率75%,面神经功能完好率100%;经γ-刀治疗后,听力保存率33%,面神经功能完好率为零。听神经瘤直径1 cm以下患者,经中颅凹入路手术治疗后,听力保存率83%,面神经功能完好率50%;经乙状窦后入路手术治疗后,听力保存率50%。面神经功能完好率50%;经γ-刀治疗后,听力保存率为零,面神经功能完好率也为零。结论:对于完全生长在听道的听神经瘤,最佳的治疗方式是经过中颅凹入路切除肿瘤;直径小于1 cm的听神经瘤,经中颅凹入路和乙状窦后入路切除肿瘤均可,但中颅凹入路术野开阔,利于手术操作;直径1 cm~2 cm之间的肿瘤,应采用乙状窦后入路切除肿瘤,这种入路对面神经的损伤较小。     

扩大前颅窝底入路切除颅鼻眶沟通性肿瘤的术后护理

颅鼻眶沟通性肿瘤在临床上并不多见。 1996年 1月～ 1998年 1月 ,我科收治颅鼻眶沟通性肿瘤 5例 ,采用经扩大前颅窝底入路切除肿瘤 ,经过术后的治疗和护理 ,取得了良好效果 ,现将术后护理体会总结如下。1　临床资料本组 5例 ,男 3例 ,女 2例。年龄 14～ 4 6岁 ,平均年龄 3 8 6岁。全部病人行ＣＴ检查 ,3例行ＭＲＩ检查 ,诊断明确 ,住院天数 2 2～ 4 4天。 5例术后恢复好 ,全部痊愈出院。2　术后护理体会2 1　体位护理　患者全麻术后回到病室立即取去枕平卧头偏向健侧 ,防呕吐物误吸入呼吸道。待全麻清醒后 6小时 ,血压平稳后可抬高床头 15…     

髓母细胞瘤术后放疗远期观察

我院放疗科从1976年至1985年共治疗髓母细胞瘤病人9例,皆采用加速器足量放疗,今将远期结果报告如下: 材料与方法 9例均是来自外院术后的病人,全部经病理证实。男6例,女3例,年龄7～19岁,10岁以下7例。肿瘤位于小脑半球内的1例,位于小脑蚓部的8例,其中突入Ⅳ脑室的有5例。外院手术方式均为后颅凹正中开颅,肿瘤大部分切除,放疗时均有肿瘤残留。     

原发性腹膜后肿瘤术后复发的诊治

目的:探讨原发性腹膜后肿瘤术后复发的诊断和治疗。方法:回顾性分析1992年来33例原发性腹膜后肿瘤术后复发病例的临床资料。结果:33例中19例进行了再次或多次手术,相应延长了生存时间或减轻了症状。结论:原发性腹膜后肿瘤术后定期随诊,早期发现,充分的术前准备和受累器官的正确估计,是预防再次复发的关键。     

嗅神经母细胞瘤：（附6例报告）

嗅神经母细胞瘤是一种罕见的恶性肿瘤,我院自1978年～1988年共收治6例。例1,男,43岁,因恶心、呕吐20天,于1980年11月急诊。CT示:前颅凹占位病变。行开颅肿瘤切除。病理为:前颅凹星形细胞瘤。术后~(60)C_0前颅凹D_T45Gy/7周。1981年5月因左鼻塞就诊,检查:左鼻腔后部暗红色新     

颅眶沟通肿瘤的临床特征与手术治疗

目的 研究同时侵犯颅内和眶部肿瘤的临床及病理特征与神经外科显微手术治疗方法.方法 对102例经临床分析与影像学检查而获诊断的病例采取不同的手术入路,并根据术中冰冻活检的结果采取显微外科技术切除肿瘤,术中对需要保留视力的患者行闪光视觉诱发电位(F-VEP)监测.全组病例中,肿瘤位于前颅凹-眼眶67例,中颅凹-眼眶26例,前颅凹-中颅凹-眼眶9例.其中91例(89.2%)出现突眼、视力下降、眼肌麻痹等视器症状.62例(60.8%)有头痛、头晕等颅内压增高表现.结果 本组81例(79.4%)肿瘤获手术全切除,21例(20.6%)为次全切除,无死亡病例.对93例经信访或门诊随访6个月至14年(平均5.6年),70例(75.3%)恢复满意,7例(7.5%)复发,余16例(17.2%)有不同程度后遗症.结论 颅眶沟通肿瘤同时侵犯颅内及眼眶,多以视器改变为主要临床表现.采取不同的手术人路并根据术中冰冻活检的结果指导显微外科技术切除该类肿瘤,预后良好,术中采取F-VEP监测,可以减少手术对视神经的损伤.     

扩大改良翼点入路切除鞍区及中颅凹底肿瘤17例经验

目的:总结近3年来采用扩大改良翼点入路切除中颅凹底及鞍区肿瘤的经验和体会.方法:1例海绵状血管瘤和1例中颅凹底脑膜瘤行颧弓翼点外,其余均行眶颧弓入路切除肿瘤.结果:除2例海绵状血管瘤大部分切除外,其余肿瘤均在显微镜下全切;全组无手术死亡.术后视力好转5例,恶化1例,尿崩3例,偏瘫均不同程度恢复,2例局部积液.结论:扩大改良翼点入路有暴露肿瘤充分,全切率高,并发症少等特点,据肿瘤的生长特点,可选择适当的手术方法,适合于中颅凹底及鞍区相临近部位的肿瘤切除.     

颌面部晚期肿瘤颅颌面外科治疗的初步报告

本文介绍颌面部晚期恶性肿瘤颅颌面外科治疗9例的近期随访结果,和各粪颅颌面联合切除的手术方式及病例,并就适应症、手术方式、术后整复及并发症,进行了讨论。本组绝大多数为多次术后复发并侵犯颅底。部分肿瘤接近颅底中线或波及1个以上的颅凹底。用传统的外科方法治疗已无济于事,目前除姑息性化疗、放疗等以外,只能从颅颌面联合切除治疗方面力图挽救一些患者。治疗结果:4例健在,1例复发,4例死亡。我们认为在决定此类手术时,应严格选择适应症,而且,在适应症的选择方面需进一步研究。     

60例第二肝门部肿瘤切除的术后护理经验

目的总结60例第二肝门部肿瘤切除术后的临床护理经验。方法对东莞市人民医院肿瘤外科2005年1月至2010年8月手术切除的60例第二肝门部肿瘤患者的临床资料及护理经验进行回顾性分析。结果全组手术均获成功。术后出现并发症11例,发生率为18.3%,包括术后早期术野大出血2例(3.3%),上消化道出血1例(1.7%),胆汁瘘2例(3.3%),肝功能代偿不全3例(5.0%),右胸积液3例(5.0%)。1例因大出血及肝肾功能不全而于术后4日放弃治疗(按死亡计算),围手术期死亡率1.7%,其余病例经积极术后治疗与护理康复出院。结论经过恰当的术后护理与治疗,第二肝门部肿瘤切除术后可顺利康复出院。护理的主要经验是应针对术后可能出现的专科并发症(术区出血、消化道出血、胆汁瘘、膈下感染、肝功能代偿不全、胸腔积液)进行全方位的预防、观察与处理。     

21例后颅窝血管母细胞瘤临床诊治分析

目的:分析后颅窝血管母细胞瘤的诊治疗效。方法:回顾性分析21例后颅窝血管母细胞瘤的影像学资料、外科治疗方法和预后。结果:19例囊性肿瘤患者行囊结节切除术，2例实质性肿瘤中:1例行肿瘤全切除术、1例行次全切除术（术后复发再次手术治疗）。术后神经系统症状明显改善。结论:头颅CT和MRI是后颅窝血管母细胞瘤术前诊断的重要手段；治疗应该首选手术治疗，囊性肿瘤手术效果好；实质性肿瘤次全切患者易复发。     

The Microscopic Surgical Treatment for Tumor of Posterior Cranial Fossa in Children

OBIECTIVE To analyze and discuss about the clinical characteristics,pathological types,surgical modalities and techniques,and postoperative complications in children with tumor of posterior cranial fossa.METHODS Retrospective study was conducted on 102 cases of pediatric tumor of posterior cranial fossa,admitted and treated in our hospital during the period of January 1996 to January 2007.All patients underwent microscopic surgical treatment.Fiftyeight were male and 44 cases were female.The age ranged from 9months to 14 years old,with an average of 6.1±0.5 of age.Cranial CT or MRI examination was conducted before and after the surgery on all patients.RESULTS The primary manifestations for this group of patients were increased intracranial pressure and/or ataxia.Postoperative pathological diagnoses showed:46 cases of medulloblastoma,43cases of astrocytoma,11 cases of ependymoma(including 1 case of degenerative ependymoma),1 case of dermoid cvst,and 1 case of teratoma.In this group of the patients,radical surgery was used in 68 cases and subtotal surgical removal used in 31 cases,while surgical removal of large Section was performed on 3 cases.There were no deaths from surgery reported.Ninety-one cases showed significant symptomatic improvement when compared with preoperative conditions,while 11 cases showed either no improvement or more severely affected afterward.For 6 cases,postoperative ventriculoperitoneal shunt was performed within 7 days to 2 months after the surgery.Sixty-three patients gained follow-up for 3 to 60 months in duration.Thirty-nine patients regained normal life and were able to learn well,while there were 7 patients who could not live normally on their own.During the follow-up period,there were 17 cases of recurrence and 7 cases of death.In 23 cases of medulloblastoma in children with age of 3 Years old or above,2 cases who underwent surgical removal of intracranial ependymoma received small dosage of postoperative X-ray radiotherapy on the the brain and spinal cord.Nine cases of medulloblastoma in children under age of 3 and 17 cases of astrocytoma diagnosed after the surgery received chemotherapy of C:armustine.CONCLUSION Medulloblastomas and astrocytomas were the most common types of pediatric tumor of posterior cranial fossa,right followed by ependymoma,and dermoid cysts and teratomas were rare.Early correct diagnosis,proper selection of appropriate surgical modality and the surgical margin,proper treatment of postoperative complications,and the selecting right radiotherapy or chemotherapy were the key factors in influencing the prognostic outcome of children with turrtor of posterior cranial fossa.     

The microscopic surgical treatment for tumor of posterior cranial fossa in children

OBJECTIVE To analyze and discuss about the clinical characteristics, pathological types, surgical modalities and techniques, and postoperative complications in children with tumor of posterior cranial fossa.
METHODS Retrospective study was conducted on 102 cases of pediatric tumor of posterior cranial fossa, admitted and treated in our hospital during the period of January 1996 to January 2007. All patients underwent microscopic surgical treatment. Fiftyeight were male and 44 cases were female. The age ranged from 9 months to 14 years old, with an average of 6.1 ± 0.5 of age. Cranial CT or MRI examination was conducted before and after the surgery on all patients. RESULTS The primary manifestations for this group of patients were increased intracranial pressure and/or ataxia. Postoperative pathological diagnoses showed： 46 cases of medulloblastoma, 43 cases of astrocytoma, 11 cases of ependymoma （including 1 case of degenerative ependymoma）, 1 case of dermoid cyst, and 1 case of teratoma. In this group of the patients, radical surgery was used in 68 cases and subtotal surgical removal used in 31 cases, while surgical removal of large section was performed on 3 cases. There were no deaths from surgery reported. Ninety-one cases showed significant symptomatic improvement when compared with preoperative conditions, while 11 cases showed either no improvement or more severely affected afterward. For 6 cases, postoperative ventriculoperitoneal shunt was performed within 7 days to 2 months after the surgery. Sixty-three patients gained follow-up for 3 to 60 months in duration. Thirty-nine patients regained normal life and were able to learn well, while there were 7 patients who could not live normally on their own. During the follow-up period, there were 17 cases of recurrence and 7 cases of death. In 23 cases of medulloblastoma in children with age of 3 years old or above, 2 cases who underwent surgical removal of intracranial ependymoma received small dosage of postoperative X-ray radiotherapy on the the brain and spinal cord. Nine cases of medulloblastoma in children under age of 3 and 17 cases of astrocytoma diagnosed after the surgery received chemotherapy of Carmustine.
CONCLUSION Medulloblastomas and astrocytomas were the most common types of pediatric tumor of posterior cranial fossa, right followed by ependymoma, and dermoid cysts and teratomas were rare. Early correct diagnosis, proper selection of appropriate surgical modality and the surgical margin, proper treatment of postoperative complications, and the selecting right radiotherapy or chemotherapy were the key factors in influencing the prognostic outcome of children with tumor of posterior cranial fossa.     

Improved localization of infratentorial ependymoma by magnetic resonance imaging: Implications for radiation treatment planning

Ependymomas of the posterior fossa extend into the upper cervical spinal cord in approximately one-third of cases. Unfortunately, the posterior fossa and upper cervical cord region is often poorly seen on computed tomography (CT), making radiotherapy planning difficult. We report five cases of posterior fossa ependymoma with extension into the cervical cord where magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated the caudal extent of tumor more clearly than CT. The extent of tumor depicted by MRI in each case correlated well with the operative findings. Higher doses of radiotherapy to the entire tumor volume are associated with improved survival in infratentorial ependymoma; however, the radiation tolerance of the cervical spinal cord is close to the dose necessary to control posterior fossa ependymoma, making limitation of radiation field volumes important. MRI may provide a method of precisely defining caudal tumor extent of posterior fossa ependymomas so that limited volume, high dose radiotherapy can be more safely administered to these patients.     

The local field in infratentorial ependymoma: does the entire posterior fossa need to be treated?

INTRODUCTION: In the past decade, there have been multiple reports indicating that the predominant problem in the curative treatment of intracranial ependymoma is local failure. As a result, many have recommended local field radiotherapy. For infratentorial ependymoma, there is controversy regarding what constitutes the local field. Some radiation oncologists advocate coverage of the entire posterior fossa, whereas others recommend radiotherapy to the tumor bed and a safety margin. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From 1984 to 1998, 28 patients with posterior fossa ependymoma were diagnosed at our institution. There were 18 males and 10 females with a median age of 12 years (range, 2-81 years). Four patients (14%) had high-grade ependymoma and 3 (11%) had M+ disease at initial diagnosis. Gross total resection was achieved in 17 (61%) and postoperative radiotherapy (RT) was given to 22 (77%). Radiotherapy fields were craniospinal in 10, whole brain in 1, posterior fossa in 2, and tumor bed with a 2-cm. margin in 9. Median dose to the primary site was 54 Gy (range, 45-55 Gy). All 4 patients with high-grade ependymoma received craniospinal RT. Six patients did not receive RT after surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans of the brain at initial diagnosis were compared to MRI or CT scans of patients at relapse to determine if the local relapse was in the tumor bed or nontumor bed posterior fossa. Median follow-up was 127 months (range, 14-188 months). RESULTS: Six patients have relapsed. For the 11 patients who had craniospinal or whole brain radiotherapy (RT), 3 recurred (tumor bed 1, spine 1, nontumor bed posterior fossa + spine 1). Both patients who failed in the spine had high-grade tumors. Neither of the 2 treated with posterior fossa fields relapsed. For the 9 patients who had tumor bed RT alone and the 6 who did not receive RT, there were 3 relapses; all were in the tumor bed. There were no relapses in the nontumor bed posterior fossa. CONCLUSION: For nondisseminated, low-grade infratentorial ependymoma, the radiotherapy volume does not need to include the entire posterior fossa. This information can be used to minimize late effects of RT in the era of three-dimensional (conformal) radiotherapy. No conclusion can be reached regarding the appropriate local field for high-grade infratentorial ependymoma because of the small number of patients.     

Medulloblastoma and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors: an institutional experience.

BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge there are relatively few data concerning supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET). The authors retrospectively reviewed all cases of PNET of the brain treated at the study institution to determine whether there was a difference in presentation, overall survival, and recurrence-free survival with regard to tumor location (supratentorium vs. posterior fossa). METHODS: Between 1977-1996 33 patients with PNET were diagnosed and treated at 1 radiotherapy center. The median age of the patients was 9 years. The location of the tumor was in the posterior fossa in 25 patients and the supratentorium in 8 patients. The tumor had spread to the neuraxis in six patients; four patients with disseminated neuraxis disease had a supratentorial PNET and two had a posterior fossa PNET. All but three patients received craniospinal irradiation. The primary tumor received > or = 5000 centigray in 27 patients and chemotherapy was employed in 26 patients. The median follow-up was 60 months. RESULTS: The 5-year overall and recurrence-free survival rates for all patients were 77.2% and 79.6%, respectively. The 5-year overall survival rates were 86.3% for patients with medulloblastoma (posterior fossa PNET) and 46.9% for patients with supratentorial PNET (P = 0.01, log rank test). For overall survival, prognostic factors included radiotherapy dose to the primary site, metastases (M) status, and location of the primary tumor. The 5-year recurrence free survival rates were 89.8% for patients with medulloblastoma and 46.9% for patients with supratentorial PNET (P = 0.003, log rank test). For recurrence free survival, prognostic factors included M status and primary tumor site location; radiation dose to the primary tumor site and patient gender were of borderline significance. In the ten patients with inadequate posterior fossa boost fields judged by Children's Cancer Group criteria, there were two failures, both of which were in the original tumor bed. CONCLUSIONS: Supratentorial PNET has a worse overall survival and recurrence free survival than medulloblastoma. There is a suggestion that radiotherapy boosts in medulloblastoma may not need to encompass the entire posterior fossa because posterior fossa failures primarily are in the tumor bed. Larger studies with longer follow-up are needed to determine whether craniospinal irradiation followed by a boost to the tumor bed is adequate for medulloblastoma patients.     

Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor of the fourth ventricle in an elderly patient

Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor of the fourth ventricle (RGNT) is a rare condition, which previously has been described predominantly in middle-aged patients. There is limited experience with this kind of tumor in the elderly. Clinical, neuroimaging, and histological features of an example in a 70-year-old male who presented initially with vertigo are detailed and compared with published cases. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated a 4-cm cystic lesion in posterior fossa containing a 1-cm contrast-enhancing nodule on its lateral margin. The lesion was confined to the fourth ventricle and initially thought to be a hemangioblastoma until angiography clarified the minimal tumor vascularization. Gross total resection was achieved. Pathological examination showed a rosette-forming low grade tumor with a cell proliferation rate of 2% being consistent with RGNT. The postoperative course was uneventful and clinical symptoms resolved completely. There was no tumor recurrence after 2 years follow-up. We confirm that the rare and only recently characterized tumor entity of RGNT can also be found in elderly patients; furthermore, it can be associated with a benign course. The main differential diagnosis of RGNT resulting from CNS-imaging modalities in elderly patients are pilocytic astrocytoma and hemangioblastoma of the posterior fossa, which after metastasis are the most common primary adult intra-axial posterior fossa tumors. Therefore, a subtle preoperative radiological diagnosis is warranted and surgery should be performed by experienced hands to avoid neurological deterioration.     

Preliminary results of conformal radiation therapy for medulloblastoma

Radiation therapy for medulloblastoma consists of postoperative irradiation of the intracranial and spinal subarachnoid volume with an additional boost to the primary site of disease in the posterior fossa. The entire posterior fossa is usually included in the boost volume. Conformal radiation therapy techniques may be used to boost the primary site alone and substantially reduce the dose received by normal tissues, including the supratentorial brain, the middle and inner ear, and the hypothalamus. Using these techniques to irradiate only the tumor bed or residual tumor and not the entire posterior fossa represents a new paradigm in the treatment of medulloblastoma. In this study, we examine the use of conformal radiation therapy in the treatment of 14 patients with medulloblastoma. These patients were treated with multiple static, individually shaped, noncoplanar beams directed at the primary site after craniospinal irradiation. Excluding two patients who had previously received irradiation to the posterior fossa, the mean dose delivered to the primary site was 5715 cGy. Among the medulloblastoma patients (n = 10) who received immediate postoperative radiation therapy, no failures have occurred with a median follow-up of 42 months (range from 30 to 54 months). To demonstrate the differences in the distribution of dose to normal tissues when comparing conventional and conformal techniques, dose-volume histograms of the total brain, middle and inner ear, hypothalamus, and temporal lobe were created and presented for an example case. The neurologic, neuroendocrine, and neurocognitive outcome for patients with medulloblastoma may be influenced with the use of conformal radiation therapy. The use of these techniques should be formally tested in prospective studies of rigorously staged patients with failure rate monitoring.     

后颅窝脑肿瘤的多模态磁共振成像诊断研究

目的:探讨多模态磁共振成像在后颅窝脑肿瘤中的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的18例后颅窝脑肿瘤患者的MR平扫、扩散加权成像（DWI）、动态增强影像资料。结果:18例患者共有22个病灶,3例为多发病灶。所有病灶在T1WI呈低或稍低信号;T2WI上16个病灶呈稍高信号,3个呈等信号,3个呈混杂稍高信号;DWI上3例扩散受限呈高信号,12例扩散稍受限呈稍高信号,3例扩散不受限呈等信号。表观扩散系数（ADC）图上测得肿瘤实质与对照侧平均ADC值分别为(0.595±0.089)×10-3 mm2/s和(0.695±0.051)×10-3 mm2/s,两者差异有统计学意义(P=0.03),rADC为0.875±0.119。结论:多模态磁共振成像有助于后颅窝脑肿瘤的明确诊断。