腮腺浅叶良性肿瘤区域切除与传统手术的比较

目的:比较腮腺浅叶良性肿瘤区域切除术与腮腺浅叶切除术的并发症与疗效,为合理选择术式提供依据。方法:回顾性分析85例腮腺浅叶良性肿瘤患者,分别采用腮腺区域切除术与腮腺浅叶切除术,随访1-3年,比较并发症与肿瘤复发情况。结果:行腮腺区域切除术41例,术后面部凹陷畸形不明显,发生暂时性面瘫4例（9.8%）,局部积液5例（12.2%）。腮腺浅叶切除术44例,术后凹陷畸形较明显,发生暂时性面瘫13例（29.5%）,局部积液14例（31.8%）,2例涎漏。两种手术方式患者在随访期间均未复发。结论:与传统腮腺术式相比,功能性区域切除术不增加复发率,且可减少术后并发症的发生。但肿瘤直径大于3cm建议行腮腺浅叶切除术。     

Long-term results of local excision and radiotherapy in pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid

Three hundred and eleven patients with primary pleomorphic salivary adenoma of the parotid gland seen between 1950 and 1971 are reviewed. All were managed by a combination of surgery, usually local excision, and irradiation. The minimum follow-up is 10 years. Recurrence rates at 0-5 years and 5-10 years were 1 and 1.5%, respectively, and all recurrences in this period were histologically or clinically benign. This recurrence rate is similar to those reported after superficial parotidectomy. After 10 years, however, the recurrence rate rose, becoming maximal at 15-20 years (4%) and yielding a cumulative risk of recurrence of 8.0% at 20 years. The late recurrences were predominantly malignant tumors. One tumor was probably radiation-induced; the remainder were compatible with spontaneous malignant transformation of benign pleomorphic adenoma, although radiation may have increased the incidence. In the absence of a comparable purely surgical series, this cannot be determined. The recommendation is made that the management of these tumors should be primarily surgical with irradiation reserved for patients presenting surgical difficulties. In addition, prolonged follow-up is necessary since there is a significant incidence of late recurrence and such recurrence may be more likely to be malignant regardless of the primary form of management.     

Benign parotid tumors: a 24-year experience

The medical records of 125 patients benign parotid neoplasms surgically treated over a 24-year period were retrospectively reviewed; 128 tumors were excised. These included 90 pleomorphic adenomas, 33 Warthin's tumors, 3 benign lymphoepitheliomas, and 2 oncocytomas. The surgical procedures consisted of 2 local excisions, 6 enucleations, 88 superficial parotidectomies, 13 subtotal parotidectomies, and 3 radical parotidectomies. The morbidity rate was 49%. There was one total permanent facial nerve paralysis (0.7%), four (3%) partial permanent facial nerve paralysis, five (5%) transient total facial nerve paralysis, and 32 (25%) partial transient facial nerve paralysis. After a median follow-up of 84 months, there was one recurrence (0.7%). A superficial parotidectomy is the minimum procedure that should be performed for the treatment of a benign parotid neoplasm.     

Functional gland-preserving surgery via periauricular incision for pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland

IntroductionGland-preserving surgery is often used for benign tumours in the parotid gland. Partial superficial parotidectomy via a periauricular incision may bring satisfactory cosmetic outcomes but the disease control outcome remains unrevealed. This study evaluated functional and disease control outcomes after gland-preserving surgery via periauricular incision for pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland.MethodsThis longitudinal study included 248 consecutive patients with parotid pleomorphic adenoma who underwent the preservation of most normal parotid tissues and the facial nerve combined with the en-bloc resection of tumours via periauricular incision. Postoperative complications, subjective satisfaction, salivary function, and tumour recurrence were assessed in each patient. The secretory function of the salivary gland was measured using salivary scintigraphy at 6 months after surgery, and ultrasonography was regularly followed.ResultsMedian tumour size was 2.5 cm (range, 0.8–5.2 cm) and median operation time was 55 min (range, 39–88 min). All tumours were safely removed by gland-preserving surgery via periauricular incision without extension to Blair or hairline incision and tumour spillage. Temporary and permanent paralysis of the facial nerve was 14 (5.6%) and none of the study patients, respectively. Postoperative complications were minor and Frey's syndrome was found in 6 (2.4%) patients. The Secretary function of the affected gland was equal to that of the unaffected gland. No patients had a recurrence for a median follow-up of 78 months (range, 24–126 months).ConclusionsFunctional gland-preserving surgery via periauricular incision can treat pleomorphic adenoma in the parotid gland with satisfactory functional, cosmetic, and disease control outcomes.     

Radiotherapy in epithelial tumors of the parotid gland: case presentation and literature review

A group of 113 patients irradiated for parotid tumor was studied retrospectively. Sixty-two patients were irradiated after superficial parotidectomy or enucleation of a pleomorphic adenoma. None of them had a recurrence after 5-15 years. Sixteen patients were irradiated postoperatively after surgery for a recurrence of pleomorphic adenoma. Only one of them had developed a recurrent tumor. Thirty-five patients with a malignant parotid tumor were treated by irradiation, 22 after surgery and 13 after biopsy only. Patients with a low malignancy tumor (10/11) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (6/12) responded better than patients with a high malignancy carcinoma (2/12). A tumor larger than 4 cm, facial nerve palsy, lymph node metastasis, and inoperability indicate a poor prognosis. With high dose radiotherapy it is possible to treat inoperable tumors successfully. Adenoid cystic carcinomas can respond well to irradiation alone.     

腮腺肿瘤手术20例临床分析

目的探讨腮腺肿瘤的手术方式、手术范围及预后。方法对1998--2004年间行解剖面神经的腮腺肿瘤切除术20例临床随访资料进行分析。结果腮腺浅叶切除术13例中，并发腮瘘1例；全腺叶切除术7例中，并发暂时性面瘫1例，无Frey综合征。随访10个月至6年无复发。结论腮腺良性肿瘤需行解剖面神经的浅叶及肿瘤切除术或全腮腺切除术；恶性肿瘤在面神经未受累时行保留面神经的腮腺全切术，术后辅以放疗，可以减少肿瘤复发和面瘫等并发症。     

Conservative parotidectomy for the treatment of parotid cancers

A conservative parotidectomy is defined as any procedure that is less than a classic superficial parotidectomy, and where less than a full facial nerve is dissected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oncologic effects of a conservative parotidectomy in a series of patients with malignant tumors of the parotid gland.

The medical records of 43 patients treated at Severance Hospital from 1992 to 2002 who had been diagnosed with parotid cancers confined to the superficial lobe, and had also undergone conservative parotidectomies were reviewed. There were 16 males and 27 females, ranging in age from 8 to 84 years. Sixteen tumors (37%) were high-grade and 27 tumors (63%) were low-grade cancers. Twenty-four patients underwent neck dissection simultaneously with the primary lesion. Surgical treatment was followed by radiotherapy in 10 patients. The follow-up period ranged from 8 to 130 months, with a mean duration of time at 57.7 months.

The overall survival rate and the disease-free rate at five years were 88% and 79%, respectively. Univariate analyses showed histologic tumor grade (p = 0.003) and pathologic neck node metastasis (p < 0.001) to be significant variables. Based on multivariate analysis, only the presence of pathologically positive lymph nodes proved to be significant (p = 0.001). Occult metastases rates was 25% (3 of 12 cases) for high-grade tumors and none of the low-grade tumors had microscopic metastases. Recurrences developed in eight cases (19%). Four cases (9%) had a local or locoregional failure. Of these cases, two cases were high-grade tumors (13%, 2 of 16) and the other two cases were low-grade tumors (7%, 2 of 27). The six cases (14%) of which four cases were high-grade (25%) and two cases were low-grade (7%) had positive surgical margin but showed no evidence of local recurrence after additional postoperative radiotherapy. The incidence of postoperative facial nerve paralysis (HB > 1) was 12% (5 outof 43) for a temporary deficit, but there was no permanent paralysis.

Conservative parotidectomy with appropriate postoperative radiotherapy may be an acceptable procedure without potential morbidity, such as postoperative facial palsy, in the treatment of low-grade parotid cancers confined to the superficial lobe if the facial nerve is sufficiently distant from the tumor.     

功能性腮腺外科

涎腺肿瘤是常见口腔颌面部肿瘤之一,腮腺是涎腺肿瘤最常见的部位。腮腺肿瘤的功能性外科是指在根治肿瘤的基础上,尽量保存腮腺及其相关组织的功能。部分腮腺切除术可以缩短手术时间、减轻面神经损伤、减轻面部凹陷畸形、降低味觉出汗综合征发生率及保留腮腺功能。保留腮腺咬肌筋膜可以降低味觉出汗综合征的发生率,保留腮腺导管可保留面神经深部腮腺的功能,保留耳大神经可避免或减轻耳垂麻木症状。对于低度恶性肿瘤与面神经紧贴者,保留面神经后采用术中冷冻加术后放疗,或采用125I 放射性粒子植入,可有效预防肿瘤复发。利用天然隐蔽区,采用耳后或耳前发际内切口,可提高术后的美容效果。功能性腮腺外科的实施,可明显减少手术并发症,提高患者的生存质量。      

腮腺多形性腺瘤外科术式的演变及发展

腮腺肿瘤以多形性腺瘤居多,目前外科治疗仍是主要的治疗方式。20世纪时学者们由于对面神经解剖和多形性腺瘤包膜病理特性缺乏了解,该病的主要术式为单纯肿瘤剜除术,但术后容易导致复发;试图通过扩大切除的范围控制复发率,于是包膜外切除术开始运用于临床,虽然切除了肿瘤的包膜,但是复发率仍未能很好地控制。腮腺浅叶切除术和腮腺全切术明显降低了复发率,但是伴随着面神经损伤的加重,似乎又矫枉过正。腮腺部分切除术作为新的腮腺手术形式,不但降低了复发率、面神经损伤率,还得到病理学基础研究证据的支持,是目前较为先进的手术方式。但是在经典的腮腺浅叶切除术与先进的腮腺部分切除术之间仍存在争议。经过整形学、病理学、基因检测法等方面探究这两种手术的优劣均各有差异。本文从腮腺术式的演变历程探讨腮腺术式发展的方向。      

Parotidectomy for benign parotid tumors: An aesthetic approach

Background/aimsThe sternocleidomastoid (SCM) partial thickness muscle flap is among the various methods described to correct parotidectomy defects, but its indications and limitations are not clearly demonstrated in several reports. This study was done to test the aesthetic outcome of this method, its indications and limitations. The technique was combined with a face lift incision to further improve the outcome.Patients and methodsAt the National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt, 23 patients presenting with benign tumors underwent parotidectomy, 19 had superficial parotidectomy and four had total parotidectomy done. The superiorly based (SCM) muscle flap was used to correct the contour deformity. The aesthetic result was evaluated by assessing and scoring the overall appearance of the scar, the degree of symmetry of the reconstructed parotid region and the site of the donor muscle to their contralateral normal sides. The overall aesthetic appearance was then calculated by the summation of the scores of the latter three parameters. Patients’ satisfaction was assessed by patients’ questionnaire.ResultThe overall aesthetic appearance was good in 17 patients, and moderate in six patients. 16/23 patients had an overall deep satisfaction with the result. The residual hollowness of the parotid following reconstruction of the total parotidectomy defect and the poor quality of scars were the main reasons affecting the aesthetic outcome.ConclusionSuperficial parotidectomy through facelift incision with immediate reconstruction with superiorly based partial thickness SCM flap allows adequate resection of most benign parotid tumors with a satisfactory aesthetic outcome and minimal donor site morbidity.