Role of exosomes in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant tumour of the human digestive system that has a poor prognosis. Exosomes contain proteins and nucleic acids, and constitute a class of extracellular vesicles defined as membrane-bound nanovesicles of endocytic origin, with a diameter of 40–150 nm. Exosomes are potential diagnostic markers of PC; however, their roles in cancer initiation and progression remain unclear. Previous studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms and functions of exosomes that allow them to accelerate PC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The present review discusses the interactions between exosomes and the pathophysiology of PC. The potential clinical applications of exosomes are also discussed.     

Exosomes in cancer development and clinical applications

Exosomes participate in cancer progression and metastasis by transferring bioactive molecules between cancer and various cells in the local and distant microenvironments. Such intercellular cross‐talk results in changes in multiple cellular and biological functions in recipient cells. Several hallmarks of cancer have reportedly been impacted by this exosome‐mediated cell‐to‐cell communication, including modulating immune responses, reprogramming stromal cells, remodeling the architecture of the extracellular matrix, or even endowing cancer cells with characteristics of drug resistance. Selectively, loading specific oncogenic molecules into exosomes highlights exosomes as potential diagnostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets. In addition, exosome‐based drug delivery strategies in preclinical and clinical trials have been shown to dramatically decrease cancer development. In the present review, we summarize the significant aspects of exosomes in cancer development that can provide novel strategies for potential clinical applications.     

Exosome Mediated Cancer Therapeutic Approach:Present Status and Future Prospectives

The unique extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes formed by the sequential invagination of the plasma membrane are diverse and encompass important constituents with biological functions. Speculations on its cell independent biological functions are significant and pose them as vital biomarkers and as drug delivery vehicles especially in cancer. EVs possess theragnostic values and are known to elicit specific immune response. Exosomes can also serve as potential nanocarriers for delivering miRNA, siRNA, anti-cancer drugs and membrane-associated proteins. Exosomes play a crucial role in regulating tumour progression, metastasis, and angiogenesis. This review thus portrays the multiple facets of exosomes, in concert with the source for exosomes production and further on its regulation and intercellular communication. The review also explores the recent advances, present status and the future prospective in the application of exosomes in cancer therapeutics and cancer diagnostics.     

Exosomes in development,metastasis and drug resistance of breast cancer

Transport through the cell membrane can be divided into active, passive and vesicular types (exosomes). Exosomes are nano‐sized vesicles released by a variety of cells. Emerging evidence shows that exosomes play a critical role in cancers. Exosomes mediate communication between stroma and cancer cells through the transfer of nucleic acid and proteins. It is demonstrated that the contents and the quantity of exosomes will change after occurrence of cancers. Over the last decade, growing attention has been paid to the role of exosomes in the development of breast cancer, the most life‐threatening cancer in women. Breast cancer could induce salivary glands to secret specific exosomes, which could be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis of early breast cancer. Exosome‐delivered nucleic acid and proteins partly facilitate the tumorigenesis, metastasis and resistance of breast cancer. Exosomes could also transmit anti‐cancer drugs outside breast cancer cells, therefore leading to drug resistance. However, exosomes are effective tools for transportation of anti‐cancer drugs with lower immunogenicity and toxicity. This is a promising way to establish a drug delivery system.     

间充质干细胞来源外泌体在恶性肿瘤中的研究进展

间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs）是存在于各种组织中的多能基质细胞。外泌体为细胞间的通讯载体,能在细胞间传递脂质、核酸以及蛋白质等生物活性分子。MSCs分泌的外泌体（mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes,MSC-EXO）为肿瘤微环境（tumor microenvironment,TME）的主要组成部分,并且在肿瘤的发生发展、血管生成及转移过程中发挥重要作用。本文旨在对MSCs来源的外泌体在癌症研究及其对肿瘤的作用机制予以综述,为适当利用修饰的MSC-EXO作为肿瘤治疗的策略提供新思路。      

外泌体在胰腺癌诊治中的研究进展

外泌体是一种具有动态亚细胞结构的多囊泡体，绝大多数活细胞可产生和分泌外泌体。外泌体参与多种生理和病理过程，包括胰腺癌在内的多种肿瘤的发生、发展、侵袭、远处转移等过程中扮演重要角色。胰腺癌是一种恶性程度极高的消化系统肿瘤，发病隐匿，进展迅速，病死率高，预后差。外泌体在研究胰腺癌的发生、发展、诊断、治疗及预后判断方面具有重要价值。本文就外泌体在胰腺癌中的研究进展进行综述。     

外泌体在胃癌发生发展及转移中作用的研究现状及进展

外泌体是一种由各种细胞分泌的、广泛存在于人体各种体液中的直径为50~100 nm的细胞外囊泡,其囊泡内携带 DNA、microRNA(miRNA)、蛋白质及脂质等多种生物活性物质,其通过细胞间的物质交换及信号传递作用参与多种生理病理过程。目前研究显示外泌体在胃癌的早期诊断、发生发展、转移、治疗、耐药及预后等方面均发挥着重要作用。本文就外泌体在胃癌的发生发展及转移方面的研究现状及进展作一综述。     

The cancer exosomes: Clinical implications,applications and challenges

The exosome is a small functional vesicle enriched in selected proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, displaying distinct molecular heterogeneity. Exosomes released can transform the extracellular matrix microenvironments, transmit signals and molecules to recipient cells and trigger changes in their pathophysiological functions. Tumor-derived exosomes mediate the interactions of tumor cells and microenvironment significantly, and they stimulate tumor growth and development through specific signaling pathways related to metastasis, therapeutic resistance and immunosuppression. Exosome biogenesis from tumors often represents abundant biological information, and novel and efficient isolation and detection methods of exosomes provide a promising approach for tumor diagnosis and prognosis estimation. Moreover, exosome can even be developed as therapeutic agents for multiple disease models based on effective material transport characteristics and biofilm specificity. This review reports the clinical implications and challenges of exosomes in cancer progression, therapy resistance, metastasis and immune escape, and underlying cancerogenic pathological phenotypes including fibrosis and viral infection.     

外泌体在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

肺癌发病率和死亡率位居世界癌症前列。超过80%的肺癌为非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC),大多数患者在最初就诊时已出现局部进展或转移性疾病。外泌体是一种膜结合纳米囊泡,由活细胞释放,含有多种生物分子,如蛋白质、RNA、代谢物,甚至是药理化合物。外泌体广泛地分布于体液中,包括血浆、唾液、母乳、脑脊液等。越来越多的证据表明,外泌体在NSCLC的发生、微环境、治疗和耐药等方面发挥着重要作用。在这篇综述中,我们将对NSCLC来源的外泌体在肿瘤生长、转移、免疫应答和耐药等方面的作用进行综述。最后,我们将展望外泌体在非小细胞肺癌中的临床价值。     

以外泌体为基础的液体活检在胰腺癌诊断中的研究进展

胰腺癌是一种恶性程度极高的消化系统肿瘤.因缺乏敏感有效的检测标志物,多数患者就诊时已处于晚期,治疗手段有限,预后极差,因此早期诊断是患者能及时治疗、改善预后的最有效途径.外泌体是由细胞分泌的细胞外囊泡,具有脂质双分子膜结构保证内含的大量生物活性物质稳定存在,可确切反映亲代细胞特征,并且广泛存在于各种体液中,可无创、方便...     

The role of pancreatic cancer-derived exosomes in cancer progress and their potential application as biomarkers

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly cancers, with dismal prognosis due to its poor early detection rate and high metastatic rate. Thus, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms accounting for its metastasis and discovery of competent biomarkers is required. Exosomes are multivesicular body-derived small extracellular vesicles released by various cell types that serve as important message carriers during intercellular communication. They are also known to play critical roles during cancer-genesis, cancer-related immune reactions, and metastasis. They also possess promising potential as novel biomarkers for cancer early detection. Therefore, extensive studies on pancreatic cancer-derived exosomes are currently being performed because they hold the promising potential of elevating the overall survival rate of patients with pancreatic cancer. In the present review, we focus on the role of exosomes in pancreatic cancer-related immune reactions, metastasis, and complications, and on their potential application as pancreatic cancer biomarkers.     

Role of exosomal long non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer

Exosomes are a class of small extracellular vesicles, 30-150 nm in diameter, that transfer biological information (e.g., DNA, RNA, and protein) via cell-to-cell communication. Exosomes play critical roles in the occurrence and development of human cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can be encapsulated in exosomes, which transfer lncRNAs from secretory cells into recipient cells. This process affects the progression of CRC, since exosomal lncRNAs display special and extensive functions in CRC tumorigenesis, including malignant proliferation, metastasis, chemoresistance, and inflammatory response. Moreover, due to their specificity and sensitivity, exosomal lncRNAs are released into body fluids (e.g., urine, sputum, and plasma), which have the potential to be biomarkers of CRC tumorigenesis within screening efforts and medical and epidemiologic research. In this review, we aim to clarify the function and mechanism of exosomal lncRNAs in CRC tumorigenesis and provide a strategy for early diagnosis and medical treatment of this malignancy.     

外泌体在肺癌中的研究进展

外泌体（exosomes）是由多种细胞分泌的具有脂质双分子层结构的纳米级膜囊小泡，其内含有蛋白质、脂质、核酸等大量生物活性物质。研究表明，外泌体在肺癌的发生发展过程中发挥着重要作用，尤其是在肺癌的早期诊断、侵袭和转移、预后评估以及治疗等方面的作用成为目前研究的热点。因此，关于外泌体的研究将在转化医学的研究模式下，为肺癌临床早期诊断、治疗及预后评估带来新的契机。本文对外泌体在肺癌中的研究进展作一综述。     

The versatile role of exosomes in cancer progression: diagnostic and therapeutic implications

Background

Recent advances in cancer biology have highlighted the relevance of exosomes and nanovesicles as carriers of genetic and biological messages between cancer cells and their immediate and/or distant environments. It has been found that these molecular cues may play significant roles in cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer cells secrete exosomes containing diverse molecules that can be transferred to recipient cells and/or vice versa to induce a plethora of biological processes, including angiogenesis, metastasis formation, therapeutic resistance, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and epigenetic/stemness (re)programming. While exosomes interact with cells within the tumour microenvironment to promote tumour growth, these vesicles can also facilitate the process of distant metastasis by mediating the formation of pre-metastatic niches. Next to their tumour promoting effects, exosomes have been found to serve as potential tools for cancer diagnosis and therapy. The ease of isolating exosomes and their content from different body fluids has led to the identification of diagnostic and prognostic biomarker signatures, as well as to predictive biomarker signatures for therapeutic responses. Exosomes can also be used as cargos to deliver therapeutic anti-cancer drugs, and they can be engineered to serve as vaccines for immunotherapy. Additionally, it has been found that inhibition of exosome secretion, and thus the transfer of oncogenic molecules, holds promise for inhibiting tumour growth. Here we provide recent information on the diverse roles of exosomes in various cellular and systemic processes governing cancer progression, and discuss novel strategies to halt this progression using exosome-based targeted therapies and methods to inhibit exosome secretion and the transfer of pro-tumorigenic molecules.

Conclusions

This review highlights the important role of exosomes in cancer progression and its implications for (non-invasive) diagnostics and the development of novel therapeutic strategies, as well as its current and future applications in clinical trials.

     

外泌体在卵巢癌诊疗中的研究进展

卵巢癌是妇科常见的恶性肿瘤,具有发病率高、5年生存率低、早期不易发现、易转移反复等特点,严重威胁妇女健康.外泌体是多囊泡体与细胞膜融合后释放到细胞外直径为30~100 nm的囊泡样小体,其在肿瘤发生发展、早期诊断、化疗药物选择及治疗中的潜在价值引起了广泛关注,本文主要对外泌体在卵巢癌诊疗中的研究进展做以综述.     

Exosomes: Promising biomarkers and targets for cancer

The review article entitled "Exosomes as potential diagnosis and treatment for liver cancer " recently published in World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2022; 14: 334-347 concluded that exosomes can be used as effective biomarkers or therapeutic biotargets in liver cancer. Exosomes are a hot spot in the field of tumor diagnosis and treatment research. We had also previously published a review on exosomes and tumors. In this letter to the editor, we summarize the clinical application prospects and current challenges of exosomes.     

外泌体在胃癌转移中作用机制的研究进展

胃癌是发病率高且进展较快的消化道恶性肿瘤之一。随着手术、化疗、靶向治疗等多种治疗方法的不断进步,胃癌患者的5年生存率较过去有所改善,但由于胃癌早期缺乏有效的诊断方法,多数患者在确诊时往往已发生转移,预后较差。因此,对胃癌转移机制的探寻始终是胃癌研究领域的热点之一。外泌体是一种可以传递蛋白质、核酸等多种分子、实现细胞间信息交流的胞外囊泡。外泌体运载的分子参与了胃癌的转移过程,并且可能成为诊断胃癌的新型分子标志物,为胃癌的精准治疗提供了新方向。本文就外泌体在胃癌转移中的作用及机制进行综述。      

外泌体在胰腺癌中的研究现状与进展

外泌体是一种双层脂质膜连接囊泡样小体，存在于各种体液中，参与细胞及肿瘤微环境之间的物质运输和信号传递。外泌体含有多种生物活性分子，包括脂质、蛋白质、DNA、mRNA以及非编码RNA，可以通过这些活性分子影响肿瘤的发生和发展，甚至可以影响肿瘤的治疗。胰腺癌是一种常见的恶性肿瘤，侵袭性强，预后较差，死亡率高。胰腺癌来源的外泌体是胰腺肿瘤微环境中的重要组成部分，促使胰腺癌细胞成功逃避细胞凋亡的重要因素，并且可以促进肝脏转移微环境的形成。近年来，与胰腺癌相关的外泌体逐渐成为新的研究热点，研究发现外泌体有望成为早期胰腺癌筛查的新型生物学标志，并将为胰腺癌靶向治疗提供可行的技术基础。     

外泌体在癌症诊治中的作用与机制

外泌体是一种新型的癌症生物标志物，它由所有体液中各种活细胞分泌的双层纳米囊泡构成，含有丰富的蛋白质、DNA、mRNA和非编码RNA。目前外泌体被认为是细胞间通讯的另一种机制，参与细胞间交换蛋白质、脂质和遗传物质。越来越多的研究表明，外泌体在肿瘤的发生、生长、进展、转移、耐药性和免疫逃逸中发挥重要作用。在本文中，我们根据外泌体生物学的最新进展，详细阐述了外泌体影响肿瘤之间通信的具体机制，并报道了外泌体可能成为癌症诊断中有前途的生物标志物，并代表癌症治疗的新靶点。     

exosomes在胃癌中作用机制的研究进展

exosomes是一种大小为30～100 nm的囊泡状小体，能被多种细胞分泌，存在于各种体液中。exosomes作为一种全新的细胞间信息传递系统，广泛参与肿瘤的发生、发展。胃癌来源的exosomes通过运输miRNA、细胞因子等关键物质，影响靶细胞内PI3K／Akt、MAPK／ERK等信号转导通路，参与胃癌细胞增殖、侵袭、转移、免疫逃逸等过程。现就近年来exosomes在胃癌中作用机制的研究进行综述。