冠状动脉搭桥围手术期糖代谢的变化研究

通过观察冠心病（ＣＡＤ）患者围术期糖代谢的变化趋势,探讨ＣＡＤ患者在应激反应下的胰岛素抵抗（ＩＲ）状态。１．资料与方法：１９９８年４月～１９９８年６月,随机选择３４例心脏手术患者,ＣＡＤ组２８例,其中未合并糖尿病者２４例,为Ａ１组,合并非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）４例,为Ａ２组,风湿性心脏病（ＲＨＤ）６例均未合并糖尿病为对照Ｂ组。常规体外循环预充及转流,整个手术过程及围术期不使用外源性胰岛素。各组患者均于术前１周、手术麻醉诱导后（术前）、ＣＰＢ阻升主动脉后１０分钟（术中１）及间隔３０分钟（…     

原发性甲旁亢手术治疗的长期疗效及预后分析

目的：分析手术治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的长期疗效及影响预后的因素。对象与方法：１９５７～１９９６年手术并获得病理证实的原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症７２例，病程（５２０±４９３）年。随访率８４７２％，随访时间（１０７２±９８９）年。结果：术后大部分症状得到改善，但骨骼畸形、肾功能损害及高血压无好转，相反术后新产生的高血压达２１４３％，显著高于我国常人的发病率（１１１９％），且循环系统病变可进一步发展，皆同肾功能损害，成为术后远期死亡的主要原因。本组５年生存率８４５７％。术前病程较长者常伴高血压（７５４±６４３）年及肾功能损害（８７６±６９７）年。另外病程短而血钙高、腺瘤重者预后差。结论：早期手术可改善预后，术后心血管系统的病变可继续发展，而短期内病程进展迅速者，术后远期早年死亡可能增大。     

心脏病人非心脏大手术围术期的危险因素

本文综述冠心病或高危冠心病人在全麻下行非心脏大手术，其围术期心脏的发病率与有关危险因素，包括：（１）术前血管疾病只；（２）术前慢性充血性心衰史；（３）术前冠心病史；（４）术后心肌梗塞史；（５）术后不稳定心绞痛史。围术期心脏病的死亡多发生在术后头几天，其危险性的预测因素有：术前心肌缺血、高血压病、活动能力丧失和肾功能不全。     

460例双瓣替换术远期随访

报告１９８５年４月至１９９３年１２月４６０例二尖瓣、主动脉瓣双瓣替换术远期疗效，并对术后并发症发生因素进行分析。手术死亡３０例（６．５％）。４２０例随访６个月～８．４年（平均２．９７年），随访率９７．７％。术后１．５年实际生存率９０．３±１．２１％、８１．１±６．７６％。远期死亡３３例（２．６４％／病人－年），主要死亡原因为心衰、人工瓣感染、出血或栓塞。远期生存３８７例中心功能Ⅰ级１７２例，Ⅱ级１９０例，Ⅲ级１９例，Ⅳ级６例。远期出现人工瓣相关并发症４８例（３．８４％／病人－年），其中栓塞１９例，出血１６例，人工瓣感染１０例，瓣周漏２例，生物瓣坏损１例。本组资料显示术前左心室明显扩大、瓣膜明显关闭不全、心功能Ⅳ级是术后心衰的易发生因素。     

右外侧小切口剖胸小儿先天性心脏畸形矫治术319例体会

目的介绍经右外侧小切口剖胸体外循环下小儿心脏直视手术的经验。方法１９９４年１０月至１９９７年４月，共完成经右外侧第４或第３肋间进胸，体外循环下先天性心脏畸形矫治术３１９例。患儿年龄３．４４±１．５９岁（５个月～８岁），体重１３．６６±３．９８（６～２６）ｋｇ。修补房间隔缺损８７例（合并左上腔静脉１例，肺动脉瓣狭窄６例，部分肺静脉畸形引流５例），室间隔缺损２００例（合并动脉导管未闭７例，二尖瓣关闭不全７例，左上腔静脉３例，右室流出道狭窄１１例），法乐氏四联症１９例（合并左上腔静脉３例，单冠状动脉畸形１例），部分心内膜垫缺损２例及其他畸形１１例。体外循环时间平均５６．０７±２４．９０（２０～１７６）分，心肌循环阻断３２．９７±２０．３８（６～１４０）分。术后机械通气平均１８．７５±２４．５７（２～１４０．７２）小时，平均住院７．０８±０．６９（７～１７）天。结果全组患儿无手术死亡。结论这种切口可安全有效地替代正中剖胸矫治某些小儿常见的心脏畸形，它具有损伤小，瘢痕隐蔽，不破坏胸廓连续性，防止术后鸡胸等优点，其美观效果优于胸部正中或双乳腺下皮肤切口。     

胸外科非心脏手术后心血管并发症32例分析

自１９８２年６月至１９９１年１０月连续１１７２例胸外科非心脏手术病例中，术后出现心血管并发症者３２例，其中心律失常２２例（室上性１８例，室性４例），全部治愈。≥６０岁老年组心血管并发症较非老年组明显增高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。食管癌切除弓上食管－胃吻合并发症发生率明显高于弓下吻合者（Ｐ〈０．０１）。全肺切除并发症发生率明显高于肺叶切除者（Ｐ〈０．０１）。３２例发症中，２４例发生于术后３天内。作者强调，改     

大肠癌术后复发和转移的临床研究─—附82例分析

本文报告大肠癌术后复发和／或转移８２例。男４６例，女３６例，年龄１９～７５岁，平均４６．３岁。复发时间３月～１７年，平均２５．６月，２年以内６０例，占７３．２％。直肠癌以局部夏发为主（５２．６％），结肠癌以远处转移为主（６３．６％）。直肠癌Ｍｉｌｅ’ｓ术后复发以盆腔、会阴为主（７１．４％），行吻合术者则以吻合口复发为主（６９．２％）。临床表现以急、慢性肠梗阻、粘液皿便、能前区疼痛、腹部包块、会阴结节或窦道为主。ＣＥＡ阳性率３７．９％。再次手术６８例，根治性切除１４例（１７．１％），姑息性切除１２例（１４．６％），病灶总切除率３１．７％，根治性切除和姑息性切除３、５年生存率分别为７２．７％、６２．５％和２０．ｏ％、１１．１％（Ｐ＜０．００１）；造瘘、短路等手术和非手术治疗者，无２年生存者。其中位生存期为８．２月。本组手术死亡１例（１．４７％），并发症１６例（２３．５％），早期发现和诊断是提高大肠癌再手术疗效的关键，术后定期随访是早则发现和诊断复发的行效途径。对复发或转移病人的再手术应持积极态度。     

经尿道前列腺电汽化与经尿道前列腺电切对BPH的疗效比较

对２４０例有症状的前列腺增生症（ＢＰＨ）患者分别行经尿道前列腺电汽化术（ＴＶＰ）和经尿道前列腺电切术（ＴＵＲＰ）。结果显示：１２０例ＴＶＰ手术者，前列腺症状评分（ＩＰＳＳ）从术前的２０．９下降至术后３个月的５．１（Ｐ＜０．００１），最大尿流率由１０．６ｍｌ／ｓ上升至１９．２ｍｌ／ｓ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＴＵＲＰ组１２０例，ＩＰＳＳ从术前的２１．２下降至术后３个月的５．２（Ｐ＜０．００１），最大尿流率由１０．２ｍｌ／ｓ上升至１９．４ｍｌ／ｓ（Ｐ＜０．０１），两组比较无显著差异性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。平均留置导尿管时间：ＴＶＰ组２６．５小时，ＴＵＲＰ组５０．７小时，有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。术后阳萎发生率：ＴＶＰ组２．４％，ＴＵＲＰ组１４．５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＴＶＰ组术中无大出血及经尿道前列腺电切综合征（ＴＵＲＳ）发生，需输血者仅１例。ＴＵＲＰ组３例发生ＴＵＲＳ，输血１４例。比较结果：ＴＶＰ能达到与ＴＵＲＰ完全相同的治疗效果，且并发症少，价格相对较低，近期效果满意。     

4例心脏三瓣膜替换

４例心脏三瓣膜替换李大连，朱朗标，余翼飞自１９８６年６月至１９９１年８月，我们在４７７例心脏瓣膜替换手术中，主动脉瓣、二尖瓣及三尖瓣同时替换机械瓣４例，占总数０．８％。因三瓣膜替换的病人病情重，术后早期及晚期死亡率高，现总结该组病例，就术前准备、手术...     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎

目的 评价腹腔镜胆切除术（ＬＣ）治疗急性胆囊炎的手术指证,手术时机和手术经验。方法 对１９９３年４月～２０００年３月ＬＣ治疗急性胆囊炎４２例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 术前发病时间〉７２小时者（９例）与〈７２小时者（３３例）的比较,后者行ＬＣ的平均手术时间及术后平均住院日均较短,中转开工发症率及平均住院费用亦较低,坏疽性胆囊炎组的中转开腹率明显高于非坏疽性胆囊炎组（Ｐ〈０．０５）,结论 急性胆     

高龄心脏病患者行非心脏手术的麻醉处理

目的：探讨80岁以上高龄心脏病患者行非心脏手术麻醉处理的特殊性，方法：总结近年行这类手术麻醉病人84例，术前全面了解各重要脏器病变严重程度及代偿能力，并作相应的术前准备，选择合适的麻醉方法，药物、监测及调控措施。预防术中心肌氧供需失衡，术后疼痛应激，低氧血症及心血管事件发生。结果：术前心血管系统异常以心肌供血不足的发生率居首位，为86％；其次是高血压／低血压，心绞痛发生率列居第3位；术前合并脏器功能异常的数量随年龄增加而增加；麻醉方法主要取决于病情和手术种类，上腹部手术64．5％选用全身麻醉，择期手术68例患者，术前给予相应的极化液、降血压，抗心律失常；降血糖和抗感染等治疗。16例急诊手术患者术后需行呼吸支持，循环不稳定和中枢神经功能障碍者分别为18．8％，37．5％和18．8％。择期手术患者分别为4．4％，13．2％和4．4％，47例术后行PCA镇痛；术后死亡率为7．1％，结论；在高龄心脏病患者，充分的术前准备。选择合适的麻醉方法，加强麻醉管理和维持心肌氧供需平衡，是降低手术麻醉风险的重要措施。     

Incidence of coronary-subclavian steal syndrome in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery

OBJECTIVE: To identify the incidence of coronary-subclavian steal syndrome in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Veterans Affairs Medical Center and university-affiliated medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery and documented use of an internal mammary artery. INTERVENTIONS: Bilateral simultaneous brachial blood pressures were determined noninvasively. The presumptive diagnosis of ipsilateral subclavian artery stenosis and coronary-subclavian steal syndrome was made if the systolic blood pressure differential was >20 mmHg. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The presumptive diagnosis of ipsilateral subclavian artery stenosis based on a blood pressure differential was made in 6 of 86 (5%) patients screened. The diagnosis of coronary-subclavian steal syndrome was confirmed at cardiac catheterization by observing retrograde internal mammary artery flow in 3 patients or lack of internal mammary artery flow in 1 patient (3.4%). All 4 patients with angiographic confirmation had either angina or silent ischemia. Three patients had successful carotid subclavian bypass, and 1 patient refused surgery. Two patients had no evidence of myocardial ischemia and underwent their planned procedure without incident. CONCLUSION: Coronary-subclavian steal syndrome occurs with relative frequency in noncardiac surgery patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery using internal mammary artery conduits. Bilateral blood pressure measurements should be routinely performed during the preoperative evaluation. A pressure differential >20 mmHg should suggest the possibility of coronary-subclavian steal syndrome.     

Landiolol prevented myocardial ischemia in a patient with severe aortic stenosis undergoing total gastrectomy

Gastric cancer was detected in a 71-year-old man with severe aortic stenosis. According to ACC/AHA guidelines, aortic stenosis in the patient was so severe that noncardiac surgery was considered appropriate only after aortic valve replacement. However, due to uncontrollable hemorrhage from gastric cancer, total gastrectomy was urgently required. Surgery was performed under epidural and general anesthesia. Blood pressure and heart rate were stable during anesthetic induction, tracheal intubation and skin incision. Just after peritoneal incision, however, ST decreased significantly following hypertension and sinus tachycardia, which were controllable by deepening of the anesthetic level. This ST depression was dependent on heart rate but not blood pressure. Therefore, in order to control the heart rate and prevent myocardial ischemia, low dose landiolol was infused prophylactically. This agent regulated the heart rate below 85 beats per minute without inducing hypotension and prevented myocardial ischemia during the remaining anesthetic course including extubation and recovery from anesthesia. Although beta blocker is not generally recommended in patients with aortic stenosis, present case suggests that landiolol is effective and useful to prevent cardiac ischemia even in a patient with severe aortic stenosis.     

腹主动脉瘤术中不同髂内动脉处理的疗效观察

目的：探讨腹主动脉瘤（AAA）术中结扎或是封闭髂内动脉（IIA）对患者疗效的影响。 方法：回顾性分析2010年6月—2014年6月中南大学湘雅医院手术治疗的108例AAA患者临床资料,其中腔内修复61例,开放手术44例,杂交手术3例。44例开放手术中结扎双侧IIA 7例,结扎单侧IIA 8例;61例腔内修复术中封闭双侧IIA 3例,封闭单侧IIA 5例。 结果：无术中死亡,围手术期30 d内有6例死亡均与处理IIA无关。开放手术结扎或腔内修复封闭双侧IIA的10例患者中,1例（1/10）出现直肠缺血症状,经过抗凝和扩血管治疗1个月后症状缓解;2例（2/10）出现术后一过性的臀肌疼痛,保守治疗后症状消失;均未出现间歇性跛行。开放手术结扎或是腔内修复封闭单侧IIA的13例患者中均未出现直肠缺血,臀肌疼痛或是间歇性跛行。 结论：AAA患者术中结扎或是封闭单侧IIA对患者术后状况无明显影响;结扎或是封闭双侧IIA可能出现直肠缺血或是臀肌疼痛等盆腔缺血的表现,但可经保守治疗缓解。     

17例非心血管手术围术期心肌梗死的回顾分析

目的分析非心脏手术围术期心肌梗死相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院1994~2004年接受非心血管手术后17例发生急性心肌梗死的病例。结果病人平均年龄68岁,男9例,女8例,其中急诊手术占35%,15例病人接受全麻,2例病人接受硬膜外麻醉。7例病人术前有明确冠心病史,5例病人有高血压病史,8例病人术前心电图检查显示ST-T改变;术中有13例病人出现低血压同时伴有心率增快。10例于术后3 d内出现急性心肌梗死表现,8例于心肌梗死发生后死亡。结论术后急性心肌梗死的发生可能与多种因素相关,可能的诱发因素为术中持续低血压和心率增快,同时高龄、冠心病史、高血压病史也与其发生有关。     

Newly developed T-wave inversion with cardiac wall-motion abnormality predominantly occurs in middle-aged or elderly women after noncardiac surgery

Purpose. The study was done to determine the characteristics and prevalence of myocardial ischemia with inverted T waves after noncardiac surgery. Methods. A list of patients who developed electrocardiogram (ECG) T-wave inversion associated with wall-motion abnormalities observed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) following noncardiac surgery was generated from the intensive care unit (ICU) medical records database between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2000. The hospital records of these patients were analyzed retrospectively. Results. Among 4219 patients (2187 men and 2032 women) who were admitted to the ICU after noncardiac surgery, 13 developed myocardial ischemia with inverted T waves postoperatively. All of the patients were middle-aged or elderly women with no history of coronary artery disease; nine of them had undergone intraabdominal surgery. Characteristic ECG findings included inverted T waves in the left precordial leads, which subsequently became prominent with QT prolongation. In all of these patients, wall-motion abnormalities were observed on the anterior wall, but these resolved within 60 days of the episode. Myocardial ischemia was asymptomatic, with neither hemodynamic changes nor adverse cardiac events. Conclusion. Newly developed giant negative T waves with QT prolongation in the ECG may indicate myocardial stunning, but do not in themselves imply a poor prognosis. The marked preponderance of middle-aged and elderly women with this type of myocardial ischemia remains to be explained. Received: June 7, 2002 / Accepted: December 20, 2002 Address correspondence to: Y. Esaki     

Perioperative cardiovascular complications in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of cardiac complications in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) during noncardiac surgery. METHODS: A retrospective study was made for surgical patients in the period of 1989-2000 at Kitasato University Hospital. RESULTS: Thirty out of 66000 patients were preoperatively diagnosed as HCM. Sixty percent of the HCM patients had one or more perioperative cardiovascular complications. There were perioperative congestive heart failure in 3 patients (10%), and myocardial ischemia in 4 patients (13%). However, there were no myocardial infarction, no life-threatening dysarrthythmia and no cardiac death. Factors which appeared to be associated with the perioperative cardiovascular complications were the type of HCM (HOCM), major surgery, general anesthesia and preoperative medication with a beta-blocker or a calcium channel blocker. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that patients with HCM undergoing noncardiac surgery have a high incidence of cardiac complications such as congestive heart failure and myocardial ischemia.     

巢式病例对照研究非心血管手术后急性肾损伤危险因素

目的 探索非心血管手术术后发生急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的发病率,采用巢式病例对照研究进行危险因素分析预测. 方法 回顾性分析2012年1月～2014年10月19 132例非心血管手术病例资料,依据全球改善肾脏病预后组织(kidney disease improving global outcomes,KDIGO)指南,以血肌酐的改变为标准进行术后AKI诊断.术后血肌酐值较术前升高达到AKI诊断标准的病例28例(病例组),采用巢式病例对照研究方法,按1∶6匹配同期同类未发生AKI的手术病例168例作为对照组,探讨年龄、性别、BMI、高血压、糖尿病、术前使用血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors,ACEI)/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(angiotensin receptor blockers,ARB)类药物、低蛋白血症、术中低血压等因素对术后AKI的影响. 结果 19 132例非心血管手术患者中,28例(0.146％)发生了术后AKI.发生AKI的28例病例手术类型分别为:14例(50％)消化道手术,6例(22％)腹腔脏器手术,2例(7％)妇产科手术,2例(7％)泌尿外科手术,2例(7％)骨科手术,2例(7％)其他.所有AKI病例中急诊手术达15例.单因素分析提示高血压,低蛋白血症,术前应用ACEI或ARB类药物、术中低血压、输血、急诊手术可能与术后AKI有关(P＜0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析显示术中低血压,术前应用ACEI或ARB类药物,低蛋白血症,急诊手术为术后发生AKI的危险因素. 结论 AKI在非心血管手术的发病率并不罕见.发生AKI的手术种类多为干扰到全身血流动力学、对内环境影响较大的手术.术中低血压、术前应用ACEI或ARB类药物、低蛋白血症、急诊手术可作为非心血管手术术后发生AKI的预警因素.     

Silent myocardial ischemia is not predictive of myocardial infarction in peripheral vascular surgery patients

Continuous ambulatory ECG (CAECG) monitoring has been advocated as an effective low-cost preoperative method for detecting silent myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgery. In addition, silent ischemic events are associated with an increased incidence of postoperative myocardial infarctions. Ninety-six patients (mean age 73 years) admitted for elective aortic (24) or infrainguinal (72) operations over a 2-year period underwent 24-hour two- or three-lead CAECG monitoring. Results were reviewed by a single cardiologist blinded to the study. The criterion for ischemia was ST segment depressions of 1 mm or greater for 40 seconds or more 60 msec after the J point. Postoperative myocardial infarction was determined by ECG changes and/or elevated serum creatinine phosphokinase with positive MB isoenzymes. Risk factors included hypertension (71%), history of coronary artery disease (66%), smoking (61%), and diabetes mellitus (47%). Nine out of 96 patients (9.4%) had a positive CAECG test for silent myocardial ischemia. Only one patient (11.1%) developed postoperative myocardial infarction and there were no deaths in this group. The incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction in the nonischemic group was 16.1% (14/87). However, the mortality in this group was 6.9% (6/87). New and malignant arrhythmias requiring preoperative medical intervention were observed in seven patients (7.4%): two cases of ventricular tachycardia and five cases of atrial flutter/fibrillation. Contrary to previous reports, CAECG monitoring for silent ischemia was not a significant predictor of postoperative myocardial infarction or mortality in our patient population. However, we continue to recommend the preoperative use of CAECG monitoring as a diagnostic tool for unsuspected malignant arrhythmias.Presented at the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Peripheral Vascular Surgery Society, Chicago, Ill., June 7, 1992.     

Abdominal aortic aneurysms and coronary artery disease: is a more aggressive approach indicated?

A retrospective study was undertaken to assess the influence of known ischaemic heart disease on the operative and the long-term survival of patients undergoing elective repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. One hundred and seventy-one patients underwent elective surgery between June 1977 and December 1983. The patients were divided on routine clinical grounds into cardiac and noncardiac groups. Ninety-five patients had a history of heart disease and/or an abnormal resting pre-operative ECG. Seventy-six patients had no history of heart disease and a normal pre-operative resting ECG. Two of the seven operative deaths were due to myocardial infarction with one each from the cardiac and noncardiac groups. Eight patients suffered an acute myocardial infarction with five from the cardiac and three from the noncardiac group and this was not significantly different. The overall survival of 95% at 1 year and 76% at 5 years closely follows the age/sex matched Australian population. The survival at 1 year in the cardiac group was 97% and 95% in the noncardiac group. The 5 year survival was 72% and 79% respectively. During follow-up to December 1984, 11 patients died from ischaemic heart disease with six from the cardiac and five from the noncardiac group. No significant difference was found between the two groups in the incidence of myocardial infarction or the short- and long-term survival. This study does not support a more aggressive approach to coronary artery disease in the pre-operative management of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm.