丙泊酚复合芬太尼在肩关节复位的应用

目的探讨丙泊酚复合芬太尼应用于肩关节复位的可行性，应用效果。方法本院2008年5月至2010年5月实施肩关节手法复位患者54例，分别采用丙泊酚复合芬太尼静脉麻醉组（A组，n=30）和利多卡因局部浸润麻醉组（B组，n=24）。比较其在肩关节复位时的耐受情况，术中血压、心率、血氧饱和度的变化及患者术后感受。结果A组血压、心率变化均小于B组（P〈0．05），患者手术时间显著少于A组，术后自我感受显著优于B组。结论丙泊酚复合芬太尼用于肩关节复位安全有效，患者满意度高。     

椅背复位法与Hippocrates法治疗急性肩关节脱位的疗效比较

目的比较椅背复位法与Hippocrates法治疗急性肩关节脱位的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2018-03—2019-03诊治的30例急性肩关节前脱位,15例采用椅背复位法治疗(椅背组),15例采用Hippocrates法治疗(Hippocrates组),比较2组一次复位失败数、体位准备时间、复位时间、疼痛VAS评分、需助手协助复位数。结果 30例均顺利完成肩关节复位并获得至少3个月的随访。2组均未发生骨折、神经损伤等并发症。2组一次复位失败数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。椅背组体位准备时间、复位时间较Hippocrates组短,术中疼痛VAS评分较Hippocrates组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组需助手协助复位数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论椅背复位法与Hippocrates法治疗急性肩关节脱位均可取得满意的一次复位成功率,采用椅背复位法治疗体位准备时间、复位时间较Hippocrates法短,疼痛程度也较Hippocrates法轻,更容易被患者接受。     

FARES法治疗肩关节前下脱位合并肱骨大结节骨折

[目的]评价Fares法与Hippocrates法治疗肩关节前脱位合并肱骨大结节骨折的疗效。[方法]采用回顾性研究方法,选取2007年3月~2015年12月因肩关节前脱位合并肱骨大结节撕脱骨折患者60例,其中男36例,女24例,手法复位分为FARES法治疗组与传统Hippocrates法治疗组,其中Fares法治疗组32例,传统Hippocrates组28例。对比分析两组患者复位时主观疼痛感觉、复位成功率、平均复位操作时间、复位后并发症等,并基于CT扫描评估肱骨大结节骨折块的位置。[结果]FARES复位法可更有效放松患者紧张肌群,减轻复位时痛苦,VAS评分明显低于Hippocrates组(P0.05);Fares法复位成功率93.75%(30/32)显著高于Hippocrates法的75%(21/28)(P0.05);FARES法复位平均操作时间3.07 min明显短于Hippocrates法的5.45 min(P0.05);并且复位术后并发症发生概率亦明显低于Hippocrates组(P0.01);两种方法复位后其肱骨大结节骨折块移位距离差异无统计学意义(P0.05),两者复位效果相当。[结论]FARES复位法可有效降低肩关节脱位合并肱骨大结节骨折复位时主观疼痛感,复位操作时间短、成功率高,复位后并发症发生率低;且复位后肱骨大结节骨折块位置与Hippocrates法相当。     

足蹬外旋复位法治疗肩关节前脱位的病例对照研究

目的：介绍足蹬复位法（Hennipen）外旋治疗肩关节前脱位的特点及其临床疗效。方法：2007年3月至2010年3月采用Hennipen外旋法治疗肩关节前脱位28例（Hennipen组）,男17例,女11例;年龄21-72岁,平均（39．2＋5．1）岁;其中喙突下脱位8例,盂下脱位16例,锁骨下脱位4例。同期采用足蹬法复位法治疗肩关节前脱位44例（Hippocratic组）,男32例,女12例;年龄15-68岁,平均（36．8＋3．4）岁;其中喙突下脱位12例,盂下脱位29例,锁骨下脱位3例。所有患者均根据临床表现和肩关节X线片确诊,手法复位后行搭肩位肘胸绷带固定3～4周。比较两组患者复位过程、并发症及功能恢复情况（采用UCLA肩关节功能评分标准）。结果：Hippocratic组复位操作在2-5min完成[平均（3．9＋1．2）rain],其中32例接受静脉麻醉;Hennipen组复位操作在0．5-2rain完成[平均（1．3±0．7）min],3例患者需在麻醉下复位;两组复位时间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Hippocratic组1例老年患者复位过程中发生肱骨大结节撕脱骨折,1例发生肋骨骨折;Hennipen组无明显并发症发生。复位3-4周后随访,Hippocratic、Hennipen组患者肩关节UCIA评分分别为（34．2±2．1）分和（33．8±1．6）分,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：足蹬法复位法和Hennipen外旋法治疗肩美节前脱位均能获得良好的疗效．但HenniDen外旋法操作简单．并发症少．尤其适干急诊寅位操作。     

肩关节零度位法复位肩关节前脱位26例分析

肩关节前脱位临床常见,约占肩关节脱位的95%,不合适的复位方法会导致复位困难和产生各种并发症。2002年5月～2010年10月,我们采用肩关节零度位法(A组)复位肩关节前脱位26例,取得满意效果,并对照采用传统足蹬法(B组)复位肩关节前脱位22例,报告如下。     

Spaso与Hippocrates复位法治疗急性肩关节前脱位的比较研究

目的比较Spaso复位法与Hippocrates复位法治疗急性肩关节前脱位的疗效。方法回顾性分析自2009-01—2014-06诊治的急性肩关节前脱位,自2009-01—2011-06采用Hippocrates法复位26例(Hippocrates组),自2011-07—2014-06采用Spaso法复位37例(Spaso组),关节腔注射利多卡因后手法复位。比较2组复位成功率、并发症、复位用时、VAS评分及肩关节功能Constant评分。结果 Hippocrates组获得平均4.5(3~6)个月随访。Spaso组获得平均4.7(3~8)个月随访。与Hippocrates组相比,Spaso组复位用时更少(t=2.143,P=0.037),复位成功率更高(χ~2=3.934,P=0.047),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组复位后VAS评分(t=0.881,P=0.383)、并发症发生率(χ~2=1.922,P=0.166)、末次随访时肩关节功能Constant评分(t=1.689,P=0.098)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 Spaso复位法治疗急性肩关节前脱位比Hippocrates复位法的成功率更高,操作简单易行,但应注意急性肩关节前脱位合并损伤的诊治。     

丙泊酚复合小剂量芬太尼静脉麻醉应用于肩关节脱位手法复位术的效果

目的观察丙泊酚复合小剂量芬太尼静脉麻醉应用于肩关节脱位手法复位术的效果。方法随机将60例肩关节脱位患者分为2组,每组30例。观察组行丙泊酚+小剂量芬太尼静脉麻醉,对照组行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞麻醉。观察2组麻醉起效时间、复位时间和麻醉效果。结果观察组麻醉起效时间、复位时间短于对照组,麻醉效果优良率高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组患者均未发生严重不良反应。结论丙泊酚复合小剂量芬太尼静脉麻醉用于肩关节脱位手法复位,简便快捷、效果确切、安全性高。     

肩关节前脱位的外展复位法

外伤性启关节前脱位为骨科临床常见病、多发病。我们于1991年2月～1994年12月用外展复位法治疗肩关节前脱位40例，效果满意，兹报告如下：一般资料本组40例。男性28例，女性12例；年龄以17岁～71岁；伤后来院就诊时间，24小时内30例，25小时至48小时6例，48小时以上4例，最长为74小时；入院前曾在外院或本院行传统手法复位次数，未治疗26例，复位1次失败8例，2次失败5例，3次失败1例；合并肱骨大结节撕脱骨折9例；合并肱骨外科颈骨折1例。治疗前后均有X线片证实。治疗方法与结果患侧肩关节一般不需麻醉或为了减轻疼痛可行血肿内麻醉或臂丛…     

FARES法治疗肩关节前脱位60例

目的探讨采用FARES法治疗肩关节前脱位的临床治疗效果。方法回顾分析了采用FARES法治疗的60例。肩关节脱位的临床资料，其中男38例，女22例；年龄18—65岁，平均年龄42岁。原发脱位52例，习惯性脱位8例。60例均为前脱位，其中喙突下脱位31例，盂下脱位22例，锁骨下脱位7例。结果60例脱位患者，59例非麻醉下一次复位成功，1例失败后经麻醉下闭合复位成功，所有病例均未发生并发症。结论FARES法具有安全、有效、可靠、舒适等特点，是治疗肩关节前脱位的有效治疗方法，值得临床推广及应用。     

新鲜难复性肩关节脱位1例报告

患者男性,54岁.因"跌倒后右手掌着地后肩部肿痛活动受限2 h"入院.既往右肩关节无外伤病史.入院体格检查:右肩部呈方肩畸形,肩峰下空虚,喙突下可摸到肱骨头,Dugas征阳性.X线检查为肩关节前脱位(喙突下脱位),未合并肱骨大结节、外科颈、肱骨头等骨折.该患者入院后即在臂丛麻醉下行手法复位失败,考虑可能为麻醉效果不够理想,肌肉松弛不够.后改用丙泊酚静脉麻醉,在肩部肌肉完全松弛下行手法复位仍然失败.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.