静脉或硬膜外吗啡PCA药效学和血药浓度变化的临床研究

目的：比较吗啡静和硬膜外ＰＣＡ药效学和病人血药浓度的变化。方法;６０例病人（ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级）随机分成两组。Ａ组（ｎ＝３０）,静脉ＰＣＡ（ＰＣＩＡ）,选用０．０５％吗啡＋０．０１氟哌啶;Ｂ组（ｎ＝３０）;硬膜外ＰＣＡ（ＰＣＥＡ）选用０．０１％吗啡＋０．１５％布比卡因。均采用Ｇｒａｓｅｂｙ－９３００ＰＣＡ泵以ＬＣＰ模式（负荷剂量５ｍｌ＋持续剂量１ｍｌ／ｈ＋ＰＣＡ每次１．０ｍ）进行镇痛。Ａ组１０例和Ｂ组     

罗哌卡因对吗啡术后硬膜外PCA药效学的影响

本研究拟通过对罗哌卡因（Ｒｏｐｉｖａ－ｃａｉｎｅ,Ｒｏｐ）０．１％、０．２％Ｒｏｐ术后吗啡硬膜外病人自控镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）药效学的影响进行研究,为Ｒｏｐ术后ＰＣＥＡ提供客观依据。资料与方法分组与方法选择硬膜外阻滞下经腹子宫全切术的病人６０例,ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分成三组,Ｒ_Ⅰ组（ｎ＝２０：镇痛药为０．１％Ｒｏｐ＋０．０１％吗啡（Ｍｏｒ）,采用英国Ｇｒａｓｅｂｙ－９３００ＰＣＡ泵,以ＬＣＰ模式给药,其设置为负荷剂量（５ｍｌ）＋持续剂量（０．５ｍｌ·ｈ~(－１)）＋ＰＣＡ剂量（１ｍｌ／次）,锁定时间１０…     

腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉和病人自控镇痛用于分娩镇痛的可行性

目的 评价腰麻－硬膜外联合麻醉（ＣＳＥＡ）和病人自控硬膜外镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）应用于分娩镇痛的可行性。方法 选择产程进入活跃期的单胎初产妇６０例,蛛网膜下腔注射丁哌卡因２．５ｍｇ＋芬太尼２．５μｇ后３０ｍｉｎ,ＰＣＥＡ输注０．０７５％丁哌卡因与２μｇ／ｍｌ芬太尼的混合液,随机双盲分为三组：Ａ组为单次剂量３ｍｌ,锁定时间１５ｍｉｎ;Ｂ组为单次剂量３ｍｌ,锁定时间１５ｍｉｎ,输注速率６ｍｌ／ｈ;Ｃ组为输注     

静吸复合麻醉中不同小剂量芬太尼对脑电边缘频率和双波谱指数的影响

目的 研究静吸复合麻醉中不同小剂量芬太尼对脑电边缘频率（ＳＥＦ）和双小的指数（ＢＩＳ的影响。方法 随机将ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级病人３０例分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组地全麻诱导吸入安氟醚达０．８ＭＡＣ后三组分别静注芬太尼３μｇ．ｋｇ＾０－１、５μｇ．ｋｇ＾－１,于给药后６ｍｉｎ记录每组病人的ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ、ＳＥＦ及ＢＩＳ。结果 三组 内、组间ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ相比均无显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）,ＢＩＳ无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）     

LFA-1共刺激诱导狼疮性肾炎外周血单个核细胞IL-10表达的研究

目的：探讨淋巴细胞功能相关抗原－１（ＬＦＡ－１）对活动性狼疮肾炎（ＬＮ）外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）白介素 １０（ＩＬ－１０）的调节作用。方法：利用半定量 ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术观察 ＬＦＡ－ １共刺激对活动性 ＬＮ患者 ＰＢＭＣ ＩＬ－１０ ｍＲＮＡ表达的影响。结果：单独抗ＣＤ３抗体（３０ ｎｇ／ｍｌ）能诱导ＬＮ 患者ＰＢＭＣ ＩＬ－１０ ｍＲＮＡ轻微表达（０．４３＋０．０３ｖｓ ０．５５±０．４４,Ｐ＜０．０５）而在抗ＣＤ３抗体（３０ ｎｇ／ｍｌ）存在的情况下,抗ＬＦＡ－１抗体（２ μｇ／ｍｌ,相当于ＬＦＡ－１配体）共刺激时明显增加了ＰＢＭＣ ＩＬ—１０ ｍＲＮＡ表达（１．３１±０．０８ｖｓ ０．５５＋０,０４,Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＬＦＡ－１中和抗体明显抑制了这种共刺激诱导的ＩＬ—１０ ｍＲＮＡ表达（１．３１±０．０８ｖｓ ０．６４ ±０．０３,Ｐ＜０．０１）。抗ＬＦＡ－１抗体单独刺激时并不引起 ＩＬ－１０ ｍＲＮＡ表达变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：ＬＦＡ－１作为共刺激分子诱导 ＩＬ－ １０ ｍＲＮＡ表达可能是其参与 ＬＮ发病的机制之一。     

异丙酚镇痛作用机理的实验研究

有关异丙酚是否有镇痛作用,其研究结果因方法不同而异［１,２］。亚睡眠剂量的异丙酚对ＣＯ２激光刺激引起的疼痛有明显的镇痛作用,且呈剂量相关［３］。本研究旨在探讨异丙酚镇痛作用的机理是否与ＧＡＢＡＡ受体、阿片受体有关。资料和方法ＮＩＨ小鼠１６５只,雌雄各半,体重２０～２５ｇ,随机分为１１组,每组１５只。对照组,注射生理盐水１０ｍｌ·ｋｇ－１或异丙酚１０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１;ＧＡＢＡＡ受体拮抗剂组,注射异丙酚１０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１１５分钟前,分别注射印防己毒素０．５、１．０、２．０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１和荷包牡丹碱０．…     

剖宫产术后经静脉芬太尼自控镇痛对催乳素的影响

目的 观察剖宫产术后芬太尼静脉自控镇痛对血浆催乳浓度的影响。方法 ２１例择期行部宫产术孕妇,随机分成镇痛组（ｎ＝１１）和对照组（ｎ＝１０）。镇痛组在剖宫产术后,采用病人自控静脉镇痛（ＰＣＩＡ）给予芬太尼,芬太尼持续剂量１０～１５μｇ．ｈ＾－１,ＰＣＡ剂量为１０μｇ,１ｈ限量１３０μｇ,镇痛时间２４ｈ。采用放射免疫法测血闪催乳素（ＰＲＬ）浓度,视觉模拟评分法（ＶＡＳ）估计镇痛效果。结果 镇痛组ＶＡＳ     

不同类型冠心病的胰岛素抵抗及危险因素分析

目的：比较不同类型冠心病（ＣＨＤ）的胰岛素抵抗（ＩＲ）程度和分析ＣＨＤ的危险因素。方法：检测急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）８１例,不稳定型心绞痛（ＵＡ）８２例,稳定型心绞痛（ＳＡ）８５例和对照组１２７例糖耐量、胰岛素（ＩＳ）和Ｃ肽（ＣＰ释放试验、空腹血脂等,并以餐后血糖（ＢＧ）、ＩＳ和ＣＰ及血压等１０个变量进行Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析。结果：ＵＡ组舒张压（ＤＰ）显著高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＳＡ组ＤＰ明显高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）;ＵＡ组ＣＨ明显高于ＳＡ组和对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）;ＡＭＩ组服糖后３ｈＢＧ、ＵＡ组２ｈ、３ｈＢＧ均明显高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）;ＵＡ组１ｈＩＳ明显高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）;ＡＭＩ组服糖后２ｈ、３ｈＣＰ／ＢＧ分别明显高于对照组和ＳＡ组（Ｐ〈０．０５）;３ｈＢＧ和ＤＰ被筛选为ＣＨＤ的独立危险     

骨疏康对成骨细胞刺激作用的研究

目的 通过体外成骨细胞培养,观察补肾中药骨疏康对成骨细胞的直接刺激作用。方法 采用第２代成骨细胞加入浓度为５μｇ／ｍｌ、１０μｇ／ｍｌ、２０μｇ／ｍｌ的骨疏康药液,测定ＡＫＰ、ＢＧＰ、ＰＤＹ的含量并进行细胞计数。结果 加药后细胞数随药物浓度增加而增加,ＡＫＰ和ＢＧＰ水平也相应提高。２０μｇ／ｍｌ组的ＬＡＰ和ＢＧＰ水平较５μｇ／ｍｌ组和１０μｇ／ｍｌ组增加明显,有显差异Ｐ〈０．０５。ＰＹＤ含量随药     

不同配伍芬太尼术后硬膜外病人自控镇痛效应的比较

目的：采用硬膜外病人自控镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）技术，对不同配伍芬太尼术后镇痛效应进行了研究。方法：１００例（ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级）手术病例随机分成三组，Ｆ组（ｎ＝２０）：用０．０００４％芬太尼＋０．１５％丁哌卡因；ＢＦ组（ｎ＝４０）：用Ｆ组药液＋０．０００９％丁丙诺啡；ＭＦ组（ｎ＝４０）：用Ｆ组药液＋０．００５％吗啡；采用双盲法对比观察。结果：术后２４小时三组病人ＶＡＳ评级Ｆ组最高（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＰＣＥＡ总按数／实进数（Ｄ／Ｄ）比值在０～２范围内的病例数，ＭＦ组≈ＢＦ组＞Ｆ组（Ｐ＜０．０５），提示ＭＦ、ＢＦ组镇痛效果较好。三组病人ＰＣＥＡ期间呼吸、循环无明显变化，恶心、呕吐等并发症较低（２．５％～５．０％），后两组有１０％～１５％病人嗜睡。结论：选择芬太尼和丁哌卡因行ＰＣＥＡ时，复合小剂量吗啡（０．００５％）或丁丙诺啡（０．０００９％）其镇痛效果更好。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Development of Selective Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Apheresis System: Immobilized Polyanion as LDL-Specific Adsorption for LDL Apheresis System

Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is widely recognized as one of the major risk factors for developing coronary heart diseases. Despite intensive development of LDL-lowering drugs, there still exist those patients with refractory hyperlipidemia whose plasma LDL levels are not sufficiently lowered by drugs. LDL apheresis, direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is thought to be the most promising treatment for such refractory patients. Various techniques, such as the use of an im-munoadsorbent utilizing an anti-LDL antibody, have been used in an attempt to achieve the selective removal of LDL. However, none were widely used because of complications, poor selectivity, and so forth. To establish a safe and effective LDL apheresis system, we chose a synthetic affinity adsorbent as the LDL-removing device. Synthetic polyanion compounds were used as the affinity ligands for LDL adsorbent to simulate the anion-rich sequence of LDL binding sites in the human LDL receptor. Among various polyanion compounds, those polyanions with sulfate or sulfonate groups and hydrophilic backbone were found to have strong affinity for LDL. In contrast, polyanions with carboxyl groups showed poor affinity. Dextran sulfate (DS) was selected as the affinity ligand of LDL adsorbent for its high affinity and low toxicity. The influence of its charge density and molecular weight on its affinity for LDL was suitable. The affinity rapidly increased as the charge density increased, then, reached a constant value. Little affinity was found for either the DS monomer (glucose sulfate) or DS with a molecular weight higher than 10⁴ daltons whereas DS with molecular weights in the midrange showed strong affinity. DS with a midrange molecular weight was immobilized on cellulose hard gel to give LDL adsorbent clinical application. The adsorbent demonstrated an excellent selectivity for LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro. Adsorption of high-density lipoprotein and major plasma proteins was almost negligible. Additional study of the LDL-binding mechanism revealed that DS directly interacts with positively charged sites on LDL, which demonstrates that the nature of the interaction is the same as that of LDL receptor. An LDL adsorption column (Liposorber) packed with an LDL adsorbent and polysulfone hollow-fiber plasma separator (Sulflux) was developed as an efficient LDL apheresis system. Clinical investigation proved that this system is capable of intensively lowering the plasma LDL level without affecting major plasma components.     

Artificial organs 2010: a year in review

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.     

Avaliação do clube de revista de anestesiologia por meio de mudanças semânticas

Background and objectives

The interactive approach of a journal club has been described in the medical education literature. The aim of this investigation is to present an assessment of journal club as a tool to address the question whether residents read more and critically.

Methods

This study reports the performance of medical residents in anesthesiology from the Clinics Hospital – University of São Paulo Medical School. All medical residents were invited to answer five questions derived from discussed papers. The answer sheet consisted of an affirmative statement with a Likert type scale (totally disagree–disagree–not sure–agree–totally agree), each related to one of the chosen articles. The results were evaluated by means of item analysis – difficulty index and discrimination power.

Results

Residents filled one hundred and seventy three evaluations in the months of December 2011 (n = 51), July 2012 (n = 66) and December 2012 (n = 56). The first exam presented all items with straight statement, second and third exams presented mixed items. Separating “totally agree” from “agree” increased the difficulty indices, but did not improve the discrimination power.

Conclusions

The use of a journal club assessment with straight and inverted statements and by means of five points scale for agreement has been shown to increase its item difficulty and discrimination power. This may reflect involvement either with the reading or the discussion during the journal meeting.     

Lymphocytapheresis

Abstract: Leukocytapheresis has long been performed with the centrifugal method. But in 1989 in Japan, the Asahi Medical Co. developed the extracorporeal leukocyte-removal filter, Cellsorba. This filter consists of non-woven fabric, which can remove leukocytes from whole blood during extracorporeal circulation. In the incipient stage, this filter was applied to collagen diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. During the following studies, this filter has been found to have an immunosuppressive effect. Now, it is beginning to be applied to various kinds of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, this filter has recently been recognized to be effective in inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. The outline of Cellsorba and the application of this filter is described here.     

Soluble TNFα Receptors Are Increased in Chronic Renal Insufficiency and Hemodialysis and Inhibit Neutrophil Priming by TNFα

Abstract: The oxidative burst of neutrophils from azotemic patients is refractory to priming by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Soluble TNFα binding proteins (TNFR) accumulate in the plasma of azotemic patients. To test the hypothesis that these increased sTNFR concentrations inhibit TNFa priming of oxidative burst activity, we measured plasma sTNFR concentrations in nondialyzed azotemic patients, hemodialysis patients, and normal subjects, and determined TNFa priming of fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated superoxide production in neutrophils incubated in plasma with differing levels of sTNFR. These sTNFR concentrations increased significantly as creatinine clearance decreased and were significantly greater in hemodialysis patients than could be accounted for by loss of renal function alone. TNFα primed superoxide production by normal neutrophils in normal plasma, but this effect was significantly reduced in plasma with increased concentrations of sTNFR. Neutrophils from azotemic and hemodialysis patients were refractory to priming by TNFα in autologous plasma, and incubation in normal plasma only partially corrected this defect. We conclude that sTNFR accumulate as a result of the loss of renal function and hemodialysis and inhibit TNFα priming of neutrophils in azotemic and hemodialysis patients, but that these cells also have an intrinsic functional defect.