右美托咪定可减轻肺叶切除术中单肺通气所致肺损伤

目的探讨右美托咪定对肺叶切除术中单肺通气所致肺损伤的影响。方法选择2014年5月至2017年2月拟行肺叶切除术的肺癌患者64例,男38例,女26例,年龄42~75岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。根据不同治疗方式将患者分成两组,每组32例。麻醉诱导前20min,观察组泵注右美托咪定0.5μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),10min后改为0.2~0.5μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),对照组予以等容量生理盐水。检测麻醉诱导前10min(T_0)、单肺通气即刻(T_1)、单肺通气60min(T2)、单肺通气90min(T_3)、术后24h(T_4)的全血中性粒细胞(PMN)计数,血清髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性,肺内分流率(Qs/Qt),以及T_0~T_3时血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和一氧化氮(NO)浓度。结果与T_0时比较,T_2~T_4时两组PMN计数明显增多,MPO和XOD活性明显升高(P0.05),但观察组明显低于对照组(P0.05)。与T_0时比较,T_2、T_3时两组血清VEGF浓度明显升高,但T_3时观察组明显低于对照组(P0.05)。T_2、T_3时观察组血清NO浓度明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定能减少患者肺部炎症反应,减轻单肺通气所致缺血-再灌注损伤,且降低了患者机体氧化应激程度,从而对肺起到保护作用。     

右美托咪定对食管癌根治术单肺通气患者肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素-6的影响

目的 观察右美托咪定对食管癌根治术单肺通气患者血浆肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α和白细胞介素(IL)-6水平的影响.方法 60例拟行食管癌根治术的患者,随机分为D1组、D2组和C组,每组20例.D1组麻醉诱导前0.6μg/kg静脉泵注右美托咪定;D2组麻醉诱导后以0.3μg/(kg·h)静脉泵注右美托咪定;C组为对照组.分别测定麻醉诱导前20 min(T0),气管插管后10 min(T1),单肺通气30 min(T2),单肺通气90 min(T3)及再次双肺通气后10 min(T4)5个时间点血浆中TNF-α和IL-6浓度.结果 3组患者血浆TNF-α水平在T3、T4时点较T0高(P ＜0.05);D1组和D2组在T3(10.5±2.5,11.1 ±2.6)、T4(11.2±2.4,11.8±2.7)时点较C组增高(P＜0.05).3组患者血浆IL-6水平在T4时点较T0高(P ＜0.05);D1组和D2组在T4时点(23.2±3.3,23.9±3.2)较C组增高(P＜0.05).结论 术前静脉泵注0.6 μg/kg及术中持续以0.3μg,/(kg·h)静脉泵注右美托咪定均能抑制食管癌根治术单肺通气患者血浆中TNF-α和IL-6水平升高.     

右美托咪定对食管癌根治术单肺通气患者血清炎性反应的影响

目的观察右美托咪定对食管癌根治术中单肺通气患者围术期血清炎性反应的影响。方法选取择期全麻下行食管癌根治术患者72例,男36例,女36例,年龄48~70岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,并用随机数字表法将患者均分为两组。D组于麻醉前静脉泵入右美托咪定0.5μg/kg,15min输注完后进行静脉诱导,随后按0.3μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)术中泵入,至手术结束前40min改为0.6μg/kg,泵入10min后停药。C组泵注等量生理盐水。两组静脉诱导完善后予左侧双腔支气管插管后机械通气,纤维支气管镜定位。在诱导前10min(T_0)、单肺通气后60min(T_1)、双肺通气30min(T_2)及术后120min(T_3)采集桡动脉血样检测血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL~(-1)0、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2(MIP-2)及人肺表面活性特异蛋白(SP-D)的水平。观察术中单肺通气时间、失血量、补液量、尿量及术后复苏室停留时间、呼吸机使用时间和苏醒期躁动、低氧血症、肺部炎症等不良反应的发生情况。结果与T_0时比较,T_1~T_3时两组血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL~(-1)0、MIP-2及SP-D浓度均明显升高(P0.05)。T_1~T_3时D组血清TNF-α、IL-6和SP-D浓度明显低于C组(P0.05),两组IL~(-1)0和MIP-2浓度差异无统计学意义。D组术后复苏室停留时间、呼吸机使用时间和苏醒期躁动、低氧血症、肺部炎症等不良反应的发生率明显低于C组(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定可通过抑制炎症反应减轻食管癌根治术单肺通气的围术期血清炎性反应,缩短复苏室停留时间、呼吸机使用时间和苏醒期躁动、低氧血症、肺部炎症等不良反应的发生率。     

右美托咪定用于全凭静脉麻醉对单肺通气患者氧合功能的影响

目的分析右美托咪定用于全凭静脉麻醉对单肺通气患者氧合功能的影响。方法选取郑州大学第二附属医院2018-10—2019-08间行全凭静脉麻醉单肺通气的76例患者。随机分为2组,各38例。观察组于麻醉诱导前至术毕前泵注右美托咪定。对照组则泵注同等量的生理盐水。比较2组患者的血流动力学和氧合功能指标。结果单肺通气后30 min、1 h,及再次双肺通气后15 min,观察组患者的血流动力学和氧合功能指标均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定用于全凭静脉麻醉单肺通气患者,能有效稳定血流动力学指标,改善氧合功能,有临床推广价值。     

右美托咪定对老年患者单肺通气期间氧合和呼吸力学的影响

目的观察右美托咪定对老年患者单肺通气期间氧合和呼吸力学的影响。方法择期行胸腔镜下肺叶切除术的老年患者60例,男32例,女28例,年龄65~77岁,BMI 20.3~27.9kg/m2,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。随机分为两组:右美托咪定组(D组)和生理盐水组(C组),每组30例。D组在单肺通气后10min内输注右美托咪定1.0μg/kg,然后以0.5μg·kg-1·h-1速率输注至单肺通气结束,C组输注等容量生理盐水。在单肺通气前1min(T0)、单肺通气后30min(T1)和单肺通气后60min(T2)各时点抽取桡动脉血2ml行血气分析,计算PaO2/FiO2。在T1和T2时进行呼吸力学监测,监测参数包括肺动态顺应性(Cdyn)、气道峰压(Ppeak)、气道平均压(Pmean)和无效腔气量与潮气量之比(VD/VT)。记录ICU停留时间和术后72h内的肺不张、肺炎、急性肺损伤等并发症情况。结果与T0时比较,T1和T2时两组PaO2/FiO2明显降低(P0.05)。与C组比较,T1和T2时D组PaO2/FiO2和Cdyn明显升高(P0.05),Ppeak、Pmean和VD/VT明显降低(P0.05),ICU停留时间明显缩短(P0.05),术后肺不张明显减少(P0.05)。两组肺炎和急性肺损伤差异无统计学意义。结论老年患者单肺通气期间输注右美托咪定可以改善血液氧合和呼吸力学,不增加急性肺损伤的发生,可减少术后肺不张,缩短ICU停留时间。     

右美托咪定对单肺通气患者血浆IL-8、IL-10及肺组织AQP1表达的影响

目的评价右美托咪定对单肺通气(one lung ventilation,OLV)患者血浆IL-8、IL-10及肺组织水通道蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)1表达的影响。方法择期行肺癌根治术患者40例,男23例,女17例,年龄40~75岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法将患者均分为两组:对照组(C组)和右美托咪定组(D组)。麻醉诱导前10 min,D组静注右美托咪定1μg/kg,随后以0.5μg·kg-1·h-1的速率输注至手术结束前30min,C组采用同样的方法静注等容量的生理盐水。于OLV前即刻(T1)、OLV 30min(T2)、60min(T3)、120min(T4)、恢复双肺通气后30min(T5)、术后2h(T6)取桡动脉血,测定血浆IL-8和IL-10的浓度。于OLV前即刻、肺叶离体时取肺组织,测定AQP1的表达。结果 T3~T6时C组及T3~T5时D组IL-8浓度,T2~T5时两组IL-10浓度明显高于T1时(P0.05);D组T3~T6时IL-8浓度明显低于,T2~T5时IL-10浓度明显高于C组(P0.05)。C组肺叶离体时AQP1表达明显低于OLV前即刻和D组(P0.05)。结论给予负荷量1μg/kg的右美托咪定,随后以0.5μg·kg-1·h-1的速率持续输注,可以降低单肺通气患者全身炎症反应,上调肺组织AQP1表达。     

右美托咪定通过腺苷A1受体调节大鼠压力反射敏感性

目的观察腺苷A1受体在右美托咪定调节压力反射敏感性(baroreflex sensitivity,BRS)中的作用。方法健康成年雄性SD大鼠32只,体重240~280g,按随机数字表随机分为四组:对照组(C组)、选择性腺苷A1受体阻断剂组(P组)、右美托咪定组(D组)、选择性腺苷A1受体阻断剂+右美托咪定组(PD组),每组8只。C组泵注生理盐水40 ml·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)负荷量15 min,维持泵注10 ml·kg~(-1)·h~(-1);P组腹腔注射选择性腺苷A1受体阻断剂8-环戊基-1,3-二丙基黄嘌呤(DPCPX)1mg/kg,泵注同C组方案的生理盐水;D组右美托咪定负荷量100μg/kg,维持量100μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)持续泵注;PD组腹腔注射DPCPX 1mg/kg并泵注右美托咪定,泵注剂量同D组。采用苯肾上腺素升压法于泵注前(T_0)、泵注后60min(T_1)和泵注后120min(T_2)测定BRS。结果与T_0时比较,T_1和T_2时D组和PD组BRS明显升高(P0.05)。与C组和P组比较,T_1和T_2时D组和PD组BRS均明显升高(P0.05)。与D组比较,T_1和T_2时PD组BRS明显降低(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定可能通过腺苷A1受体增加大鼠BRS。     

肺超声评分评价肺保护性通气策略对老年开腹手术患者肺损伤的影响

目的通过肺超声评分探讨肺保护性通气策略减轻老年开腹手术患者肺损伤的作用。方法选择2019年8月至2020年6月择期开腹手术患者50例,男33例,女17例,年龄65～80岁,BMI 18～25 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组:对照组(C组)和肺保护性通气组(P组),每组25例。所有患者常规麻醉诱导,采用容量控制的通气模式。C组设置V_T 8 ml/kg,不使用呼气末正压(PEEP);P组设置V_T 6 ml/kg, PEEP 6 cmH_2O,每间隔30 min给予手法肺复张。采用床旁超声评估患者双侧共12个区域的肺部超声,各区域分数累积为肺超声评分(LUS)。记录入室时(T_0)、麻醉诱导气管插管后5 min(T_1)、手术开始后2 h(T_2)、手术结束时(T_3)、气管导管拔除后15 min(T_4)、2 h(T_5)、术后1 d(T_6)的LUS评分、HR、MAP、SpO_2、PaO_2和PaCO_2。记录T_1—T_3时的氧合指数(PaO_2/FiO_2)、气道峰压(Ppeak)、吸气末平台压(Pplat)和驱动压力(ΔP)。记录术后7 d内肺部并发症(PPCs)的发生情况。结果与T_0时比较,T_1—T_5时C组和P组LUS评分明显升高(P0.05)。与T_1时比较,T_2—T_3时C组PaO_2/FiO_2明显降低(P0.05),P组ΔP明显降低(P0.05)。与C组比较,P组T_2—T_5时LUS评分明显降低(P0.05),T_2—T_3时PaO_2/FiO_2明显升高(P0.05)、ΔP明显降低(P0.05)。C组术后7 d内PPCs发生率为20%,P组未发生PPCs(P0.05)。结论床旁肺超声监测下,老年开腹手术患者在全麻期间和术后早期LUS评分升高,肺通气丢失。肺保护性通气策略可降低患者围术期的肺超声评分,减少肺通气损失,降低术后7 d的肺部并发症发生率。     

右美托咪定关胸前滴鼻对胸腔镜肺癌根治术患者苏醒期镇静镇痛的影响

目的评价右美托咪定滴鼻对胸腔镜下肺癌根治术患者苏醒期镇静镇痛的影响。方法择期全麻下行胸腔镜下肺癌根治术患者120例,男67例,女53例,年龄38～65岁,BMI 18.9～24.6 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,TNM分期Ⅱ或Ⅲ期,采用随机数字表法将患者分为三组(n=40):右美托咪定静脉组(DV组)、右美托咪定滴鼻组(DN组)和对照组(C组)。DV组于关胸前静脉泵注右美托咪定1μg/kg(生理盐水稀释为10 ml,10 min注完);DN组于关胸前双侧鼻孔等量滴入右美托咪定1μg/kg(生理盐水稀释为1 ml),滴速为20滴/分;C组给予等量生理盐水滴鼻。术后患者均采用舒芬太尼PCIA。于拔管后5 min、用药后1、2 h记录Ricker镇静躁动评分(SAS评分)和VAS疼痛评分,记录术后首次追加舒芬太尼时间,术后24 h舒芬太尼总用量和不良反应发生情况。结果与C组比较,DN组和DV组SAS评分在拔管后5 min和用药后1 h明显降低,拔管后5 min VAS评分明显降低,术后首次追加舒芬太尼时间明显延长,术后24 h内舒芬太尼总用量明显减少,出现呛咳反应、高血压和心动过速情况明显减少(P0.05);与DV组比较,DN组心动过缓发生率明显降低(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定静注和滴鼻可改善胸腔镜下肺癌根治术患者苏醒期镇静水平,减少术后阿片类药物使用,同时,滴鼻方式简便易行,临床安全性较高。     

右美托咪定对单肺通气肺癌根治术患者围术期全身炎性反应的影响

单肺通气(one-lung ventilation,OLV)可使患侧肺完全萎陷,虽有利于术者术中操作,但同时亦使肺内血液分流及通气血流比值降低,造成患侧肺缺血、缺氧。在恢复双肺通气后,这种损伤持续加重,在肺缺血再灌注损伤中,炎性相关因子、氧自由基等扮演着重要角色。本研究拟评价右美托咪定对OLV肺癌根治术患者炎性相关因子的影响,为麻醉用药提供参考。     

Principles of artificial ventilation

The application of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) during the 1952 Copenhagen polio epidemic led to the development of the world's first intensive care unit. The requirement for ventilatory support is the most common indication for intensive therapy unit (ITU) admission and is a defining feature of the specialty. Ventilator technology continues to develop and there are many ways to deliver IPPV. The variety of modes of ventilation is increasingly complex and expanding, without evidence that any one mode is associated with improved outcome. Ventilatory support is part of the treatment for a range of conditions including acute respiratory failure, raised intracranial pressure (ICP) and circulatory shock. Ventilator-associated lung injury is reduced by using low tidal volumes and limiting plateau airway pressure to less than 30 cmH₂O. Prolonged artificial ventilation has an associated morbidity and mortality and thus should be reviewed by an expert clinician on a daily basis. Weaning aims to identify those patients who will be able to breathe spontaneously. Protocols exist to facilitate timely extubation without the need for re-intubation.     

Principles of artificial ventilation

The application of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) during the 1952 Copenhagen polio epidemic led to the development of the world’s first intensive care unit. The requirement for ventilatory support is the most common indication for intensive therapy unit (ITU) admission and is a defining feature of the specialty. Ventilator technology continues to develop and there are many ways to deliver IPPV. The variety of modes of ventilation is increasingly complex and expanding, without evidence that any one mode is associated with improved outcome. Ventilatory support is part of the treatment for a range of conditions including acute respiratory failure, raised intracranial pressure (ICP) and circulatory shock. Ventilator-associated lung injury is reduced by using low tidal volumes and limiting plateau airway pressure to less than 30 cmH₂O. Prolonged artificial ventilation has an associated morbidity and mortality and thus should be reviewed by an expert clinician on a daily basis. Weaning aims to identify those patients who will be able to breathe spontaneously. Protocols exist to facilitate timely extubation without the need for re-intubation.     

不同通气模式对单肺通气影响的Meta分析

目的 采用Meta分析的方法评价压力控制通气(pressure controlled ventilation,PCV)与容量控制通气(volume controlled ventilation,VCV)对术中单肺通气(one lung ventilation,OLV)患者呼吸力学及循环的影响. 方法 检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆,检索时间从建库至2016年2月.收集术中OLV使用PCV与VCV的临床随机对照试验(randomizedcontrolled trim,RCT).采用Cochrane协作网系统评价法评价纳入文献的质量,采用RevMan 5.0软件对收集的患者资料进行Meta分析评价. 结果 共纳入14项研究,包括964例患者,其中PCV组480例,VCV组484例.与VCV组比较:在开胸前双肺通气时(T1),PCV组气道平均压(mean airway pressure,Pmean)比值比(odds ratio,OR)[0R=-0.22,95％CI(-0.42,-0.01),P＜0.05]较低;OLV时(T2),PCV组气道峰压(peak airway pressure,Ppeak)[加权均数差(weighted mean difference,WMD)=-1.37,95％CI(-1.69,-1.05)]及气道平台压(pause pressure,Plateau)较低[WMD=-0.29,95％CI(-0.51,-0.07)],而PaO2高[WMD=0.52,95％CI(0.08,0.95)];关胸后双肺通气时(T3),PCV组Ppeak较低[WMD=-0.63,95％CI(-1.09,0.17)]. 结论 与VCV比较,OLV期间PCV可提供较低的气道压,可能是一种较好的通气模式.     

A clinical trial of volume- versus pressure-controlled intraoperative ventilation during laparoscopic bariatric surgeries

BackgroundIntra-operative ventilation is often challenging in patients with morbid obesity undergoing bariatric surgery.ObjectivesTo test the noninferiority of pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) to volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) in respiratory mechanics.SettingBariatric Surgery Center, Iran.MethodsIn a randomized open-labeled clinical trial, 66 individuals with morbid obesity undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgeries underwent intraoperative ventilation with either PCV or VCV. The measurements taken were peak and mean airway pressures (H₂O), partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO₂), partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO₂) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO₂). We additionally collected pulse-oximetric oxygen saturation, inspiratory concentration of oxygen (FiO₂), and hemodynamic variables. Data were analyzed with repeated measures over the time of intubation, after peritoneal insufflation, and every 15 minutes, thereafter up to one hour.ResultsPCV mode was successful to sustain adequate ventilation in 97% of the patients, which was similar to the 94% success rate of the VCV mode. Peak airway pressure increased 6 cmH₂O and end-tidal CO₂ rose by 5 mm Hg after abdominal insufflation in both groups (P = .850 and .376). Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient similarly increased within 30 minutes after tracheal intubation both in PCV and VCV groups, with small trend of being higher in the VCV group. The ratio of dead space to tidal volumes (VD/VT) did not have a meaningful change (P = .724).ConclusionPCV was noninferior to VCV during laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Either mode of ventilation could be alternatively used during the anesthesia care of these patients.     

Non-invasive ventilation in surgical patients in a district general hospital

We have retrospectively audited the use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in surgical patients. We analysed the case notes of 38 surgical patients who received NIV over a 9-month period. Twenty-three patients received NIV following emergency surgery, eight after elective surgery, and seven did not have an operation. Co-morbidity was common. The commonest reasons for starting NIV were chest infection, acute respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary oedema. NIV was often only one aspect of treatment in surgical patients with complex medical problems. With intensive support from the critical care outreach team, NIV can be safely delivered on a surgical ward, and may sometimes prevent intensive care unit admission. Use of NIV on the intensive care unit may obviate the need for tracheal intubation in some patients. In very ill surgical patients with a poor prognosis, NIV was frequently used as the ceiling of respiratory support.     

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目的　探讨适应性支持通气(ASV)对术后恢复期急性肺损伤(ALI)呼吸力学的影响。方法　采用自身对照方法,对广东省人民医院2 0 0 3年1～9月2 3例术后ALI病人序贯应用同步间歇指令 压力支持通气模式(SIMV PS)和ASV模式进行机械通气(MV) ,记录两种模式下的各项呼吸力学参数。结果　全部病人均成功脱机,总呼吸频率明显降低(P <0 . 0 5 ) ,自主呼吸频率增加(P >0 . 0 5 ) ,潮气量(VT)明显升高(P <0 . 0 5 ) ,平台压(Pplat)和平均气道压(Pawm)有所升高(P <0 .0 5 ) ,顺应性(Cst)有所下降,P0. 1(0. 1s的口腔闭合压)稍有下降(P >0 .0 5 ) ,生命体征、血气分析和血流动力学指标无明显变化。结论　ASV对术后ALI病人,可根据病人的呼吸力学状况自动调整吸气压力支持水平,提高潮气量、降低呼吸频率,而对血流动力学和生命体征没有影响。     

The effect of neuromuscular blockade on the efficiency of facemask ventilation in patients difficult to facemask ventilate: a prospective trial

Facemask ventilation of the lungs can be an important rescue intervention in a ‘cannot intubate’ scenario. We assessed the effect of neuromuscular blockade on expiratory tidal volumes in patients with expected difficulty in mask ventilation. The lungs of patients with at least three predictors of difficulty in mask ventilation were ventilated using a facemask held with two hands, with mechanical ventilation set in a pressure‐controlled mode. Tidal volumes were recorded before and after the establishment of complete neuromuscular block. In 113 patients, median (IQR [range]) tidal volume increased from 350 (260–492 [80–850]) ml initially, by 48% to 517 (373–667 [100–1250]) ml 30 s after rocuronium administration, (p < 0.001). After the onset of the complete neuromuscular block, a median tidal volume of 600 (433–750 [250–1303]) ml was observed, corresponding to an increase of 71% from baseline values (p < 0.001), and 16% from values obtained 30 s after rocuronium administration, respectively; p = 0.003). No decrease in the tidal volume during the measurements was observed. We conclude that the administration of rocuronium at a dose of 0.6 mg.kg^?1 was able to improve facemask ventilation in all cases with a potentially clinically relevant increase in tidal volume. The early use of a neuromuscular blocking agent can be considered as a therapeutic option in case of difficulty with mask ventilation.