孕羊深低温体外循环对胎羊温度和血流动力学及血气的影响

目的探讨孕羊深低温体外循环(CPB)对胎羊温度、血流动力学和血气的影响。方法5头健康怀孕山羊常规建立CPB,转流降温、复温各1 h。监测孕羊和胎羊的温度、心率、平均动脉压、血气值。结果孕羊最低温度(17．4±1．5)℃,胎羊最低温度(24．6±1．5)℃。降温期胎羊温度始终高于孕羊温度,复温期孕羊-胎羊温差逆转,转流结束胎羊温度低于孕羊温度。降温期胎羊心率逐渐减慢,复温期不能恢复正常心率。低温转流15 min,胎羊pH值从转流开始的7．30± 0．03降到7．17±0．07(P<0．05)、PO_2从转流开始的(32．5±4．0)mmHg(1 mmHg=0．133 kPa)降到(17．5±3．0)mm Hg(P<0．05),PCO_2从转流开始的(44．8±2．2)mm Hg升到(56．8±5．1)mm Hg(P<0．05),BE值从转流开始的(-3．2±0．6)升到(-5．7±1．3)(P<0．05),此后血气值进一步恶化,复温阶段胎羊血气值也没有好转。CPB结束胎羊存活率为60％。结论孕羊深低温CPB 影响胎盘的热交换和气体交换功能,对胎羊存活不利。     

胎羊体外循环中胎盘一氧化氮合酶的变化

目的 探讨胎羊体外循环中胎盘一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的变化。方法孕120-140d母羊8只，随机分为对照组和转流组，每组4只。对照组假手术，转流组运用离心泵和胎盘建立胎羊体外循环，转流30min。记录转流前、后胎羊平均动脉压、脐动脉流量和动脉血气值，计算胎盘血管阻力，检测胎羊血浆内皮素-1（ET-1）、一氧化氮（NO）和胎盘组织NOS活性，RT-PCR半定量分析eNOSmRNA转录状况。结果转流组胎羊体外循环结束后胎盘血管阻力上升，转流后2h胎盘NOS活性增强，胎盘eNOS转录水平增高（P〈0．05），与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。转流组胎羊血浆ET-1进行性增加，与对照组之间的差异也有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组之间血浆NO的变化没有显著差异。结论胎羊体外循环中胎盘组织NOS活性增强，不能降低胎盘血管阻力，NOS的变化可能是胎盘血管阻力增高的一种代偿。     

膜式氧合器在胎羊体外循环中的运用

目的　为了改进胎羊体外循环技术 ,探讨膜式氧合器在胎羊体外循环中的应用。　方法　将健康怀孕山羊8只 ,采用 Dideco 90 1膜式氧合器和滚轴泵建立胎羊体外循环 ,常温 (37℃ )转流 6 0分钟 ,氧合器内充低氧混合气体 (8%O2 和 92 % N2 ) ,监测胎羊的血压、心率、血气、血清乳酸和胎盘血管阻力。　结果　胎羊体外循环中动脉氧分压 (PO2 )和二氧化碳分压 (PCO2 )维持在宫内生理水平 ,胎羊心搏有力 ,血压正常。但胎羊 p H值缓慢下降 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,血清乳酸值明显增高 (P<0 .0 1) ,胎盘血管阻力显著上升 (P<0 .0 1)。停体外循环后胎羊出现低氧、高碳酸血症和酸中毒。　结论　胎羊体外循环影响胎盘功能 ,膜式氧合器可以代替胎盘气体交换功能 ,体外循环中胎羊生理低水平 PO2 是否适合其需要值得探讨。     

胎羊心脏转流对胎羊心功能的影响

目的探讨胎羊心脏转流对不停跳下胎羊心功能的影响。方法孕120-140d母羊8只，共孕9只胎羊，随机分为对照组（n=4）和胎羊体外循环组（CPB组，n=5）。对照组胎羊开胸，不建立体外循环。CPB组建立胎羊心脏转流模型，转流30min。分别于转流前、转流30min、转流结束后1h、2h测胎羊平均动脉压、心率和动脉血气值。观察血肌钙蛋白（TnI）含量的变化，B超检测左、右心室Tei指数和脐动脉搏动指数（PI），观察心肌超微结构变化。结果两组胎羊平均动脉压、心率无显著变化。CPB组胎羊脱离体外循环后出现高碳酸血症和酸中毒，血氧分压无显著变化。对照组胎羊血气值无明显变化。CPB组胎羊左右心室Tei指数、脐动脉PI、血TnI含量均显著大于对照组（P〈0．05）。CPB组胎羊心肌细胞糖原明显减少。结论胎羊心脏转流对胎羊心功能造成损害，心功能不良与胎盘功能不良存在相互影响。     

母体体外循环过程中胎儿有创监测动物模型的建立

目的 建立孕羊体外循环过程中胎羊有创监测模型,探讨母体体外循环对胎儿温度、血流动力学的影响.方法 20头健康孕羊随机分为对照组、常温组、浅低温组和中低温组4组,每组5头.常规建立体外循环,转流降温.监测孕羊和胎羊的温度、心率、平均动脉压.结果 中低温组1头孕羊转流后发生室颤导致孕羊和胎羊死亡.降温期胎羊温度始终高于孕羊的温度.复温期孕羊、胎羊温度回升,转流结束后胎羊温度低于孕羊温度.降温期胎羊心率逐渐减慢,血压下降,复温期逐渐恢复正常.结论 母体体外循环影响胎儿温度、血压和心率,但变化是可逆的.母体常温或浅低温体外循环对胎儿的影响最小,临床上可以安全应用.     

延长大鼠异种心脏移植后存活时间的实验研究

目的　研究如何延长大鼠异种心脏移植后的存活时间。方法　实验分为A、B、C、D四组。A组 :移植术前 12、8、4、0d及 10、6、2、0d分别将脾细胞 1× 10 8个 ,抗血清 0 .2ml静脉注入受体大鼠 ;B组 :在A组的基础上 ,加用中华眼镜蛇毒 (CCV) 0 .2mg·kg-1·d-1,术前 3d至术日腹腔注射。C组 :在B组的基础上 ,加用环孢素A(CsA) 10mg·kg-1·d-1、环磷酰胺 (Cy) 2 0mg·kg-1·d-1,术前 12d开始至术日腹腔注射。D组 :在C组的基础上 ,加用抗巨噬细胞和抗自然杀伤细胞单克隆抗体 2 5 0 μg·kg-1·d-1,术前 12d开始至术日腹腔注射。结果　A、B、C、D四组移植心脏分别存活 (0 .32± 0 .12 )h ,(2 5 .6± 9.6 )h、(48.6± 10 .4)h和 (72 .4± 2 1.7)h ;术日各组IgG均下降 ,尤以C、D组下降明显 ,与A、B组比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　术前静脉注射供体脾细胞及抗血清 ,尤其与CCV、CsA、Cy合用 ,能显著抑制IgG的产生 ,延长移植心脏的存活时间。     

离心泵在儿童体外循环中的应用

目的总结离心泵在儿童先天性心脏病体外循环手术中的应用经验。方法40例患者(年龄5.55±4.36岁、体重17.91±11.95kg)中,首次手术29例,二次手术11例。在体外循环中均使用Jostra离心泵,转流过程中随时调整转速,保证在不同阻力下有相对恒定的灌注流量。结果浅低温平行循环2例,深低温停循环(DHCA)4例,深低温低流量(DHLF)3例,DHCA+DHLF 1例,中低温中高流量30例。总转流时间136.48±87.27m in(23~478m in),主动脉阻断时间71.61±36.15m in(13~153m in),DHCA时间12~67m in,DHLF时间4~52m in。结论离心泵操作简便,预充量小,对血液成分的破坏相对较少,在危重患者中值得推广使用,适合作长时间心室辅助循环使用。     

大鼠非经胸体外循环模型的建立

目的建立大鼠非经胸体外循环(CPB)模型。方法选体重350～500g雄性SD大鼠10只,采用颈动脉灌注、腔静脉右心房引流建立CPB,转流时间1h,监测血流动力学和血气变化。结果9只大鼠顺利建立CPB,1只死于大出血。CPB期间平均动脉压(MAP)维持在60～80mmHg,平均灌注流量(85.0±12.5)ml·kg-1·min-1,动脉血气正常。CPB停止后心肺功能顺利恢复。结论本方法建立的大鼠CPB模型操作简单、经济实用,是进行CPB基础研究的理想模型。     

Caspase抑制剂对小鼠心脏移植物细胞凋亡的影响

目的　探讨Caspase抑制剂对同种异体心脏移植物细胞凋亡的影响。方法　以BALB/c小鼠为供者 ,C5 7BL/6J小鼠为受者建立异位 (颈部 )心脏移植模型 ,治疗组受者术中、术后分别给Caspase抑制剂 (Z Asp cmk) 0 .2 5mg ,对照组受者相应时间给等量的溶媒。术后观察移植心脏的存活时间 ,术后 5d处死部分受者 ,切取移植心及受者自身心脏组织 ,检测心脏组织中Caspase酶的活性及心肌细胞凋亡情况。结果　对照组移植心脏的中位存活时间为 7d ,治疗组为 13d ,二者比较 ,差异有高度显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;移植心脏组织的Caspase 3活性 ,对照组为 (310± 83)nmolAFC·min-1·mg-1,治疗组为 (6 5± 19)nmolAFC·min-1·mg-1,受者自身心脏为 (47± 11)nmolAFC·min-1·mg-1,治疗组与受者自身心脏比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,与对照组比较 ,差异有高度显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;治疗组与对照组心肌细胞的凋亡指数分别为 7.95± 1.71及 0 .5 6± 0 .2 0 ,二者比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　Caspase抑制剂能够有效抑制小鼠心脏移植物的心肌细胞凋亡。     

体外循环期间脑氧供需情况的观察

目的与方法 :通过对 2 0例心脏瓣膜置换术患者在体外循环心肺转流 (CPB)手术中行动脉和颈内静脉血气监测 ,以了解CPB期间脑氧供需情况。结果 :(1)降温期颈内静脉血氧饱和度 (SjvO2 )和脑血流量 /脑氧耗代谢比(CBF/CMRO2 )明显增加 ,由 6 6 2 4%± 10 32 % ,17 91± 3 0 4增至 93 81± 3 86 % ;139 2 8± 13 2 5。 (2 )复温期SjvO2和CBF/CMRO2 明显回落 ,分别降至 70 2 3%± 6 2 9% ,2 1 44± 9 6 8。 (3)CBF/CMRO2 与鼻咽部温度 (NPT)呈负相关 ,r =- 0 789。结论 :CPB中降温期可产生灌注过剩 ,复温过程可出现脑灌注不足     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Development of Selective Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Apheresis System: Immobilized Polyanion as LDL-Specific Adsorption for LDL Apheresis System

Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is widely recognized as one of the major risk factors for developing coronary heart diseases. Despite intensive development of LDL-lowering drugs, there still exist those patients with refractory hyperlipidemia whose plasma LDL levels are not sufficiently lowered by drugs. LDL apheresis, direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is thought to be the most promising treatment for such refractory patients. Various techniques, such as the use of an im-munoadsorbent utilizing an anti-LDL antibody, have been used in an attempt to achieve the selective removal of LDL. However, none were widely used because of complications, poor selectivity, and so forth. To establish a safe and effective LDL apheresis system, we chose a synthetic affinity adsorbent as the LDL-removing device. Synthetic polyanion compounds were used as the affinity ligands for LDL adsorbent to simulate the anion-rich sequence of LDL binding sites in the human LDL receptor. Among various polyanion compounds, those polyanions with sulfate or sulfonate groups and hydrophilic backbone were found to have strong affinity for LDL. In contrast, polyanions with carboxyl groups showed poor affinity. Dextran sulfate (DS) was selected as the affinity ligand of LDL adsorbent for its high affinity and low toxicity. The influence of its charge density and molecular weight on its affinity for LDL was suitable. The affinity rapidly increased as the charge density increased, then, reached a constant value. Little affinity was found for either the DS monomer (glucose sulfate) or DS with a molecular weight higher than 10⁴ daltons whereas DS with molecular weights in the midrange showed strong affinity. DS with a midrange molecular weight was immobilized on cellulose hard gel to give LDL adsorbent clinical application. The adsorbent demonstrated an excellent selectivity for LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro. Adsorption of high-density lipoprotein and major plasma proteins was almost negligible. Additional study of the LDL-binding mechanism revealed that DS directly interacts with positively charged sites on LDL, which demonstrates that the nature of the interaction is the same as that of LDL receptor. An LDL adsorption column (Liposorber) packed with an LDL adsorbent and polysulfone hollow-fiber plasma separator (Sulflux) was developed as an efficient LDL apheresis system. Clinical investigation proved that this system is capable of intensively lowering the plasma LDL level without affecting major plasma components.     

Artificial organs 2010: a year in review

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.     

Avaliação do clube de revista de anestesiologia por meio de mudanças semânticas

Background and objectives

The interactive approach of a journal club has been described in the medical education literature. The aim of this investigation is to present an assessment of journal club as a tool to address the question whether residents read more and critically.

Methods

This study reports the performance of medical residents in anesthesiology from the Clinics Hospital – University of São Paulo Medical School. All medical residents were invited to answer five questions derived from discussed papers. The answer sheet consisted of an affirmative statement with a Likert type scale (totally disagree–disagree–not sure–agree–totally agree), each related to one of the chosen articles. The results were evaluated by means of item analysis – difficulty index and discrimination power.

Results

Residents filled one hundred and seventy three evaluations in the months of December 2011 (n = 51), July 2012 (n = 66) and December 2012 (n = 56). The first exam presented all items with straight statement, second and third exams presented mixed items. Separating “totally agree” from “agree” increased the difficulty indices, but did not improve the discrimination power.

Conclusions

The use of a journal club assessment with straight and inverted statements and by means of five points scale for agreement has been shown to increase its item difficulty and discrimination power. This may reflect involvement either with the reading or the discussion during the journal meeting.     

Lymphocytapheresis

Abstract: Leukocytapheresis has long been performed with the centrifugal method. But in 1989 in Japan, the Asahi Medical Co. developed the extracorporeal leukocyte-removal filter, Cellsorba. This filter consists of non-woven fabric, which can remove leukocytes from whole blood during extracorporeal circulation. In the incipient stage, this filter was applied to collagen diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. During the following studies, this filter has been found to have an immunosuppressive effect. Now, it is beginning to be applied to various kinds of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, this filter has recently been recognized to be effective in inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. The outline of Cellsorba and the application of this filter is described here.     

Soluble TNFα Receptors Are Increased in Chronic Renal Insufficiency and Hemodialysis and Inhibit Neutrophil Priming by TNFα

Abstract: The oxidative burst of neutrophils from azotemic patients is refractory to priming by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Soluble TNFα binding proteins (TNFR) accumulate in the plasma of azotemic patients. To test the hypothesis that these increased sTNFR concentrations inhibit TNFa priming of oxidative burst activity, we measured plasma sTNFR concentrations in nondialyzed azotemic patients, hemodialysis patients, and normal subjects, and determined TNFa priming of fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated superoxide production in neutrophils incubated in plasma with differing levels of sTNFR. These sTNFR concentrations increased significantly as creatinine clearance decreased and were significantly greater in hemodialysis patients than could be accounted for by loss of renal function alone. TNFα primed superoxide production by normal neutrophils in normal plasma, but this effect was significantly reduced in plasma with increased concentrations of sTNFR. Neutrophils from azotemic and hemodialysis patients were refractory to priming by TNFα in autologous plasma, and incubation in normal plasma only partially corrected this defect. We conclude that sTNFR accumulate as a result of the loss of renal function and hemodialysis and inhibit TNFα priming of neutrophils in azotemic and hemodialysis patients, but that these cells also have an intrinsic functional defect.