腰椎滑脱的减压、内固定与融合术

目的观察采用腰椎管减压、横突间植骨、Cage椎间融合器和SOCON内固定治疗腰椎滑脱合并腰椎管狭窄的早期疗效。方法从1997年12月～1999年12月,对38例腰椎滑脱患者采用腰椎管减压,横突间植骨和SOCON内固定手术进行治疗。术前X线检查按Meyerding分度,Ⅰ度滑脱32例,Ⅱ度滑脱6例;L4,5滑脱29例,L5S1滑脱9例。结果术后平均随访18.2个月(14～26个月),比较手术前后临床症状和X线片滑脱复位程度,38例患者中,31例症状完全消失,优良率为81.6%。32例Ⅰ度滑脱完全复位,4例Ⅱ度滑脱完全复位,2例Ⅱ度滑脱复位达90%,解剖复位率达94.7%。结论应用SOCON内固定治疗腰椎滑脱,效果良好,复位满意。     

后路减压SRS内固定椎间融合术治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的探讨腰椎后路椎管减压、SRS内固定等治疗腰椎滑脱并腰椎管狭窄临床疗效。方法从2002年6月~2006年6月,对31例腰椎滑脱进行腰椎管减压、SRS内固定等手术治疗。结果随访10~36个月。术后30例症状完全消失;25例Ⅰ度滑脱完全复位,6例Ⅱ度滑脱中5例完全复位;椎间高度由术前平均5.2mm恢复至术后11.8mm,且无高度丢失。结论后路减压、SRS内固定等治疗腰椎滑脱,效果良好,复位固定稳定满意。     

重度腰椎滑脱的手术治疗

目的: 探讨重度腰椎滑脱手术的临床经验。方法: 从 1997年 12月~2001年 12月对 24例Ⅱ度以上的腰椎滑脱患者采用腰椎管减压, 内固定复位, 横突间植骨, 或横突间植骨加Cage手术。结果: 术后随访 20~60个月, 平均 41. 4个月, 比较手术前后临床症状和X线片滑脱复位程度, 21例症状完全消失, 优良率为 87. 5%, 22例完全解剖复位, 2例复位达 90%以上。结论: 重度腰椎滑脱后路复位内固定效果好, 要有相当的临床经验和技能。     

椎管减压、内固定联合Cage椎间融合与横突间植骨融合治疗退行性腰椎滑脱的比较

目的 比较腰椎管减压、椎弓根内固定联合后路Cage椎间融合与横突间植骨融合治疗退变性腰椎滑脱合并腰椎管狭窄的早期临床疗效。方法 分别采用椎管减压、椎弓根内固定联合后路Cage椎间融合与横突间植骨融合治疗经严格保守治疗无效的退行性腰椎滑脱患者31例和19例。比较术后临床症状改善和滑脱复位情况。结果 随访时两组患者腰骶部疼痛改善率分别为80％和84．2％，间歇性跛行改善率分别为88．46％和85．7％。I度滑脱完全复位分别为26例和14例，Ⅱ度滑脱完全复位分别为3例和2例，总复位率分别为93．5％和84．2％。所有病例椎间高度恢复正常或接近正常，Cage位置良好，无脱出，未见下沉。椎弓根内固定器无脱出、弯曲和断裂。结论 椎间融合与横突间植骨融合治疗退行性腰椎滑脱都能达到满意复位，可以充分减压，重建脊柱生理序列和稳定性，在复位率、症状改善率、手术后并发症方面均无显著性差异，临床效果满意。     

TENOR系统治疗腰椎滑脱的近期疗效

目的 :观察TENOR椎弓根钉系统固定及插入型融合器或横突间植骨治疗腰椎滑脱的近期疗效。方法 :从 2 0 0 0年 12月～ 2 0 0 3年 2月 ,对 3 1例腰椎滑脱患者采用腰椎管减压、插入型融合器或横突间植骨和TENOR内固定手术进行治疗。术前X线检查 :Ⅰ度滑脱 15例 ,Ⅱ度滑脱 15例 ,Ⅲ度滑脱 1例 ;L4滑脱 17例 ,L5滑脱 14例。结果 :术后平均随访 15 3个月 (12～ 2 2个月 ) ,比较手术前后临床症状和X线片滑脱复位程度 ,3 1例患者中 ,2 7例症状完全消失 ,优良率 87 1% ,解剖复位率达 93 5 %。结论 :应用TENOR内固定治疗腰椎滑脱 ,效果良好 ,复位满意。     

通用型脊柱椎弓根内固定系统治疗腰椎滑脱的临床研究

目的 观察自行研制的通用型脊柱内固定系统用于退行性腰椎滑脱患者手术治疗的疗效。方法 16例退行性腰椎滑脱合并椎管狭窄的患者,均接受了通用型脊柱内固定系统手术治疗。其中男10例,女6例。平均年龄58．5岁(42～72岁)。术前Ⅰ度滑脱10例,Ⅱ度滑脱6例,术后定期随访记录患者的症状改善、滑脱复位程度及并发症等情况。结果 16例患者术后平均随访21．2个月(18～24个月),术后即刻及末次随访时X线摄片显示滑脱腰椎均完全复位,于末次随访时15例患者术前临床症状均消失,滑脱复位满意且无丢失,后外侧植骨融合术后及随访过程中未发现与植入物或手术相关的并发症。结论 初步结果显示,通用型脊柱内固定系统用于腰椎滑脱的手术治疗可获得满意的滑椎复位效果和良好临床疗效。     

Moss-Miami脊柱内固定系统微创治疗腰椎退行性滑脱

目的观察Moss-Miami脊梓内固定系统微创治疗退行性腰椎滑脱的手术疗效。方法21例合并椎管狭窄的退行性腰椎滑脱患者中L3～4 4例，L4～5 12例，L5～S1 5例；Ⅰ度滑脱13例，Ⅱ度滑脱8例：均采用了Moss—Miami内固定做创手术治疗，术后定期随访患者的症状改善、滑脱复位情况以及有无并发症等。结果21例患者术后平均随访18．6个月（15～11个月），术后及末次复查X线片均显示滑脱腰椎良好复位；18例患者术前临床症状均消失；未发现与植人物或手术相关的并发症。结论用Moss—Miami脊柱内固定系统做创手术治疗退行性腰椎滑脱可以获得满意疗效。     

RF-Ⅱ复位内固定后路减压椎间融合术治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的:探讨RF-Ⅱ复位内固定、后路腰椎管减压、椎间融合器和小关节突间植骨治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效。方法:对37例腰椎滑脱患者进行腰椎管减压、RF-Ⅱ复位内固定、VigorSpacer椎间融合和小关节突间植骨的手术治疗。其中Ⅰ度滑脱27例,Ⅱ度滑脱10例;L4/5滑脱12例,L5/S1滑脱25例;33例为峡部裂性,4例为退行性。结果:随访10～38个月,平均23.6个月,33例症状完全消失,优良率89.2%;27例Ⅰ度滑脱完全复位,10例Ⅱ度滑脱8例完全复位,椎间融合率97.3%;椎间高度由术前平均4.1mm恢复至术后11.7mm,无高度丢失。结论:后路减压、RF-Ⅱ复位内固定、VigorSpacer椎间融合和小关节突间植骨治疗腰椎滑脱症效果满意。     

短节段Silhouette内固定结合BAK治疗腰椎滑脱

目的 观察腰椎管减压，多孔螺纹状钛合金椎间融合器（BAK），椎体间植骨，短节段Silhou-ette内固定治疗腰椎滑脱的早期临床疗效。方法 采用腰椎管减压，BAK，椎体间植骨及短节段Sil-houette内固定手术治疗18例腰椎滑脱患者。术前经X线检查后按Meyerding分度；Ⅰ度滑脱15例。Ⅱ度滑脱3例；滑脱部位：L410例，L58例。结果 术后平均随访7.4个月（3-18个月），18例患者中，17例症状术后安全消失，优良率达94.4%。18例滑脱椎体均理想复位，无一例发生感染，1例因合并有颈椎管狭窄而残留轻度行走不稳。结论 运用短节段Silhouette内固定结合BAK治疗腰椎滑脱复位满意，效果优良。     

退行性腰椎不稳的手术治疗

目的：探讨后路腰椎管减压、钉棒系统复位内固定、椎间融合器或横突间植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效.方法：对35例腰椎滑脱ugh患者进行腰椎管减压、钉棒系统复位内固定、椎间融合和横突间植骨的手术治疗.其中Ⅰ度滑脱32例,Ⅱ度滑脱3例.28例采用椎板开窗减压钉棒系统固定、横突间植骨融合术;7例采用全椎板减压钉棒系统固定、椎间融合器加植骨融合术.结果：35例中,30例术后2周内神经受压症状消失,X片显示内固定器械位置良好.5例术后出现神经症状加重：神经根刺激症状加重者4例,其中3例经治疗症状于3个月内缓解,1例症状未缓解者于术后8个月将内固定钉棒取出后症状缓解;不全瘫者1例,经二次手术探查后症状减轻.29例获得连续随访,随访时间2～3.5年,1例于术后6个月发现滑脱椎体再次轻度滑脱.1例因跌倒致椎弓根螺钉位置改变,伴有神经根刺激症状,将椎弓根螺钉取出后症状缓解,其余27例椎体滑脱完全复位,椎间融合或横突间植骨融合良好.临床疗效按照邹德威的综合评价标准评估：优20例,良7例,一般2例,优良率为93.1%.结论：后路腰椎管减压、钉棒系统复位内固定、椎间融合或横突间植骨治疗腰椎滑脱症效果满意.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.