Treatment of subtrochanteric femoral fracture with long proximal femoral nail antirotation

Objective： Subtrochanteric femoral fractures are severe injuries. Although many treatment methods have been developed, controversy exists regarding the optimal management of these fractures. This study evaluated the clinical outcome of subtrochanteric femoral fractures fixed with long proximal femoral nail antirotation （PFNA-Iong）. Methods： Between October 2006 and February 2008, 25 patients with traumatic subtrochanteric fractures of the femur were treated with PFNA-long. Closed reduction and fixation were performed in 20 cases. In the remaining 5 cases, closed reduction was difficult, so limited open reduction was performed, with bone grafting in 4 cases and circumfer-ential wiring in 4 cases. Results： The average follow-up time was 16.1 months. All subtrochanteric femoral fractures healed uneventfully except one case of delayed union. The mean union time was 26.2 weeks. Technical difficulties with nail insertion were encountered in 3 cases. No implant failure was observed. Conclusion： PFNA-long is effective in treatment of subtrochanteric femoral fractures, with a high rate of bone union, minor soft tissue damage, early return to functional exercise and few implant-related complications.     

Treatment of distal femur fractures in a regional Australian hospital

AIM:To review our outcomes and compare the results of the Less Invasive Stabilization System(LISS)to other implants for distal femur fracture management at a regional Australian hospital.METHODS:The LISS is a novel implant for the management of distal femur fractures.It is,however,technically demanding and treatment results have not yet been assessed outside tertiary centres.Twenty-seven patients with 28 distal femur fractures who had been managed surgically at the Mackay Base Hospital from January 2004 to December 2010 were retrospectively enrolled and assessed clinically and radiologically.Outcomes were union,pain,Lysholm score,knee range of motion,and complication rates.RESULTS:Twenty fractures were managed with the LISS and eight fractures were managed with alternative implants.Analysis of the surgical techniques re-vealed that 11 fractures managed with the LISS were performed according to the recommended principles(LISS-R)and 9 were not(LISS-N).Union occurred in67.9%of fractures overall:9/11(82%)in the LISS-R group vs 5/9(56%)in the LISS-N group and 5/8(62.5%)in the alternative implant group.There was no statistically significant difference between pain,Lysholm score,and complication rates between the groups.However,there was a trend towards the LISS-R group having superior outcomes which were clinically significant.There was a statistically significant greater range of median knee flexion in the LISS-R group with compared to the LISS-N group(P=0.0143)and compared with the alternative implant group(P=0.0454).CONCLUSION:The trends towards the benefits of the LISS procedure when correctly applied would suggest that not only should the LISS procedure be performed for distal femur fractures,but the correct principle of insertion is important in improving the patient’s outcome.     

Treatment of distal clavicle fracture with distal radius volar locking compression plate

Objective: To observe the early clinical outcomes of the internal fixation with distal radius volar locking compression plate (LCP) in treatment of distal clavicle fracture.Methods: Six patients with unilateral distal clavicle fractures, identified as type Ⅱ according to Neer classification system, including 4 males and 2 females, were treated with open reduction and internal fixation using a distal radius volar LCP. Bone union was evaluated by routine X-ray radiography, and shoulder joint function were assessed by Constant score system.Results: All fractures achieved bone union at 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively, and Constant scores ranged from 95 to 100 at the postoperative 10 to 12 weeks.Conclusion: Fixation of distal clavicle fracture with distal radius volar LCP demonstrates excellent effects of bone union with rarely early complications, thus providing a new technique to treat distal clavicle fracture.     

Bone splint technique and plating application in adolescent high,energy comminuted fracture of distal femur with bone defects

Comminuted fracture of distal femur is a common lower limb injury from traffic accidents, especially from motor accidents. Routine dynamic condylar screw （DCS） or 95-degree condylar plate （CP） sometimes cannot solve the bone defect in the center of alignment and contralateral diaphysis for the reason of absent screw anchor point, especially for AO C2.2-2.3 types. Many authors recommended open reduction and fixation with less invasive stabilization system （LISS） as the treatment of choice, but there are still problems in fusion and alignment. In this study, we reported our experiences with the use of bone splint technique in the high-energy commimuted fracture of distal femur with central and medial bone defect in adolescents.     

Four corner fusion using a multidirectional angular stable locking plate

AIM: To review the results of our experience with the Medartis Aptus plating system for four corner arthrodesis of the wrist, which uses a combination of compression screws and variable angle locking screws.METHODS: We reviewed the results of 17 procedures in 16 patients that underwent scaphoid excision and four corner fusion using the Medartis Aptus system between May 2010 and June 2014. The primary outcome measure was radiographic and clinical union. RESULTS: The mean clinical follow up time was 20.6 mo. The mean union time was 6 mo. Two non-unions required revision procedures. The mean disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand score taken after union was 36. The mean final grip strength was 27 kg. The mean final range of movement was 30° flexion and 31° of extension. All patients had a restored scapholunate angle on postoperative radiographs. There were no incidences of dorsal impingement.CONCLUSION: Overall our experience with the Aptus plating system shows comparable results to other methods of fixation for four corner fusion, in the short to medium term.     

Treatment of delayed union and nonunion of femoral shaft fracture with interlocked Grosse—Kempf nail

The failure of using general intramedullary nail or compression plating to treat femoral shaft fracture often causes delayed union or nonunion. Since 1995, we have treated 15 patients with delayed union and nonunion of femoral shaft fracture with interlocked Grosse-Kempf nail. Good results have been obtained.     

吸烟对胫骨骨折预后的影响

Summary Evidence from five cohort studies suggest that smoking is associated with higher rates of delayed and nonunion, longer time to union, and greater requirement for sec-ondary surgery to stimulate union following tibia fracture. Smokers also tended to have higher rates of complication (eg, flap failure and infection), but none of the reported differences in serious complications achieved statistical significance. Discrepancies in follow-up rates for smokers compared with nonsmokers should be considered when interpreting results, as should differences in criteria for ascertainment of union.     

Intracapsular fracture of the proximal femur——Operative versus nonoperative management

Taken together, these reports do not provide strong evidence in favor of either internal fixation or arthroplasty over the other relative to mortality in the treatment of intraeapsular fracture of the proximal femur. However, they do suggest a higher rate of reoperations in those receiving internal fixation compared with arthroplasty. Differing patient characteristics at baseline make direct comparisons difficult.     

Screening with ultrasound of the heel may contribute to the prevention in osteoporosis

<正> Objective:To calibrate a Quantitative Ultrasonography(QUS)system against densitometryby defining the sensitivity and specificity of the method,and to propose a series of QUS interpre-tation thresholds to classify the individual risk with regards to the risk of developing osteoporosisin later life.Methods:Subjects were recruited in New York City over a 1-year period.Women with amen-orrhea for at least 12 months were defined as postmenopausal,and all other women as premeno-pausal.Bone mineral density(BMD)was measured with a dual energy X-ray absorptiometer(DXA)and QUS performed with the calcaneus of broadband ultrasound attenuation(BUA)andspeed of sound(SOS)using the Lunar Achilles system.Statistical analysis was performed usingSPSS software Version 10.0.Results:Two hundred twenty-eight premenopausal and menopausal women were recruited.Most of the participants were Hispanic,Caucasian and African-American in this study.All thesubjects had DXA and QUS examined and T-score was got from both.The statistical resultsshowed that the T-score of QUS has a significant relationship with that of DXA(spine:r=0.557,P<0.0001;femur:r=0.611,P<0.0001).Both QUS and DXA T-score has a significant andnegative relationship with age(QUS:r=-0.241,P<0.0001;Spine:r=-0.277,P<0.0001;femur:-0.296,P<0.0001).When T-score of heel ultrasound -1.5 was set as the interpreta-tion threshold,the osteoporosis patients with T-score of DXA-femur scan(100%)and DXA-spine(77.10%)less than -2.5 were detected.As well,the specificities of T-score -1.5 ofQUS for DXA-femur and DXA-spine were 67.5% and 72.8%,respectively.In addition,if we set-1.0 of T-score of QUS as the cutoff,74.80% and 79.60% of the osteopenia based on DXA ofspine and femur were identified.The specificities were 59.4% and 57.7%.Conclusions:QUS of the calcaneus may be an effective method for providing risk stratifica-tion for osteoporosis,and for the closely associated future risk for fragility-fracture.     

Implanting hydroxyapatite-coated porous titanium with bone morphogenetic protein-2 and hyaluronic acid into distal femoral metaphysis of rabbits

Objective： To assess the osseointegration capability of hydroxyapatite-coated porous titanium with bone morphogenetic protein-2 （BMP-2） and hyaluronic acid to repair defects in the distal femur metaphysis in rabbits.
Methods： Porous titanium implants were made by sintering titanium powder at high temperature, which were coated with hydroxyapatite by alkali and heat treatment and with BMP-2 combined with bone regeneration materials. And hyaluronic acid was further used as delivery system to prolong the effect of BMP-2. The implants were inserted into the metaphysis of the distal femur of rabbits. The animals were killed at 6, 12 and 24 weeks to accomplish histological and biomechanical analyses.
Results： According to the result of histological analysis, the osseointegration in BMP-2 group was better than that of the HA-coated porous titanium group. In push-out test, all the samples had bigger shear stress as time passed by. There was statistical difference between the two groups in 6 and 12 weeks but not in 24 weeks.
Conclusion： Hydroxyapatite-coated porous titanium with BMP-2 and hyaluronic acid has a good effect in repairing defects of distal fumur in rabbits, which is a fine biotechnology for future clinical application.     

髋部骨折患者中股骨颈强度的测定

目的：了解老年髋部骨折和老年骨质疏松的关系。方法：选择1998年至2003年收治的50岁以上老年髋部骨折80例,测定其健侧股骨上端强度（Singh指数）,同时选择门诊50岁以上其他原因摄骨盆X线片而无骨盆和股骨上端骨折的患者90例,测定其左侧股骨上端强度,将测得的数值作对比分析。结果：50～60岁组和61～70岁组股骨上端强度与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,而70岁以上组的强度与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：老年髋部骨折患者其股骨上端强度明显下降,测定Singh指数对预测髋部骨折有重要意义。     

交锁髓内钉治疗股胫骨骨折110例分析

目的　探讨交锁髓内钉治疗股、胫骨骨折的疗效 ,分析并发症发生原因 ,提出防治措施。方法　 110例股、胫骨骨折 (闭合骨折 83例 ,开放骨折 2 7例 ) ,除 2例股骨和 5例胫骨闭合复位未扩髓外 ,余均采用开放复位并有限扩髓 ,应用交锁髓内钉固定。随访 3～ 2 4个月 ,平均随访 14个月。结果　 110例骨折全部愈合 ,其中髓内钉折断 5例 ,锁钉折断或松动退出 4例 ,骨折成角畸形 4例 ,骨折延期愈合 8例 (股骨 3例 ,胫骨 5例 ) ,无感染病例。按Johner -Wruh法功能评定 :优 83例 ,良 2 3例 ,中 3例 ,差 1例。结论　只要掌握好手术指征及正确处理所遇问题 ,交锁髓内钉治疗股、胫骨骨折是一种较好的内固定方式     

Incidence of Fractures of the Distal Radius and Proximal Femur: Comparison of Patients in a Mental Hospital and the General Population

A statistically significant increase in the incidence of fractures of the distal radius was found in the general population of southern Sweden during recent decades. As regards fractures of the proximal femur, an increase in the incidence of trochanteric fractures was observed only in women. In male patients at a mental hospital the fracture rate of the distal radius was the same as in the general population but the fracture rate of the proximal femur was about twelve times higher. In female patients at the same mental hospital the fracture rate of the distal radius was three times greater and that of proximal femur about seven times greater than that of the general population. This difference may not only be due to an increased skeletal fragility in patients in mental institutions but may also suggest poorer protective mechanisms against falls. Undiagnosed cardiovascular or neurological diseases, for example intermittent cardiac arrhythmia or transient cerebral ischaemic attacks, may cause falls. Early diagnosis and treatment of such diseases may reduce the number of fractures of the proximal femur.     

Venous thromboembolism rates remained unchanged in operative lower extremity orthopaedic trauma patients from 2008 to 2016

BackgroundVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious complication that contributes to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs during the surgical care of patient with lower extremity fractures. Despite this, few recommendations on the topic exist and the literature on VTE incidence is incomplete. Therefore, this study will attempt to estimate annual incidence and trends in 30-day thrombotic events and mortality for the following fractures: (1) hip, (2) femur, (3) patella, (4) tibia and/or fibula, and (5) ankle.MethodsWe identified 120,521 operative lower extremity orthopaedic trauma patients from 2008 to 2016 using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. To evaluate the relationship between the year in which surgery was performed and comorbidities and demographic information bivariate analysis was performed. Bivariate analysis was also performed for the outcomes of interest and year in which the surgery was performed to assess for change. Additionally, bimodal multivariate logistic regression models for hip, femur, and ankle fractures were built, comparing the years 2009 to 2016 using 2008 as a baseline.ResultsOverall incidence for VTE over the study period was 1.7% for hip fractures, 2.4% for femur fractures, 0.9% for patella fractures, 1.1% in tibia and/or fibula fractures, and 0.6% in ankle fractures. Over the study period VTE incidence saw a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in hip and femur fractures, but not for patella, tibia and/or fibula, and ankle fractures. After adjusting for confounding factors with multivariate analysis, the change in hip and femur fractures was no longer significant, while no significant decrease was again found for ankle fractures (p > 0.05).ConclusionOur study demonstrates that VTE rates have remained unchanged in operative lower extremity orthopaedic trauma from 2008 to 2016. This highlights the need for higher quality evidence on this important topic in orthopaedic trauma, including a reevaluation on the necessity of thromboprophylaxis guidelines.Level of EvidenceIII.     

Subtrochanteric osteoid osteoma: A misdiagnosed case complicated by a hipfracture

A 34-year-old man with a subtrochanteric osteoid osteoma localized to the lateral cortex of the left femur is reported. The patient presented with mild spontaneous pain of the lateral thigh and knee. He refused a radiographic examination and was treated as a greater trochanteric pain syndrome for 9 months. He was then admitted with a transcervical fracture of the neck of the left femur after a fall from standing height. The fracture was fixed with 3 cannulated screws and healed uneventfully. His symptoms worsened after the first postoperative year. Eighteen months postoperatively the pain was dull, worsening at night, and relieved only with anti-inflammatory drugs, and he had a limp. New radiographs and tomograms were indicative of a lateral subtrochanteric osteoid osteoma with a subperiosteal localization. The lesion was treated successfully with surgical excision of a piece of reactive bone including the nidus.     

Finite element analysis of impact loads on the femur

Objective: To investigate the stress distribution and fracture mechanism of proximal femur under impact loads. Methods: The image data of one male' s femur were collected by the Lightspeed multi-lay spiral computed tomography. A 3D finite element model of the femur was established by employing the finite element software ANSYS, which mainly concentrated on the effects of the directions of the impact loads arising from intense movements and the parenchyma on the hip joint as well as those of the femur material properties on the distribution of the Mises equivalent stress in the femur after impact. Results: The numerical results about the effects of the angleδof the impact loads to the anterior direction and the angleγof the impact loads to the femur shaft on the bone fracture were given. The angleδhad larger effect on the stress distribution than the angleγ, which mainly represented the fracture of the upper femur including the femoral neck fracture when the posterolateral femur was impacted. This result was consistent with the clinical one. The parenchyma on the hip joint has relatively large relaxation effect on the impact loads. Conclusions: A 3D finite element analysis model of the femoral hip joint under dynamic loads is successfully established by using the impact dynamic theory.     

Significance of Endogenic Factors in the Location of Fractures of the Proximal Femur

The significance of endogenic factors in the localization of the fractures of the proximal femur was studied in 373 patients, with 402 fractures. A statistically significant relation was found between muscular disturbances of the affected leg and trochanteric fractures, while the incidence of femoral neck fractures was high in osteoporotic but physically active individuals.     

Bilateral Fractures of the Femur Diaphysis in a Patient With Rheumatoid Arthritis on Long‐Term Treatment With Alendronate: Clues to the Mechanism of Increased Bone Fragility

Unusual fractures of the femur diaphysis have been reported in patients treated with alendronate and, although no causal relationship has been established, excessive suppression of bone turnover and length of treatment with alendronate have been implicated in their pathogenesis. We report here clinical, biochemical, and radiological findings of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and multiple risk factors for fractures who was treated with alendronate for 8 yr and developed spontaneous bilateral subtrochanteric/diaphyseal fractures. Bone biopsies obtained form the iliac crest and the femur showed decreased bone formation with histomorphometric evidence of markedly increased bone resorption at the femur. These results show for the first time that an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation at the affected bone is associated with the occurrence of these atypical femur fractures. The cause of this imbalance is currently unknown, and further studies of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of diaphyseal femur fractures are warranted.     

Bone mineral density in patients with cervical and trochanteric fractures of the proximal femur

The bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal femur, spine and radius shaft was determined in 75 women with atraumatic fractures of the proximal femur (FXf) (average age: 70.1±9.6 years) and 51 controls of similar age. Fractures were classified as either cervical (n=36) or trochanteric (n=39) on the basis of radiographic and surgical finding. The BMD of spine and proximal femur was determined by dual-photon absorptiometry (Lunar DP3) and the BMD of the radius shaft by single photon absorptiometry. The BMD of patients with FXf was significantly decreased over all skeletal sites compared to controls of similar age. No significant correlation was found between age and the BMD of the femoral neck in patients with FXf. Patients with trochanteric FXf were older and thinner (average: age, 72.9±9.4 years; weight, 53.1±7.8 kg) compared with patients with cervical fractures (age, 67.2±8.9 years; weight, 59.3±8.3 kg). Likewise the BMD of trochanteric FXf was lower at all measured sites: femoral neck, 0.548±0.066 g/cm² vs 0.624±0.055 g/cm² (P<0.001); L2-L4, 0.799±0.115 g/cm² vs 0.925±0.106 g/cm² (P<0.001); radius shaft, 0.454±0.057 g/cm² vs 0.502±0.083 g/cm² (P<0.05). Of the patients with trochanteric fractures 66% had concomitant vertebral fractures, while this occurred in only 28% of the patients with cervical fractures (P (Fisher)=0.0007). In summary, females with trochanteric FXf are older, thinner, have less bone mass in all measured sites and suffer with a significantly greater frequency of vertebral fractures. These patients have a generalized osteoporosis of the skeleton. Patients with cervical FXf seem to have more specific loss of the proximal femur (regional osteoporosis). The physiopathological process leading to trochanteric and cervical fractures is probably different.     

多发骨折手术时机与机体炎性变化及临床结果的关系

目的 探讨对于多发骨折的患者,行股骨干内固定手术的时机与术后机体炎性变化及临床结果间的关系.方法 进行前瞻性非随机队列研究.按入选标准选取2005年4月至2007年8月78例患者.分为多发骨折伴有股骨干开放骨折组26例(A组)、多发骨折伴股骨干闭合骨折组23例(B组)、单纯股骨干闭合骨折组29例(C组).A组实施伤害控制骨科学(damage control orthopaedics,DCO)处理行分期手术,B、C组均早期行骨折确定性内固定术(＜24 h).各组患者术前、术后血液IL-6、TNF-α浓度作为炎性反应水平的指标,PaO2/FiO2、总胆红素、肌酐等项目作为了解各器官功能损害的指标,并统计各组术后并发症的发生率.对各组患者术前、术后炎性反应程度的变化以及多器官功能损害情况和术后并发症率进行比较分析.结果 A组二期术后IL-6平均升高了59 ng/L,TNF-α平均升高了85 ng/L,而B组分别平均升高了154 ng/L和250 ng/L,两组之间IL-6、TNF-α升高的值均有显著差异(P＜0.01).A组一期术后、C组术后IL-6、TNF-α平均升高的程度也均明显小于B组(P＜0.01).相应的,B组术后中出现PaO2/FiO2＜250 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133kPa)的比例、总胆红素出现异常的比例、肌酐出现异常的比例均大于A组两期手术术后(P＜0.05),在人工通气时间、ICU时间、正性体液平衡时期上也均高于A组二期术后(P＜0.01).与A组一期手术比较,B组术后人工通气时间略高(P＜0.05),而ICU时间、正性体液平衡时期无明显差异(P＞0.05).C组术后在以上各个项目上也均小于B组(P＜0.01).术后统计栓塞和MODS的发生率,A组(11.5%)与B组(13.0%)比较无明显差异,但均高于C组(P＜0.01).结论 多发骨折股骨干早期髓内钉固定,可引起机体炎性反应的显著变化,并引起各器官亚临床的改变,而晚期手术引起的上述改变较小.因此,选择多发骨折早期股骨干髓内钉固定手术时机仍需要谨慎.