闭合性肾外伤合并腹腔内脏器损伤的急诊救治(附36例报告)

目的探讨闭合性肾外伤合并腹腔内脏器损伤的急诊处理措施。方法对本院最近10年收治的36例闭合性肾外伤合并腹腔内脏器损伤的救治资料进行回顾性分析。结果保守治疗3例均痊愈。施行急诊剖腹探查手术33例,其中8例同期切开后腹膜探查患肾,包括肾切除6例,肾部分切除1例,肾修补1例;25例未同期切开后腹膜探查患肾,均无因肾损伤二期手术者。手术组治愈30例,死亡3例。结论闭合性肾外伤合并腹腔内脏器损伤以剖腹探查手术治疗为主,术前CT检查可以准确进行肾外伤的分级,结合术中病情变化决定是否同期探查肾损伤。     

Hospital management of abdominal trauma in Tehran, Iran: a review of 228 patients

Objective: Today, trauma is a major public health problem in some countries. Abdominal trauma is the source of significant mortality and morbidity with both blunt and penetrating injuries. We performed an epidemiological study of abdominal trauma (AT) in Tehran, Iran. We used all our sources to describe the epidemiology and outcome of patients with AT.Methods: This study was done in Tehran. The study population included trauma patients admitted to the emergency department of six general hospitals in Tehran during one year. The data were collected through a questionnaire that was completed by a trained physician at the trauma center. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software (version 11.5 for Windows). The statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-square and P＜0.05 was accepted as being statistically significant.Results: Two hundred and twenty-eight (2.8%) out of 8 000 patients were referred to the above mentioned centers with abdominal trauma. One hundred and twenty-five (54.9%)of the patients were in their 2nd and 3rd decades of life and 189 (83%) of our patients were male. Road traffic accidents (RTA) were the leading cause of AT with 119 (52.2%) patients. Spleen was the commonly injured organ with 51 cases. Following the analysis of injury severity, 159 (69.7%) patients had mild injuries (ISS＜16) and 69 (30.3%) patients had severe injuries (ISS= 16). The overall mortality rate was 46 (20.2%).Conclusions: Blunt abdominal trauma is more common than penetrating abdominal trauma. Road traffic accidents and stab wound are the most common causes of blunt and penetrating trauma, respectively. Spleen is the most commonly injured organ in these patients. The mortality rate is higher in blunt trauma than penetrating one.     

腹部血管损伤62例分析

目的探讨腹部血管损伤的处理。方法回顾性分析我院1998年1月至2008年10月收治的62例71条腹部血管损伤及其处理情况。结果本组治愈53例（85．5％）,死亡9例（14．5％）。结论早期诊断,早期治疗,成功止血是救治的关键;有良好的血管外科基础对腹部大血管损伤的处理十分重要。     

腹部手术切口脂肪液化的临床分析

目的　探讨腹部手术切口脂肪液化的危险因素、诊断、治疗及预防措施。方法　采用回顾性调查方法从我院 2 0 0 0年～ 2 0 0 3年间腹部手术后发生切口脂肪液化的病例中随机抽样 30例作为实验组 ,同时、同期手术未发生切口脂肪液化的腹部手术病例中随机抽样 30例作为对照组进行对比分析。结果　综合性、易感性诱发因素均可造成切口脂肪液化。危险因素中除基础疾病因素无显著性差异外 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,其余体型、使用电刀、切口类型、切口长度、手术时间、手术类型、性别等危险因素有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　充分做好腹部手术的围手术期准备工作 ,把好手术“进出关” ,加强病房及手术室的管理等综合性措施 ,可减少或避免腹部手术后切口脂肪液化的发生。     

Hospital management of abdominal trauma in Tehran, Iran: a review of 228 patients

Objective: Today, trauma is a major public health problem in some countries. Abdominal trauma is the source of significant mortality and morbidity with both blunt and penetrating injuries. We performed an epidemiological study of abdominal trauma (AT) in Tehran, Iran. We used all our sources to describe the epidemiology and outcome of patients with AT.Methods: This study was done in Tehran. The study population included trauma patients admitted to the emergency department of six general hospitals in Tehran during one year. The data were collected through a questionnaire that was completed by a trained physician at the trauma center. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software (version 11.5 for Windows). The statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-square and P＜0.05 was accepted as being statistically significant.Results: Two hundred and twenty-eight (2.8%) out of 8 000 patients were referred to the above mentioned centers with abdominal trauma. One hundred and twenty-five (54.9%)of the patients were in their 2nd and 3rd decades of life and 189 (83%) of our patients were male. Road traffic accidents (RTA) were the leading cause of AT with 119 (52.2%) patients. Spleen was the commonly injured organ with 51 cases. Following the analysis of injury severity, 159 (69.7%) patients had mild injuries (ISS＜16) and 69 (30.3%) patients had severe injuries (ISS= 16). The overall mortality rate was 46 (20.2%).Conclusions: Blunt abdominal trauma is more common than penetrating abdominal trauma. Road traffic accidents and stab wound are the most common causes of blunt and penetrating trauma, respectively. Spleen is the most commonly injured organ in these patients. The mortality rate is higher in blunt trauma than penetrating one.     

腹部穿透伤保守治疗30例分析

目的 探讨腹部穿透伤保守治疗指征,总结辅助检查在治疗过程中的价值.方法 回顾性分析同一治疗小组于2006年8月至2010年10月保守治疗30例腹部穿透伤的临床资料.结果 保守治疗成功25例,中转手术5例.所有保守治疗成功病人于入院24～72 h出院.结论 保守治疗应成为腹部穿透伤治疗的手段之一,严格掌握指征、动态观察是...     

地震灾害致腹部创伤的诊治体会

目的研究特大地震灾害所导致的腹部外伤的分类和预后,总结其救治经验。方法2008年5月12日至22日江油市903医院收治589例地震伤者中24例（4．1％）合并腹部伤,对其伤情资料进行统计分析。结果24例腹部伤中,3例由于严重的胸腹伤在运送至医院途中或到院即死亡,21例收治住院,5例由于严重胸、腹部伤或颅脑损伤在入院后12h内死亡,总病死率33．3％。常见的腹部伤是腹壁挫伤、腹膜后血肿、脾破裂、肝挫裂伤。所有伤者均合并软组织损伤,23例（95．8％）合并其他重要脏器损伤。存活伤者16例,经及时积极救治,预后良好。结论早期甄别伤情、明确诊断,积极抗休克,选择恰当的治疗方式,及时处理合并伤可以有效降低病死率。     

单纯闭合性肾损伤伴血性腹水的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨单纯闭合性肾操作伴有血性腹水时的最佳治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析16例单纯闭合性肾损伤伴血性腹水的诊断资料。结果 16例患中Ⅱ级肾损伤3例，Ⅲ级肾损伤8例，Ⅳ级肾损伤1例，V级肾损伤2例。入院诊断10例考虑合并有腹腔内脏器损伤，1例诊断为肝破裂。非手术治疗5例，均获成功。其中保守治疗2例，超选择性肾动脉栓塞术3例。开放手术11例。其中肾修补术6例，肾切除术5例，失肾率为45.5%。结论 肾损伤引起血性腹水时，会给临床判断有无腹腔内脏器合并伤带来困难。非开放手术治疗为首选治疗方法，手术探查应在积极保守治疗后生命体征仍不稳定的情况下进行，手术探查指征的放宽会造成较高肾切除率。     

超声造影诊断实验性腹部实性器官钝性创伤

目的探讨超声造影与常规超声检查相比对腹部实性脏器钝性创伤诊断的优越性。方法利用10只杂种犬和12只大白兔建立肝、脾、肾钝性创伤模型,然后分别行常规超声和超声造影检查,比较两种方法诊断对不同部位、不同程度创伤的准确率。结果共建立创伤模型56处。两种超声检查方法对肝、脾、肾3种脏器创伤诊断率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,且超声造影诊断Ⅰ～Ⅱ级轻度创伤更具优越性（P〈0．01）。结论超声造影对实性脏器钝性创伤具有较高诊断价值,对轻度创伤的检出优于常规超声。     

腹部刀刺伤97例诊治分析

目的探讨腹部刀刺伤的诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析我院2004年1月至2008年12月收治的97例腹部刀刺伤手术的临床资料。结果本组治愈96例。其中,手术92例,均为腹壁穿透伤,剖腹探查未见脏器损伤12例;非手术治疗4例,均为腹壁损伤。死亡1例。结论休克、大网膜及腹腔脏器外脱、腹痛伴腹膜炎体征、诊断性腹腔穿刺阳性均是手术指征。复合、复杂刀刺伤及时行CT检查有助于病情诊断。术中仔细探查腹腔脏器,避免漏诊、漏治,是腹部刀刺伤的诊治关键。     

腹腔镜在诊断不明确的急腹症和腹部外伤诊治中的应用

目的 探讨和分析腹腔镜诊断和治疗急腹症及腹部外伤的价值.方法 对具有开腹探查指征的61例不明确诊断的急腹症及腹部外伤患者进行腹腔镜探查,根据探查情况决定具体术式.结果 61例均行腹腔镜探查,60例明确诊断,50例避免开腹手术,手术并发症3例,无死亡病例.结论 腹腔镜技术不仅对外科急腹症和腹部外伤能明确诊断,避免不必要的开腹探查,同时又能进行腹腔镜下手术治疗,具有良好的临床应用价值.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间急诊创伤骨科患者特点和处理策略

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间急诊创伤患者的损伤特点和处理策略。方法回顾性分析2020年1月20日至2月26日期间南方医科大学南方医院骨科收治的22例创伤急症住院患者资料。男18例,女4例;年龄4~66岁,平均年龄35岁。致伤原因:交通伤11例,锐器切割伤(含菜刀切伤)6例,重物压砸伤1例,机器碾压伤1例,跌倒摔伤2例,机器绞伤1例;损伤类型:高能量损伤13例,低能量损伤9例;损伤部位:上肢7例,下肢15例。医护人员诊疗过程中对于无新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)核酸筛查结果的1例患者采用二级防护,其余21例患者采用一级防护。记录患者和医务人员感染2019-nCoV的情况,总结疫情期间创伤急症的处理措施和经验。结果在诊治22例创伤急症患者期间,无一例医务人员和患者确诊COVID-19。紧急入院未做筛查的1例患者按疑似COVID-19病例对待,采用二级防护,术后排除COVID-19。结论COVID-19疫情期间,处理创伤急症的一线医务人员接诊过程均面临较高感染风险。创伤骨科急诊患者主要是交通伤和机器伤,老年患者主要由锐器切割及跌倒引起。通过完善院前筛查、选择合适的麻醉及手术方式、做好围手术期医护人员的防护及合理的术后病房管理和患者心理疏导,可降低院内COVID-19感染发生率。     

闭合性肾损伤的诊断与治疗

目的 总结闭合性肾损伤的诊治体会，提高闭合性肾损伤的诊治水平，减少肾切除率。方法 189例闭合性肾损伤患者，男146例，女43例。平均年龄38岁。综合应用尿常规、B超、IVU、CT等检查，诊断闭合性肾损伤，其中合并腹腔内脏器损伤27例，合并颅脑外伤5例，合并四肢脊柱骨折13例，3例为腹腔、颅脑与腹腔、脊柱复合伤伴休克。行保守治疗156例，其中有脾破裂3例，颅脑外伤2例，四肢脊柱骨折7例；行手术治疗27例，其中行肾修补术15例，肾部分切除术5例，肾切除7例；3例行肾动脉栓塞治疗。结果3例重度闭合性肾损伤因复合伤、顽固性休克者入院不久死亡，186例痊愈出院。102例随访3个月～8年，保守治疗病例中发生肾性高血压3例，肾周尿囊肿1例，肾萎缩1例，局限性肾积水1例，手术治疗与肾动脉栓塞治疗者均无并发症。结论 CT检查是闭合性肾损伤准确诊断与选择治疗方案的重要依据，Ⅲ级以上闭合性肾损伤伤后2～4周复查CT有利于肾周尿囊肿的早期发现与治疗，Ⅳ级以下闭合性肾损伤尽可能采用非手术治疗。     

十例腹主动脉损伤的诊疗体会

目的探讨腹主动脉损伤发生的原因及诊疗方法。方法回顾性分析1995-2004年间收治的10例腹主动脉损伤的临床资料。本组10例,男6例,女4例。病因主要包括医源性损伤5例、刀刺伤3例、火器伤1例、交通肇事1例。仅3例术前行腹主动脉造影、增强CT等影像学检查;7例经综合临床判断直接手术治疗。结果10例患者分别采取单纯修补、人工血管移植等术式。存活8例,死亡2例,均死于延误诊断,休克过重而持久。1例因合并髂静脉损伤,虽经血管重建,术后遗留轻度患肢水肿。结论快速诊断、迅速建立有效静脉通路输血补液,紧急剖腹止血是抢救成功的关键。术中应注意全面探查,视伤情尽量采用简单而合理的术式。     

骨盆骨折的诊断和治疗探讨

随着骨科诊疗技术的进步，提高患者伤后生活质量的要求及微创手术观念的深入，对于骨盆环损伤要求更精确的诊断，更安全、科学的手术设计。只有诊断精确，治疗方案才能更符合个体化要求，手术适应证才能更确切地界定。     

Evaluating clinical abdominal scoring system in predicting the necessity of laparotomy in blunt abdominal trauma

Objectives

Trauma is among the leading causes of death. Medical management of blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) relies on judging patients for whom laparotomy is mandatory. This study aimed to determine BAT patients' signs, as well as paraclinical data, and to clarify the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of clinical abdominal scoring system (CASS), a new scoring system based on clinical signs, in predicting whether a BAT patient needs laparotomy or not.

Methods

Totally 400 patients suspected of BAT that arrived at the emergency department of two university hospitals in Tehran from March 20, 2007 to March 19, 2009 were included in this study. They were evaluated for age, sex, type of trauma, systolic blood pressure, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), pulse rate, time of presentation after trauma, abdominal clinical findings, respiratory rate, temperature, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, focused abdominal sonography in trauma (FAST) and CASS.

Results

Our measurements showed that CASS had an accuracy of 94%, sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 88%, positive predictive value of 90% and negative predictive value of 100% in determining the necessity of laparotomy in BAT patients. Moreover, in our analysis, systolic blood pressure, GCS, pulse rate, Hb concentration, time of presentation after trauma, abdominal clinical findings and FAST were also shown to be helpful in confirming the need for laparotomy (P<0.05).

Conclusion

CASS is a promising scoring system in rapid detection of the need for laparotomy as well as in minimizing auxiliary expense for further evaluation in BAT patients, thus to promote the cost-benefit ratio and accuracy of diagnosis.     

148例闭合性肾损伤诊治体会

目的 提高闭合性肾损伤的诊治效果。方法 回顾分析１４８例闭合性肾损伤的诊治资料。结果 血尿１３９例（９２．２％）;Ｂ超检查１４１例,其中１０９例（７７．３％）有异常表现;ＣＴ检查阳性５１／５７例（８９．７％）;术中逆行造影８例,发现造影剂外溢２例。多发伤７３例。手术４３例（２９．１％）,非手术１０５例（７０．９％）,死亡６例（４．１％）,治愈１４２例,７７例（５２．０％）随访１～３年,尿常规、肾功     

创伤性腰骶丛神经根损伤的临床分型

  目的 探讨腰骶丛神经根性损伤的临床分型。 方法2004 年11 月至2011 年8 月, 共为 36 例创伤性腰骶丛神经根损伤患者进行腹膜后腰神经丛及(或)盆腔内骶神经丛及(或)腰骶管神经根 手术探查。男24 例, 女12 例;年龄7~49 岁, 平均29.5 岁。伤后时间为2~36 个月, 平均9.3 个月。对每 例患者术中探查的神经根损伤情况与其术前临床表现、物理查体一并进行分析、归纳, 总结出不同组合 的腰骶丛神经根联合损伤的临床表现特点并进行临床分型。 结果 将腰骶丛神经根损伤分为六型:腰 骶丛神经根完全损伤型(L1~S3)4 例, 腰丛+上骶丛损伤型(L1~S1)6 例, 骶丛神经损伤型(L4~S3)9 例, 上骶 丛损伤型(L4~S1)11 例, 下骶丛损伤型(S2, 3)4例, 腰丛神经损伤型(L1~4)2 例。全腰骶丛神经根损伤型、腰 丛+上骶丛损伤型及骶丛神经根损伤型者共19 例, 73.7%(14/19)的损伤部位位于椎管内, 且均发生神经 根的断裂或撕脱。而上骶丛、下骶丛及腰丛神经根损伤共17 例, 其中64.7%(11/17)的损伤部位在盆内 段及(或)骶前孔处, 均为挫伤或牵拉伤。 结论 上述临床分型基本涵盖腰骶丛神经根损伤的常见类型, 为腰骶丛神经根损伤范围的判定提供科学依据。此外, 不同类型的腰骶丛神经根损伤, 其损伤部位及性 质明显不同, 对预后的判定及治疗方案的选择具有重要意义。     

布洛芬对创伤小鼠细胞免疫功能的影响

目的 选用前列腺素合成抑制剂布洛芬（Ｉｂｕ）对创伤后细胞免疫功能变化的作用。方法Ｂａｂｌ／ｃ小鼠行创伤性截肢手术后分为Ｉｂｕ组（腹腔注射Ｉｂｕ１ｍｇ／ｋｇ,ｎ＝２８）和生理盐水组（腹腔注射生理盐水０．５ｍｌ,ｎ＝２８）,正常小鼠作为对组。手术后１、３、５、７天分别每组取７只小鼠测其淋巴细胞增殖功能和自然杀伤细胞（ＮＫ细胞）活性。结果 创伤后小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞增殖功能明显下降（Ｐ〈０．０１）,于第７天     

腹部创伤患者术后肠内与肠外营养支持对肠道通透性及全身炎性反应的影响

目的测定腹部创伤患者术后甘露醇 (mannitol,M)和乳果糖 (lactulose ,L)吸收的浓度变化 ,观察肠内营养 (EN)、胃肠外营养 (PN)对肠道通透性及全身炎性反应影响。方法 30例患者随机分为PN和EN组 ,每组 15例 ,计算手术第 1、3、5、7天L M和APACHEⅡ评分。结果PN组L M第5天最高 (0 0 6 1± 0 0 0 2 ) ,与手术第 1天比较 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ,APACHEⅡ评分在第 3天最高 ,为 (17 6± 1 8)分 ,较手术第 1天差异有显著意义 (t=2 316 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,L M与APACHEⅡ评分正相关 (r=0 745 ,t=2 2 35 ,P <0 0 5 )。EN组L M第 3天 (0 0 47± 0 0 0 4) ,较手术第 1天差异有显著意义(t=2 35 2 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,APACHEⅡ评分第 3天最高 ,为 (15 9± 2 3)分 ,较术后第 1天差异有显著意义(t=2 35 2 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,L M比值与APACHEⅡ评分正相关 (r =0 730 ,t=2 375 ,P <0 0 5 )。结论与PN相比 ,EN能改善肠道粘膜通透性 ,降低创伤后全身炎性反应