复发性髌骨脱位治疗的现状及进展

复发性髌骨脱位是以膝关节周围持续弥漫性钝痛、膝关节不稳、肿胀以及髌骨反复向外侧脱位为主要表现。其致病因素主要包括:1膝关节外侧支持带挛缩;2膝关节内侧支持带松弛;3股骨外髁和/或髁间凹发育不良;4膝外翻畸形;5髌腱止点偏外;6股骨内(外)旋;7高位髌骨。目前治疗方法很多,主要包括4大类:1髌骨近端力线调整:膝关节外侧支持带松解术、内侧支持带或关节囊紧缩术、内侧髌股韧带重建术和股内侧肌止点移位术;2髌骨远端调整:包括肌腱转位术、髌腱手术、胫骨结节移位术和股骨滑车成形术;3髌骨切除股四头肌成形术;4关节镜辅助技术。但目前尚无一种统一有效的术式能够治愈复发性髌骨脱位。     

伸膝装置延长治疗复发性髌骨脱位

作者报告了伸膝装置延长结合综合手术措施治疗复发性髌骨脱位２４例（２７膝）。随访１４￣１３０个月，平均３８个月。脱位无复发，无膝痛，蹲起自如，效果极为满意。作者认为伸膝装置挛缩变短是复发性髌骨位的重要病理改变之一。以往手术治疗复发率高，膝关节功能障碍和髌股关节骨关节炎的发生均与伸膝装置挛缩有关。本方法可使伸膝装置恢复至接近正常长度和张力，使髌股关节压力减轻，提高髌骨的稳定性，对于复发性髌骨脱位这是一     

重建髌骨内侧韧带治疗儿童复发性髌骨脱位

[目的]探讨重建髌骨内侧韧带治疗儿童复发性髌骨脱位的效果。[方法]11例14膝复发性髌骨脱位患儿采用半腱肌重建髌骨内侧韧带(MPFL)术进行治疗,术后通过至少3年时间的随访,了解膝关节脱位复发,患膝主观症状以及患肢整体功能情况。[结果]术后膝关节脱位无复发,手术前后IKDC膝关节功能主观评分分别为(39.4±4.7)和(91.3±6.1),X线检查手术前和最后1次随访时髌股协调角分别为(17.9±6.1)和(5.4±8.3),Insall髌骨指数分别为(1.34±0.21)和(1.17±0.33),髌股外侧角分别为(-2.3±8.7)和(10.3±3.9)。P值均<0.01,[结论]半腱肌重建髌骨内侧韧带术能够有效地治疗儿童复发性髌骨脱位,防止复发,并有利于缓解膝关节症状,恢复膝关节功能。     

应用缝匠肌治疗伸膝功能障碍

目的 应用缝匠肌前移治疗髌骨向外移位和加强伸膝力量。方法 游离缝匠肌下１／３段、下２／３段,其止点不切断,移至髌骨前固定。结果 治疗髌骨软化症８例１０膝,随访７例８膝,髌股关节痛消失;髌骨半脱位７例９膝,随访６例７膝,髌骨无再半脱位;复发性髌骨脱位１５例１８膝,随访１２例１３膝,髂骨无再脱位;股四头肌瘫痪５３例,随访３４例,伸膝平均肌力由术前０．８９级,增至２．７６级;膝关节伸直型僵硬１２例,随访     

青少年复发性髌骨脱位的手术治疗——26例34膝报告

复发性髂骨脱位可由一次或多次创伤性脱位后关节支持组织愈合不良而引起，但更意发生于有一种或多种使髂骨易于脱位或半脱位的潜在解剖结构异常的膝关节，如Q角增加、髌骨高位、股骨外髁发育不良、髌骨形念异常、软组织挛缩（外侧）和松弛（内侧）。虽然复发性髌骨脱位的病因多而复杂，但是膝关节和髌骨周围软组织和骨性结构异常造成髌骨力线发牛偏移是其主要病理改变。本院自1998～2006年采用综合手术方式对26例（34膝）复发性髌骨脱位进行治疗，手术效果满意，报道如下。     

复发性髌骨脱位手术治疗进展

复发性髌骨脱位多见于一种或多种潜在解剖结构异常、易使髌骨脱位或半脱位的膝关节。保守治疗包括休息、肌肉训练、支具和胶带的应用等。复发性髌骨脱位多需要手术治疗,以纠正髌骨对线异常,但目前尚缺统一认识。传统的手术方法包括外侧支持带松解、内侧支持带紧缩、胫骨结节截骨及股骨滑车成形术等,疗效各异。近年来内侧髌股韧带在防止髌骨脱位中的作用越来越受到重视,通过内侧髌股韧带修补或重建来重获髌骨稳定性日益得到应用。无论选择何种手术疗法,详细了解髌股关节的解剖和生物力学并纠正髌骨对线异常,是最主要的目的。     

成人髌骨脱位的手术治疗(附七例报告)

目的探讨成人髌骨脱位的病理特点和手术方法。方法对平均手术年龄为36岁的7例9侧髌骨脱位的病例进行回顾性分析。全部病人采用手术治疗，在外侧松解和内侧紧缩的同时，为了增强髌骨内侧的拉力，用股内侧肌头向髌骨外移位缝合以及半腱肌经髌骨移位术。结果本组随访平均2．6年(2～5年)，其中8例临床结果良好，无髌骨再脱位情况，无髌股关节炎和疼痛，关节功能近于正常。1例因膝外翻未予矫正而屈膝略受限。结论成人髌骨脱位建议采用手术治疗。在外侧松解和内侧紧缩的同时，结合股内侧肌髌外侧移位术和半腱肌经髌骨移位术韵三合一方法，髌股力线恢复确实，术后效果良好。     

儿童习惯性髌骨脱位的手术治疗

目的 探讨治疗儿童习惯性髌骨脱位的手术方法。方法 习惯性髌骨脱位患者３６例,平均年龄９．１岁;采用复合性软组织手术的方法对其中４５个髌骨脱位进行治疗;手术方法包括膝外侧软组织广泛松解,股外侧肌止点上移,膝内仙软组织紧缩,股内侧肌移位和半侧髌腱内移术;平均随访时间４年４个月。结果 ２８例患者获得满意的功能和稳定的膝关节。运动能力明显提高;７例随访时间４年４个月。结果 ２８例患者获得满意的功能和稳定的膝关节。运动能力明显提高;７例患者虽然对膝关节功能很满意,但在进行剧烈体育运动时手术侧膝关节有力弱感,与术前相比改善不明显;１例患者术后发生再脱位,所有患者均无伤口感染和膝关节活动受限。结论 采用复合性软组织手术的方法治疗儿童习惯性髌骨脱位患者,不损伤骨骺,易于操作,可取得明显疗效。     

关节镜监视下髌骨双隧道内侧髌股韧带重建外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位

[目的]探讨关节镜临视下髌骨双隧道内侧髌股韧带重建及外侧支持带松解治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效.[方法]对12例复发性髌骨脱位患者采用髌骨双隧道法重建内侧髌股韧带,同时常规行外侧支持带松解.[结果]患者术后均获随访,平均31个月(14～52个月),未见髌骨脱位复发.髌骨轴位X线片显示所有病例外侧髌股角均有所改善.手术前后IKDC膝关节功能主观评分分别为(38.3±5.1)分和(91.1±5.9)分.Lysholm膝关节功能综合评分分别为(72.3±4.6)分和(90.6±4.7)分.[结论]关节镜监视下髌骨双隧道内侧髌股韧带重建及外侧支持带松解是治疗复发性髌骨脱位的有效方法.     

关节镜辅助下小切口重建内侧髌股韧带治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助下小切口同种异体肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2006年1月～2010年4月共收治28例创伤性复发性髌骨脱位,所有患者在第一次脱位均为膝关节外伤所致,伤后患膝明显肿胀及髌骨脱位-复位感,此后出现髌骨脱位3次以上者。手术方法:先行关节镜检查,髌骨外侧支持带紧张者行松解术,关节镜监视下调整MFPL的张力并于其解剖止点以同种异体肌腱重建MFPL,术后接受正规功能康复锻炼。结果术后平均随访26个月(12～36个月)。重建术后无髌骨再次脱位发生,髌股关节稳定。术前、术后均采用Lysholm和Kujala膝关节评分标准,手术前后评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论选择适当的病例,重建内侧髌股韧带是治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位的有效方法。     

Medium-term results of the operative treatment of patellar dislocation by the Insall method of proximal realignment

Summary Between 1984 and 1991, 57 patients with diagnosis of an acute or recurrent patellar dislocation were treated operatively using proximal realignment with vastus medialis transfer and lateral release (Insall operation). A total of 45 patients (15 with acute and 30 with recurrent patellar dislocation) were reviewed at an average follow-up of 6.5 years (2–9.6 years). The average age at injury was 21.5 years, with a predominance of female patients. Follow-up examination included routine knee examination, clinical review using the modified knee scoring scale of Larsen and Lauridsen, sports activity level and subjective satisfaction. Radiographics from 27 patients (60 %) were evaluated. One patient from each group suffered recurrence of patellar dislocation. All patients had stable knee joints and a full range of motion. There was no statistical difference in the pre- and postoperative sports activity level in both groups. Three patients (19.9 %) with acute patellar dislocation and seven patients (23.3 %) with recurrent patella dislocation had excellent results using the Larsen and Lauridsen score scale. Ten patients (66.6 %) with acute and 12 (39.9 %) with recurrent dislocation had good results. One patient with recurrent patellar dislocation had a fair result. Subjective evaluation revealed the operative result in 93 % of cases as very good, good or satisfactory. Patellofemoral osteoarthritis was seen in 11 (40.7 %) of 27 patients. Our results show good clinical results for the treatment of acute patellar dislocation in young, active patients with the proximal realignment procedure. The recurrence rate of patellar dislocation can be reduced for acute and recurrent patellar dislocation. Subjective satisfaction with this procedure is rated very good.      

Treatment of habitual dislocation of patella in an adult arthritic knee

Habitual dislocation of the patella (HDP) is a common presentation in pediatric age unlike adults. Many surgical procedures using proximal realignment and distal realignment have been reported to treat HDP in children with satisfactory results. However, late presentation of habitual patellar dislocation with osteoarthritis is rare and treatment plan has not yet been established. We present a case of neglected iatrogenic habitual patellar dislocation with osteoarthritis in a 50-year-old woman. Two-staged procedure was planned, first with patellar realignment and later with definitive total knee arthroplasty. Quadricepsplasty, medial patello-femoral ligament reconstruction, lateral release and tibial tuberosity transfer was done as primary procedure and total knee arthroplasty, which was planned as secondary procedure, was deferred as the patient improved functionally.     

Insall Proximal Realignment of the Patella for Recurrent Dislocation or Subluxation

Objective

Proximal realignment of the patella for the treatment of patellar subluxation or dislocation consisting of a lateral release and advancement of the vastus medialis.

Indications

Recurrent lateral subluxation or dislocation of the patella despite a supervised exercise program. Recurrent subluxation or dislocation of the patella.

Contraindications

Congenital dislocation of the patella. Generalized degenerative arthritis of the patellofemoral joint. Excessive valgus deformity of the knee. Moderate to severe muscular atrophy of the vastus medialis muscle (i.e., in neurologic disorders).

Surgical Technique

Lateral parapatellar incision of skin. Detachment of the fibers of the iliotibial tract and the lateral retinaculum from the lateral patella. Medial capsular incision extending from the quadriceps tendon over the patella into the patellar ligament. The quadriceps expansion is shaved from the medial third of the patella preserving the longitudinal continuity. The vastus medialis is advanced and sutured onto the middle and distal aspects of the patella.

Results

Out of 21 patients (16 women, five men) who received a proximal realignment procedure during 1989 and 1993, all could be evaluated after 6.3 years (minimum follow-up of 4 years 5 months, maximum of 8 years 3 months). In 13 patients the diagnosis was recurrent dislocationof the patella, in eight patients a true primary traumatic dislocation was noted. A generalized ligamentous laxity was seen in three patients. One patient had a superficial wound infection postoperatively. Two patients had an excellent, 13 patients a good, six patients a fair and no patient a poor result according to the subjective score of Turba et al. Three patients experienced a recurrence of instability (one to three events) after the operation. One of these patients had to be revised for postoperative recurrent dislocation of the patella. The other two patients experienced no more symptoms of instability after muscle strengthening exercises of the vastus medialis muscle.     

Mittelfristige Ergebnisse der Vastus-medialis-obliquus-Plastik bei lateraler Patellaluxation

Progressive retropatellar arthrosis is often seen in dated rigid distal realignment (i.e. osteotomy of tuberositas) at long-term follow-ups. Therefore, operations for lateral dislocation of the patella are still discussed controversially. Dynamic, proximal realignments seem to have lower rates of arthrosis but higher rates of redislocation. Recently, in anatomic and biomechanic studies, the m. vastus medialis obliquus (vmo) was found to be one of the most important proximal restraints to lateral dislocation of the patella.A total of 28 patients (mean age 21.5 years) were treated between 1994 and 2003 with a plasty of the vmo for lateral patellar dislocation. The technique was performed for most etiologies of femoropatellar instability.For this proximal soft tissue technique, the muscle tendon is detached from its patellar insertion. Subsequently, the tendon is reinserted at the patella 10-15 mm more distally and fixed with Mitek anchors. Full weight bearing in extension is possible immediately after surgery. An active vastus medialis training is started after 6 weeks.Of the patients, 27 were evaluated clinically and radiologically in 2004 (a mean of 5 years postoperatively). A total of 83% of the patients estimated the result to be good or excellent, 10% were satisfied and 7% were discontent. The mean Lysholm-Knee-Score was 83.1 points. Two patients suffered a patella redislocation (7%). A statistically significant improvement of the congruence angle was noted in the radiographs, even in medium-term controls. In 89% of the cases no or only little retropatellar arthrosis was observed. These 5 year results are comparable to those of other techniques for distal or proximal realignments. The rate of redislocation was below average. Compared to the rate of retropatellar arthrosis in long-term results of rigid distal realignment, our patients demonstrated a relative low rate after 5 years. We attribute this to the minimal interference in physiological joint mechanics and to the restored anatomy. In terms of future long-term results, our findings are promising. The idea of a proximal dynamic stabilization and the causal operative approach at the origin of pathology using vmo-plasty was confirmed in recent anatomic and biomechanic studies. Over or under correction of soft tissues could be adapted. More rigid techniques of distal realignment do not allow an adaptation to this extent and can lead to prearthrotic hyperpression in the medial femoropatellar and femorotibial joints.     

Electromyographic investigation of unstable patella before and after its realignment operation

Background:

Patellar dislocations are either due to superolateral contracture of the soft tissue or imbalance of the power between the vastus medialis (VM) and the vastus lateralis (VL). The imbalance of muscle power as an etiology of patellar dislocation has not been studied. Hence, we studied the recurrent, habitual and permanent dislocations of the patella with an electromyogram (EMG) of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and pes anserinus, before and after realignment operations, to document the muscle imbalance and effectiveness of the realignment operation.

Materials and Methods:

An electromyographic investigation was carried out on the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis in nine recurrent, 20 habitual, and 13 permanent dislocations of the patella, before and after their realignment operations. Pes anserinus transposition, which acted as a medial stabilizer of the patella, was also investigated with an EMG study, to understand its role on patellar stability at 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, and full flexion of the knee. The age of the patients varied from nine to 30 (mean 15) years. There were 24 males and 18 females. Twenty-six patellar dislocations were on the right and 16 were on the left side.

Results:

Electromyographic pictures reveal subnormal activity of the vastus medialis in all types of dislocations and similar activities of the vastus lateralis in permanent and habitual dislocations recorded pre operatively, which recovered to almost normal values postoperatively, at the mean one-year follow-up. Pes anserinus, which was used for medial stabilization of the patella after its realignment, maintained normal EMG activity before and after the operation.

Conclusion:

This study is significant for understanding the imbalance of muscle activities in patients with an unstable patella, which can be rectified without recurrence after pes anserinus transposition.     

Recurrent dislocation of the patella treated by the modified Roux-Goldthwait procedure. A prospective study of forty-seven knees

We studied the results in forty-seven knees in thirty-seven patients - ten male and twenty-seven female - who had recurrent dislocation of the patella and were treated by a modified Roux-Goldthwait procedure (lateral retinacular release, medial transfer of the lateral patellar tendon without advancement, plication of the medial retinaculum, and advancement of the vastus medialis). Ten of the female patients had bilateral dislocation. The results were analyzed after follow-ups ranging from 3.0 to 16.3 years (average, 5.8 years). The study confirmed that a tangential radiograph of the patellofemoral joint, made with the knee in 20 degrees of flexion, is reliable in determining patellar displacement. The results were excellent in twelve knees, good in thirty-one, fair in one, and poor in three. The fair and poor ratings were due to pain caused by severe chondromalacia patellae. The patient with a fair result had had recurrent dislocations after the Roux-Goldthwait procedure due to a very lax synovial and capsular sac. Reoperation with tightening of the sac medially and laterally eliminated hypermobility of the patella in this patient and established straight patellar tracking. There was one serious complication, a large subcutaneous hematoma with necrosis of a skin flap. The patients with mild chondromalacia improved and showed no progressive patellofemoral arthritis after simple realignment, while those with severe chondromalacia were not improved by shaving, drilling, and realignment. Preliminary results indicated that a modified Maquet procedure, in addition to realignment, may be indicated for patients with severe chondromalacia. This study demonstrated that the modified Roux-Goldthwait procedure, without advancement of the tibial attachment of the patellar ligament, can stabilize the patella without increasing patellofemoral compression. The procedure does not relieve the symptoms of severe chondromalacia of the patella but realignment is the first step in treatment of any form of patellofemoral arthrosis.     

A technique for reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament

Additional medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction was performed successfully on six consecutive patients with recurrent dislocation of the patella because of residual patellar instability after medial transfer of the tibial tubercle. A technique for medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction is described, and complications and postoperative management are discussed. The reconstruction was performed using a double strand hamstring tendon graft in five patients and iliotibial allograft in one. Good stabilization of the patella was achieved in all six patients, resulting in improved confidence in higher levels of activity. The satisfactory outcome of additional medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction suggests the possibility that the procedure may be part of the optional procedure in proximal realignment for recurrent dislocation of the patella.     

复发性髌骨脱位治疗中内侧髌股韧带重建术的研究进展

复发性髌骨脱位是引起青少年膝关节功能障碍的常见疾病，其定义为髌骨脱位发生两次及两次以上，是一种骨科及运动医学临床常见的疾病。复发性髌骨脱位的病因有很多，但归根结底，髌骨在活动中所处的异常力学环境是引起不稳的根本原因。研究发现内侧髌股韧带被认为是限制髌骨向外脱位最重要的软组织结构，因而重建内侧髌股韧带对成功治疗复发性髌骨脱位起着重要的作用。但复发性髌骨脱位往往是一个多因素引起的临床问题，除了纠正软组织的异常外，骨性结构的异常也是一个不容忽视的问题。本文对近年来对内侧髌股韧带的解剖、生物力学、手术技巧、治疗结果及术后并发症的研究情况进行了综述。     

Patellofemoral disorders and instability

Originally the main idea was to obtain a stable patella, i.e., to stabilize the "slipping patella". In the past many conditions like patella alta, ligamentous laxity, PF bone hypoplasia, weakness of the quadriceps muscle, genu valgum or genu recurvatum were thought to predispose to patellar instability. For a long period muscle exercises were instituted to strengthen the weak m.vastus medialis and to make vastus lateralis stronger. This pulls the patella laterally, especially during running or jumping, when lateral luxation of the patella occurs. Muscle imbalance as well as anatomical abnormalities are the basis both for patellar instabilities and reasonable surgical procedures were: proximal extensor mechanism realignment, proximal capsular reefing, patellar tendon splitting and its medial transfer. On the other hand bone procedures on the hypoplastic lateral femoral condyle were also performed by Albee, as well as tibial tubercle transfer and trochleoplasty by deepening of the trochlea (Dejour). An understanding of the pathoanatomic basis is the corner stone for