股骨粗隆间骨折内固定并发症原因分析

目的 总结股骨粗隆间骨折内固定手术引起的常见并发症和产生的原因.方法 2002年1月-2007年10月,股骨粗隆间骨折内固定手术后17例出现并发症.其中男15例,女2例;年龄31～82岁.均为闭合性骨折;新鲜骨折16例,陈旧性骨折1例;粉碎性骨折15例.Evan's分型Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型7例,Ⅳ型3例.伤后至就诊时间1～6 h,平均2.5 h.采用动力髋螺钉固定7例,动力髁螺钉同定6例,股骨近端交锁髓内钉固定1例,2枚空心钉固定2例,外院转入麦氏鹅头钉固定1例.结果 术后出现断钉后髋内翻3例、头颈钉突出股骨头5例、骨折复位不良4例、感染导致慢性骨髓炎内固定失败1例、患肢短缩3例、患肢延长1例.无股骨干骨折、股骨头坏死等并发症.结论 股骨粗隆间骨折内固定术后并发症,主要由于内固定方式选择不当,术中骨折复位不良、固定不牢靠、术后处理不当等引起.     

股骨近端锁定解剖板与动力髋螺钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效分析

目的 通过观察股骨近端锁定解剖板(LCP)与动力髋螺钉(DHS)内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效,寻找一种操作简单、效果可靠,符合老年患者生理特点的内固定物.方法 随机对60例股骨粗隆间骨折分别行切开复位LCP内固定与DHS内固定术,各30例.术后6个月分别对髋关节功能、内固定松动、髋内翻、股骨头坏死及骨折愈合等情况进行...     

股骨粗隆间冠状面骨折121例治疗分析

目的：分析股骨粗隆间冠状面骨折三种内固定方法及效果。方法：对121例该类骨折分别采用鹅颈钢板,角钢板及动力髋螺钉内固定。结果：发生髋内翻畸形9例,内固定物穿破股骨头、颈5例,术中粗隆下皮质骨折16例,感染1例。髋关节功能优良率分别为：鹅颈钢板组85％、角钢板组88％、130度动力髋螺钉组94％。结论：通过比较,动力髋螺钉内固定股骨粗隆间冠状面骨折具有并发症少,髋关节功能优良率高的优点。     

螺旋刀片与螺钉固定股骨头治疗老年粗隆间骨折的临床疗效研究

[目的]探讨螺旋刀片与螺钉固定股骨头在治疗老年低能量粗隆间骨折中的应用。[方法]对193例老年粗隆间骨折随机分组,实施动力髋螺钉、动力髋刀片、股骨近端髓内钉、Gamma髓内钉手术,股骨头内固定为螺钉者为一组(动力髋螺钉和Gamma髓内钉),股骨头内固定为螺旋刀片者为一组(动力髋刀片和股骨近端髓内钉)。术后进行至少2年随访。记录术后尖顶距和股骨头内固定位置及随访的并发症结果并进行统计学分析。[结果]刀片组101例患者中94例获得随访,螺钉组92例患者中83例获得随访。两组间的平均尖顶距、尖顶距>25 mm的百分比和内固定位置中心患者的百分比差异均无统计学意义;内固定切出率也无统计学差异。[结论]对于老年低能量粗隆间骨折,股骨头固定使用螺钉或螺旋刀片的作用相当,远期疗效有待于进一步随访。     

动力髋螺钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折失败原因分析

目的 探讨动力髋螺钉(DHS)治疗股骨粗隆间骨折失败的原因。方法 总结1994～2001年用DHS治疗的69例股骨粗隆间骨折的治疗经验。对其中失败的19例进行分类，探讨相关原因。结果 69例中有19例失败，失败的类型分为6型：加压钉穿出股骨头、加压钉位置不良、加压钉切割股骨头颈、髋内翻、套接钢板断裂螺钉松动、局部骨吸收。患者年龄、骨折类型、骨的质量、手术技术、内固定材料强度、手术适应证的选择是失败的相关原因。结论 选择DHS治疗股骨粗隆间骨折应根据患者的年龄、骨质量、骨折类型掌握好适应证。对高龄不稳定型骨折DHS不应首选。     

DHS治疗股骨粗隆间骨折疗效分析

目的探讨股骨粗隆间骨折的治疗方法。方法回顾分析32例采用DHS内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效。结果32例均获得随访（6-24个月），无一例因手术或合并症死亡，骨折全部愈合。发现髋内翻1例，髋螺钉松动、脱出1例，下蹲困难1例，无螺钉穿透股骨头。结论股骨粗隆间骨折在无手术禁忌证的情况下，积极手术治疗。选用DHS治疗股骨粗隆间骨折，手术操作简单，内固定牢靠，是治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的一种比较理想的手术方法。     

三种内固定方式治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效比较

目的探讨动力髋螺钉（DHS）、股骨近端髓内钉（PFN）、股骨近端防旋髓内钉（PFN—A）在治疗股骨粗隆间骨折治疗中的疗效。方法对236例分别接受了DHS、PFN—A、PFN内固定手术的股骨粗隆间骨折患者进行回顾性研究,平均随访24个月,对住院时间,手术时间,术中出血量,术后引流量、患髋功能及并发症等作比较。结果PFN．A较PFN、DHS手术时间短,术中和术后出血量少,术后并发症少,术后愈合快。髋关节功能评分优良率：DHS组88．7％,PFN组90．2％,PFN—A组优良率91．6％。结论各种固定各有其自身特点,PFN—A是治疗各类型股骨粗隆间骨折较为理想的固定方式,尤其适用于骨质疏松的高龄粗隆间骨折、不稳定型骨折和合并症较多的患者。     

动力髋螺钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折失败原因分析

目的 探讨动力髋螺钉(DHS)治疗股骨粗隆间骨折失败的原因。方法 总结1994～2001年用DHS治疗的69例股骨粗隆间骨折的治疗经验。对其中失败的19例进行分类,探讨相关原因。结果 69例中有19例失败,失败的类型分为6型:加压钉穿出股骨头、加压钉位置不良、加压钉切割股骨头颈、髋内翻、套接钢板断裂螺钉松动、局部骨吸收。患者年龄、骨折类型、骨的质量、手术技术、内固定材料强度、手术适应证的选择是失败的相关原因。结论 选择DHS治疗股骨粗隆间骨折应根据患者的年龄、骨质量、骨折类型掌握好适应证。对高龄不稳定型骨折DHS不应首选。     

PFNA与DHS治疗不稳定性股骨粗隆问骨折疗效分析

目的比较股骨近端防旋髓内钉（proximal femoral nail-rotation,PFNA）与动力髋螺钉（dynamic hipscrew,DHS）治疗不稳定性股骨粗隆间骨折疗效。方法 86例不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折患者中,PFNA治疗37例,DHS治疗49例,对手术资料、术后并发症和髋关节功能进行临床随访分析。结果 88例均获随访,随访时间12-29个月,平均15个月。PFNA手术操作时间、术中出血量、术后并发症等较DHS少,术后髋关节功能PFNA优于DHS。结论 PFNA具有操作简捷、微创、出血少及固定牢固等优点,同时可以克服DHS抗扭转性能差且股骨矩区易产生应力集中、术后并发症多的缺点,是治疗股骨粗隆间不稳定性骨折较为理想的内固定物。     

动力髋螺钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折临床分析

目的探讨动力髋螺钉(DHS)在股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效分析。方法总结2003年至2007年用DHS在股骨粗隆间骨折的治疗经验。结果55例患者术后平均随访15个月,无髋内翻、钢板螺钉滑脱、折弯、折断,无加压钉穿出股骨头,无加压钉位置不良,全部骨性愈合。结论DHS治疗股骨粗隆间骨折是一种有效可靠内固定方法。     

The trochanteric nail versus the sliding hip screw for intertrochanteric hip fractures: a review of 93 cases

BACKGROUND: The trochanteric nail, a redesigned short gamma nail, (Howmedica, Rutherford, NJ) was introduced in the United States during 1998 for the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 93 patients who were treated for an intertrochanteric fracture with either a sliding hip screw (SHS) or the short trochanteric nail (TN). RESULTS: In all, 94% of the patients in the sliding hip screw group healed without complication. There was one case of femoral head necrosis, one lag screw cutout, and one hardware removal for pain. Eighty-nine percent of the patients in the trochanteric nail group healed without complication. There was one late fracture at the tip of the nail, three cases of lag screw cutout, and one nonunion. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the trochanteric nail is a reasonable alternative to the sliding hip screw when used for intertrochanteric fractures, although it may be associated with higher complication rates.     

The “Z‐effect” phenomenon defined: A laboratory study

The Z‐effect phenomenon is a potential complication of two lag screw intramedullary nail designs used for fixation of intertrochanteric hip fractures, in which the inferior lag screw migrates laterally and the superior lag screw migrates medially during physiologic loading. The current investigation was undertaken in an attempt to reproduce the Z‐effect phenomenon in a laboratory setting. Sixteen different simulated femoral head and neck constructs having varying compressive strengths were created using four densities of solid polyurethane foam and instrumented with a two‐screw cephalomedullary intramedullary nail. Each specimen was then cyclically loaded with 250 N vertical loads applied for 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000 cycles. Measurement of screw displacement with respect to the lateral aspect of the intramedullary nail was made after each cyclic increment. The inferior lag screw migration component of the Z‐effect phenomenon was reproduced in specimens with head compressive strengths that were higher than the compressive strengths of the neck. Specimens with the greatest difference in head–neck compressive strength demonstrated the most significant displacement of the inferior lag screw without any displacement of the superior lag screw. Specimens with a femoral neck compressive strength of 0.91 MPa of and a head compressive strength of 8.8 MPa resulted in more than one centimeter of inferior lag screw lateral migration after 10,000 cycles of vertical loading. Models where the femoral head had a higher compressive strength than that of the femoral neck may simulate fracture patterns with significant medial cortex comminution that are prone to varus collapse. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1568–1573, 2007     

Are there advances in the treatment of extracapsular hip fractures in the elderly?

While the rate of failure following hip fracture surgery for extracapsular hip fractures in the elderly is low, an incidence of implant cutout from the femoral head remains regardless of whether fixation is by sliding hip screw or intramedullary nail. In general, a well-executed osteosynthesis is the best assurance of a good outcome with few complications, and typically a less than ideal placement of the implant in the femoral head is the reason for cut-out and failure of the operation. It is clear that there is no difference in the incidence of complications or functional outcome between a sliding hip screw and an intramedullary nail for pertrochanteric fractures (AO/OTA 31-A1 and A2), while the implant of choice in the elderly for the true intertrochanteric fracture (AO/OTA 31-A3; reverse intertrochanteric) is a nail. However, what is less clear is whether there are newer ideas and/or implant designs that represent true advances in the treatment of extracapsular fractures in the elderly. The following review focuses on just this issue.     

Outcome of intertrochanteric fractures treated by intramedullary nail with two integrated lag screws: A study in Asian population

Background:The incidence of intertrochanteric fracture has increased during recent years as life expectancy has also increased. Currently, orthopedic surgeons use various fixation methods for intertrochanteric fractures like, intramedullary (IM) nailing or dynamic hip screws and plates. The intramedullary (IM) nail with two integrated lag screws has been used recently in intertrochanteric fractures to overcome Z-affect phenomenon. However, no study is available in an Asian population. This prospective study was undertaken to document the clinical and radiologic outcomes of the IM nail with two integrated lag screws and its limitations in Asian patients.Results:Seventy four patients were available for at least 1 year followup examinations. Forty-five patients (60.8%) recovered prefracture status. Mean time to bony union was 18.3 ± 8.6 weeks. Intraoperative technical problems related to an unavoidable superior positioning of the lag screw occurred in five cases. Postoperative complications requiring reoperation occurred in three patients; two cases of varus collapse with cut out and one case of periprosthetic fracture.Conclusions:The IM nail with two integrated lag screws showed favorable outcomes in Asian patients with an intertrochanteric fracture even though several complications that were not previously reported with this nail were found. The proper selection of patients and careful insertion of two lag screws should be mandatory in Asian patients.     

Helical blade versus sliding hip screw for treatment of unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures: a biomechanical evaluation

OBJECTIVE: To compare the fixation stability in the femoral head with sliding hip screw versus helical blade designs for unstable, intertrochanteric hip fractures. METHODS: A simulated, unstable intertrochanteric hip fracture was created in six pairs of cadaveric femurs. One of each pair was treated using an intramedullary nail with a sliding hip screw (ITST) for femoral head fixation and the other was treated with a nail with a helical blade (TFN). Each specimen was cyclically loaded with 750N vertical loads applied for 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000 cycles. Measurements for femoral head displacement, fracture fragment opening and sliding were made. Specimens were then loaded to failure. RESULTS: There was significantly more permanent inferior femoral head displacement in the ITST samples compared to the TFN samples after each cyclic loading (all p values<0.05). There was significantly more permanent fracture site opening and inferior displacement in the ITST group compared with the TFN group at 1000 and 10,000 cycles (p<0.05). Final loads to failure were not significantly different (p=0.51) between the two treatment groups. Nine specimens demonstrated fracture extension into the anteromedial cortex and subtrochanteric region and three specimens, which had an ITST implant, demonstrated a splitting fracture of the femoral head. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that fixation of the femoral head with a helical blade was biomechanically superior to fixation with a standard sliding hip screw in a cadaveric, unstable intertrochanteric hip fracture model.     

Trochanteric fracture-implant motion during healing – A radiostereometry (RSA) study

Cut-out complication remains a major unsolved problem in the treatment of trochanteric hip fractures. A better understanding of the three-dimensional fracture-implant motions is needed to enable further development of clinical strategies and countermeasures. The aim of this clinical study was to characterise and quantify three-dimensional motions between the implant and the bone and between the lag screw and nail of the Gamma nail.Radiostereometry Analysis (RSA) analysis was applied in 20 patients with trochanteric hip fractures treated with an intramedullary nail. The following three-dimensional motions were measured postoperatively, at 1 week, 3, 6 and 12 months: translations of the tip of the lag screw in the femoral head, motions of the lag screw in the nail, femoral head motions relative to the nail and nail movements in the femoral shaft.Cranial migration of the tip of the lag screw dominated over the other two translation components in the femoral head. In all fractures the lag screw slid laterally in the nail and the femoral head moved both laterally and inferiorly towards the nail. All femoral heads translated posteriorly relative to the nail, and rotations occurred in both directions with median values close to zero. The nail tended to retrovert in the femoral shaft.Adverse fracture-implant motions were detected in stable trochanteric hip fractures treated with intramedullary nails with high resolution. Therefore, RSA method can be used to evaluate new implant designs and clinical strategies, which aim to reduce cut-out complications. Future RSA studies should aim at more unstable fractures as these are more likely to fail with cut-out.     

Prospective randomized controlled trial of an intramedullary nail versus dynamic screw and plate for intertrochanteric fractures of the femur

OBJECTIVES: To compare the surgical complications and functional outcome of the Gamma nail intramedullary fixation device versus the Richards sliding hip screw and plate device in intertrochanteric femoral fractures. DESIGN: A prospective, randomised controlled clinical trial with observer blinding. SETTING: A regional teaching hospital in the United Kingdom. PATIENTS: All patients admitted from the local population with intertrochanteric fractured femurs were included. There were 400 patients entered into the study and 399 followed-up to one year or death. INTERVENTION: The devices were assigned by randomization to either a short-type Gamma nail (203 patients) or a Richard's-type sliding hip screw and plate (197 patients). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The main surgical outcome measurements were fixation failure and reoperation. A functional outcome of pain, mobility status, and range of movement were assessed until one year. RESULTS: The requirement for revision in the Gamma nail group was twelve (6%); for Richard's group, eight (4%). This was not statistically different (p = 0.29; odds ratio, 1.48 [0.59-3.7]). A subcapital femoral fracture occurred in the Richard's group. Femoral shaft fractures occurred with four in the Gamma nail group (2%) and none in the Richard's group (p = 0.13). Three required revision to another implant. Lag-screw cut-out occurred in eight patients in the gamma nail group (4%) and four in the Richard's group (2%). This was not statistically significant (p = 0.37; odds ratio, 2.29 [0.6-9.0]). The development of other postoperative complications was the same in both groups. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of early or long-term functional status at one year. CONCLUSIONS: The use of an intramedullary device in the treatment of intertrochanteric femoral fractures is still associated with a higher but nonsignificant risk of postoperative complications. Routine use of the Gamma nail in this type of fracture cannot be recommended over the current standard treatment of dynamic hip screw and plate.     

老年人股骨粗隆间骨折126例手术治疗分析

目的评价四种手术方法治疗老年人股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析我院于2004年9月至2007年12月收治的老年人股骨粗隆间骨折患者126例,其中应用空心加压螺钉治疗25例,动力髋螺钉治疗41例,股骨近端髓内钉治疗24例,人工股骨头置换术治疗36例。结果112例获得随访,时间6个月～3年,平均23．5个月,四种手术方法疗效均满意。结论治疗老年人股骨粗隆间骨折,四种手术方法各有优势,只有根据患者年龄、骨折类型、骨质疏松程度、手术耐受情况等合理选择手术方式,方可取得良好疗效。     

Gamma钉与DHS钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的临床对照研究

目的 比较Gamma钉与DHS钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效. 方法 选择2008年1月至2012年5月收治的100例股骨粗隆间骨折患者,将其随机分为两组,在闭合复位的基础上,分别予以Gamma钉与DHS钉固定,观察并比较两组患者手术期各项指标、术后并发症以及术后髋关节功能情况. 结果 Gamma钉组的术中失血量及术后并发症的发生率明显低于DHS组,而Kuderna髋关节功能评分优良率要高于DHS组,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05). 结论 Gamma钉在治疗上较DHS具有操作简单、手术损伤小、骨折固定牢固、疗效可靠、并发症少等优点,适于临床推广.     

Ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures: complications and their treatment

An ipsilateral femoral neck fracture occurs in approximately 6% to 9% of all femoral shaft fractures. Despite this relatively common presentation, decision-making often is difficult. Furthermore, the risk for complications is greater in the treatment of this combination injury pattern than for single-level fractures. A retrospective review of the authors' large trauma database revealed 13 patients who had healing complications develop after their index surgical procedure. Six of the eight (75%) femoral neck nonunions occurring in these 13 patients developed after the use of a second generation, reconstruction-type intramedullary nail. Factors contributing to nonunion of the femoral shaft were the presence of an open fracture, use of an unreamed, small diameter intramedullary nail, and prolonged delay to weightbearing. The femoral neck nonunions healed after either valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy (seven patients) or compression hip screw fixation (one patient). The femoral shaft nonunion proved more difficult than expected to treat with some patients with femoral shaft nonunions requiring more than one operative procedure to achieve union. Lag screw fixation of the femoral neck fracture and reamed intramedullary nailing for shaft fracture stabilization were associated with the fewest complications. Therefore, this approach is recommended as the treatment of choice.