急性坏死性胰腺炎外科治疗20年经验总结

总结了１９７４年８月￣１９９４年１１月２４３例急性坏死性胰腺炎外科治疗的经验。按治疗观点及治疗方式分为三个阶段。第一阶段１９７４年８月￣１９８７年１２月为针对胰腺坏死作早期彻底切除坏死组织手术，辅以“三造瘘”、“创口敞开”、“局部灌洗”等措施。治愈率为６１．３％。第二阶段１９８８年１月￣１９９１年６月以坏死是否伴有感染为指征，对有感染者作手术治疗，治愈率６７．１％；对非感染者作保守治疗，治愈率８５     

急性坏死性胰腺炎外科治疗20年经验总结

总结了1974年8月～1994年11月243例急性坏死性胰腺炎外科治疗的经验.按治疗观点及治疗方式分为三个阶段.第一阶段1974年8月～1987年12月为针对胰腺坏死作早期彻底切除坏死组织手术,辅以“三造瘘”、“创口敞开”、“局部灌洗”等措施.治愈率为61.3%.第二阶段1988年1月～1991年6月以坏死是否伴有感染为指征,对有感染者作手术治疗,治愈率67.1%;对非感染者作保守治疗,治愈率85.7%,总治愈率提高到68.5%.第三阶段1991年7月～1994年11月治疗有二特点.第一是在手术时间上强调后期手术,如在严密的治疗观察下感染能缓解控制、可延缓到后期手术;对于有恶化倾向、或对阻塞性胆源性胰腺炎及胰腺脓肿穿破致腹膜炎等病例则作早期或急诊手术.第二是建立综合治疗体系,依靠多学科的参与使患者渡过诸如全身细菌、霉菌感染、深部脓肿的处理、以及全身严重消耗的纠正等、使手术治愈率提高到80%、非手术治愈率达到100%、总治愈率为83.1%.     

激光与手术治疗腋臭的比较研究

目的：探讨腋臭的治疗方法,方法：通过对206例两种不同方法治疗腋臭的回顾性研究,分析比较激光和手术治疗腋臭的优缺点和不同适应证。结果：应用激光治疗腋臭110例,一次治愈率为49．1％,有效率为60％,手术治疗106例,一次治愈率为83．9％,有效率约为96％;经1个月至12个月随访,发现早期并发症主要是感染,血肿,后期主要是局部瘢痕增生,其中血肿主要见于手术治疗组,感染和瘢痕二组无明显差别,治愈后远期效果肯定,无异味复发,结论：激光治疗方法简单安全,适用于症状较轻的患者,手术治疗效果确切,治愈率较高,适用于症状较重和其它治疗方法失败的患。     

重症急性胰腺炎的手术治疗探讨

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎的手术治疗和非手术疗法转手术治疗的指征和时机。方法 回顾性分析1996年1月至1999年12月收治的重症急性胰腺炎213例。结果 重症胆源性胰腺炎手术治疗52例,治愈率为92%。死亡病例平均生存31d,主要死亡原因是多器官功能衰竭（MODS）和胰腺坏死感染;非手术治疗43例,治愈率为88%。死亡病例平均生存3d,主要死亡原因为中毒性休克、严重感染和MODS。重症非胆源性胰腺炎手术治疗65例,治愈率为75%。死亡病例平均生存56d,死亡原因有MODS、感染、消化道瘘和腹腔内出血;非手术治疗56例,治愈率89%。死亡病例平均生存8d。早期死亡的原因有休克、肾功能衰竭和呼吸衰竭等,后期死亡的原因主要是感染。结论（1）胆源性胰腺炎有胆道梗阻者应行急诊手术,出现坏死感染也需手术治疗;（2）非胆源性胰腺炎宜先采用非手术治疗。出现坏死感染者需要手术治疗,对病情迅速恶化者也应及时手术引流;（3）胰腺的包裹坏死液化感染需要手术治疗。     

重症急性胰腺炎综合治疗

重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)是指合并器官衰竭或出现胰腺坏死、脓肿或假性囊肿等局部并发症的急性胰腺炎,是一个并发症多,病死率高,治疗棘手的外科急腹症。严律南[1]总结了治疗SAP的3个阶段:第一阶段(1980~1990年)以早期手术为主;第二阶段(1990~1993年)以非手术治疗为主,但强调早期并发症的中转手术治疗;第三阶段(1994~1998年)以非手术治疗为主,手术主要针对后期局部感染并发症的治疗。各阶段手术率为77.59%、54.55%和29.55%,而病死率则分别为40.52%、17.17%和11.36%。随着对细胞因子、炎症递质、区域动脉灌注、血液…     

肠外瘘的治疗

目的 探讨当前肠外瘘治疗的成功点与今后需要改进之处。方法 回顾性分析在1971年1月－2000年12月期间1169例肠外瘘的治疗结果。结果 1168例患者的治愈率为93．0％,其中37．1％经非手术治疗后愈合。病死率为5．5％,主要死于感染（60／65）。659例接受手术治疗,647例获得成功（98．25）。第二阶段（1985年1月－2000年12月）的治愈率、病死率与手术成功率（94．2％、4．4％、99．7％）均较第一阶段（1971年1月－1984年12月）的结果（90．4％、8．2％、95．5％）为佳（P＜0．05）。结论 本组病例取得治疗成功的基点是改变了治疗策略,将手术治疗作为最后的措施。改进了控制感染的方法;重视营养支持与生命器官的监测。为了进一步取得肠外瘘治疗的效果,缩短治疗疗程与减少费用,今后应研究促进管状瘘自愈的方法,改进特殊病因肠瘘的治疗以及早期施行肠瘘的确定性手术。     

对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)治疗方法演变的思考

1990年5月27-31日在云南省昆明市召开的第三届全国胰腺疾病专题讨论会上，上海瑞金医院外科张圣道教授报告了139例(1975～1980年)急性出血坏死性胰腺炎的治疗比较，凡确诊者均早期手术治疗(清除坏死组织局部灌洗)，治愈率50％；1981-1987年，仍以早期手术为主，但术式改为规则性切除加胰外探查、敞开创口、局部灌洗，结果治愈率为65．45％；1988～1990年改为“个体化”治疗     

��֢���������ײ������˺��������ۺ����ٴ�����̽��

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎并发成人呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的有效治疗方法。方法 对1992年8月至1997年7月(第一阶段)和1997年8月至2001年8月(第二阶段)收治的重症急性胰腺炎并发ARDS病人治疗结果进行回顾性分析和总结。结果 第一阶段收治重症急性胰腺炎23例，发生ARDS者15例(65．2％)，死亡11例，病死率73．3％；第二阶段收治重症急性胰腺炎34例，发生ARDS者13例(38．2％)，死亡4例，病死率30．8％，结论 早期积极控制ARDS的发生、发展，重视腹部情况的处理，同时有效地控制感染，是降低ARDS发生率、提高治愈率的关键。     

42年严重烧伤全身性感染的防治经验

目的通过对严重烧伤(＞50％TBSA)全身性感染患者329例进行分析和总结,旨在进一步提高严重烧伤感染的救治水平。方法利用1958年至2000年8月我所共收治烧伤面积＞50％TBSA患者1127例临床资料,分析不同时期严重烧伤后全身性感染发生率及死亡率降低的主要原因。结果本组1127例烧伤患者中,发生全身性感染共329例,总发生率29.4％,第二阶段感染发生率为29.3％,显著低于第一阶段的48.5％(P＜0.01～0.05);第三阶段(13.1％)与前两个阶段相比又显著下降(P＜0.01～0.05)。总治愈率和不同烧伤面积治愈率均逐步提高,尤以烧伤面积＞70％TBSA明显。结论防治严重烧伤全身性感染的主要经验是加强了早期处理,包括及时液体复苏、早期肠道喂养、有效抗生素的短程使用与早期切痂等。     

手术内固定加血管束植入治疗距骨骨折脱位

目的探讨手术治疗距骨骨折脱位，防止距骨后期坏死的方法。方法对28例距骨骨折脱位进行回顾性研究，随访治疗效果。早期手术，运用克氏针及可吸收螺丝钉固定距骨，跗外侧血管束植入距骨。结果本组28例，随访6个月～9年，平均26个月，优良率为96．4％，效果满意。结论早期手术加血管束植入治疗距骨骨折脱位，操作方法简单实用，临床疗效确切，可在临床推广应用。     

Outcome of severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: The treatment of severe acute pancreatitis has been evolving from routine operative management to nonoperative care for patients without evidence of pancreatic infection. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients with severe acute pancreatitis at a single institution during a 9-year period. RESULTS: Sixty consecutive patients had severe pancreatitis. Forty-two had pancreatic necrosis on computed axial tomography (13 infected and 29 sterile). Patients with infected necrosis and 8 with sterile necrosis had operative debridement; the remaining patients were managed without operation (n = 39). The overall mortality was 15%. Mortality was directly related to the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Examination II and Marshall organ failure scores (P <0.001). Patients who died had a greater incidence of nosocomial infection. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with infected pancreatic necrosis require early operative debridement, whereas those with sterile necrosis or severe pancreatitis without necrosis can usually be managed safely without surgery.     

25年381例重症急性胰腺炎治疗经验

目的 总结２５年来我院重症急性胰腺炎的治疗经验。方法 按照治疗策略及方式的改变和发展分三阶段回顾性总结３８１例病人的临床资料,分析各阶段采用不同治疗方案的治疗结果。结果 １９７４年８月至１９９８年１２月共收治３８１例重症急性胰腺炎病人,非手术治疗９０例,存活８０例,存活率８８．９％;手术治疗２９１例,存活２１１例,存活率７２．５％;总存活率７６．４％。     

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis: treatment strategy according to the status of infection

OBJECTIVE: To determine benefits of conservative versus surgical treatment in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Infection of pancreatic necrosis is the most important risk factor contributing to death in severe acute pancreatitis, and it is generally accepted that infected pancreatic necrosis should be managed surgically. In contrast, the management of sterile pancreatic necrosis accompanied by organ failure is controversial. Recent clinical experience has provided evidence that conservative management of sterile pancreatic necrosis including early antibiotic administration seems promising. METHODS: A prospective single-center trial evaluated the role of nonsurgical management including early antibiotic treatment in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreatic infection, if confirmed by fine-needle aspiration, was considered an indication for surgery, whereas patients without signs of pancreatic infection were treated without surgery. RESULTS: Between January 1994 and June 1999, 204 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were recruited. Eighty-six (42%) had necrotizing disease, of whom 57 (66%) had sterile and 29 (34%) infected necrosis. Patients with infected necrosis had more organ failures and a greater extent of necrosis compared with those with sterile necrosis. When early antibiotic treatment was used in all patients with necrotizing pancreatitis (imipenem/cilastatin), the characteristics of pancreatic infection changed to predominantly gram-positive and fungal infections. Fine-needle aspiration showed a sensitivity of 96% for detecting pancreatic infection. The death rate was 1.8% (1/56) in patients with sterile necrosis managed without surgery versus 24% (7/29) in patients with infected necrosis (P <.01). Two patients whose infected necrosis could not be diagnosed in a timely fashion died while receiving nonsurgical treatment. Thus, an intent-to-treat analysis (nonsurgical vs. surgical treatment) revealed a death rate of 5% (3/58) with conservative management versus 21% (6/28) with surgery. CONCLUSIONS: These results support nonsurgical management, including early antibiotic treatment, in patients with sterile pancreatic necrosis. Patients with infected necrosis still represent a high-risk group in severe acute pancreatitis, and for them surgical treatment seems preferable.     

急性坏死性胰腺炎的手术时机及手术指征

探讨急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)的手术时机及手术指征。方法:对1985年以来手术治疗ANP119例进行了回顾性分析。结果:将发病2周以内手术者定为早期手术,2周以后手术者为晚期手术。发现早期手术病例中病理所见多为局灶性坏死(占75.6％),术后并发症以循环及胰外脏器功能紊乱为主,术后死亡率达28.2％;而晚期手术者系全胰坏死型(占53.7％),术后并发症以胰周局部脏器病变为主,死亡率降至12.3％。结论:对ANP应尽可能采用晚期手术。     

Continuous regional arterial infusion (CRAI) therapy reduces the mortality rate of acute necrotizing pancreatitis: results of a cooperative survey in Japan

We evaluated the usefulness of continuous regional arterial infusion (CRAI) of protease inhibitors and antibiotics in 156 patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) collected in a cooperative survey carried out in 1997 in Japan. The overall mortality rate was 18.6%, and the frequency of infected pancreatic necrosis was 12.8%. There was no significant difference in mortality rates between patients who received the protease inhibitor via CRAI and the antibiotics intravenously (group A) and patients who received both the protease inhibitor and the antibiotics via CRAI (group B), but the frequency of infected pancreatic necrosis was significantly lower in group B (7.6%) than in group A (23.5%). The mortality rate in patients in whom CRAI therapy was initiated within 48 h after the onset of ANP (11.9%) was significantly lower than that in patients in whom CRAI therapy was initiated more than 48 h after the onset (23.6%). These results suggested that CRAI of both protease inhibitors and antibiotics was effective in reducing mortality and preventing the development of pancreatic infection in ANP when initiated within 48 h after the onset of ANP. Received: June 9, 2000 / Accepted: December 28, 2000     

Midterm results after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries: a single centre experience

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The arterial switch operation (ASO) has become the surgical approach of choice for d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA). There is, however an increased incidence of midterm and longterm adverse sequelae in some survivors. In order to evaluate operative risk and midterm outcome in this population, we reviewed patients who underwent ASO for TGA at our centre. METHODS: In this retrospective study 52 consecutive patients with TGA who underwent ASO between 04/1991 and 12/1999 were included. To analyze the predictors for mortality and adverse events (coronary stenoses, distortion of the pulmonary arteries, dilatation of the neoaortic root, and aortic regurgitation), a multivariate analysis was performed. The follow-up time was ranged from 1--10 years (mean 5 years, cumulative 260 patient-years). RESULTS: All over mortality rate was 15.4 % and was only observed in the early postoperative period till 1994. The predictors for poor operative survival were low APGAR-score, older age at surgery, and necessity of associated surgical procedures. Late re-operations were necessary in 6 patients (13.6 %) and included a pulmonary artery patch enlargement due to supravalvular stenosis (n = 3), coronary revascularisation due to coronary stenosis in a coronary anatomy type E, aortic valve replacement due to neoaortic valve regurgitation (n = 2), and patch-plasty of a pulmonary vein due to obstruction (n = 1). The dilatation of neoaortic root was not observed in the follow up. CONCLUSIONS: ASO remains the procedure of choice for TGA with acceptable early and late outcome in terms of overall survival and freedom of reoperation. Although ASO is often complex and may be associated with morbidity, most patients survived without major complications even in a small centre.     

217例重症急性胰腺炎的治疗

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎(sAP)的治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析收治的2l7例重症急性胰腺炎病例的临床特征、病死率和中转手术等资料，其中早期手术66例，先非手术治疗后中转手术24例。结果 治愈l74例，治愈率80．2％。手术治疗90例，治愈65例，手术治愈率72．2％；非手术治疗l27例，治愈l09例，非手术治愈率85．8％。结论 强调以非手术为主的综合治疗，但对有早期手术指征和中转手术指征患者，当及时行手术治疗。     

Improvement in survival following surgery for colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND: Recent reports based on registry data have shown that survival after surgery for colorectal cancer is improving in the UK. It is not clear whether these improvements are due to earlier presentation or more effective treatment. METHODS: Outcome for 645 patients with colorectal cancer admitted to Glasgow Royal Infirmary between 1974 and 1979 was compared with that for 354 patients admitted between 1991 and 1994. RESULTS: More patients in the later period had Dukes' A or B tumours and fewer had evidence of metastatic spread (P < 0.001); more underwent potentially curative resection (57.6 versus 49.9 per cent; P < 0.001) and fewer underwent palliative diversion. The overall postoperative mortality rate fell from 14.1 to 8.5 per cent (P = 0.017). Overall and cancer-specific 5-year survival after potentially curative resection increased from 40.1 to 60.5 per cent and from 47.3 to 71.7 per cent respectively (both P < 0.001). Compared with the earlier period, the adjusted hazard ratio for cancer-specific survival following potentially curative resection was 0.452 (95 per cent confidence interval 0.329 to 0.622; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The observed improvement in survival was mainly due to improvements in the quality of surgery and in perioperative care rather than earlier presentation.     

Midterm follow-up of elderly patients with fragility fractures of the pelvis: A prospective cohort-study comparing operative and non-operative treatment according to a therapeutic algorithm

IntroductionThe treatment of fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP) is a challenge. The variations of non-operative- and of operative treatment are manifold and a structured treatment algorithm is lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of elderly patients with a FFP who were treated with a therapeutic algorithm based on the FFP-classification.Patients and MethodsIn a prospective cohort study 154 patients (mean age: 81.8 ±.61 (65-96); female: (86.8%; 131/154). BMI: 23.7 ±.34 (15-43)) with a FFP after inadequate mono trauma were treated according to a strict therapeutic algorithm between 04/2016 and 12/2018. According to a classification based on CT-scans either a standardized operative treatment or conservative therapy was induced and the outcome regarding objective measurements of mobility, pain, need for analgesics and mortality during hospital stay and after one year was analyzed.Results82/154 participants (53.2%) were assigned to the conservative treatment group and 72 participants (46.8%) to the operative treatment group. The overall one-year survival rate was 78.1% (118/151). The survival of the operative treatment group was 90.7% (49/54) and significantly higher than the survival of the conservative treatment group (74.7%; 56/75; p=.023).The one-year follow up showed a high dispersion of the pain level in the operatively treated patients and a significantly higher mean in comparison to conservatively treated patients.Both treatment groups showed increasing numbers of patients with unlimited mobilization but also immobile patients. Overall in 31.0% (18/58) of the operative participants and in 14.9% (14/93) of the non-operatively treated participants complications occurred (p=.04).ConclusionThe strict compliance to the presented treatment algorithm of FFP with an operative strategy starting from FFP IIc leads to a significantly lower mortality within one year in comparison to the conservatively treated patients. The worst outcome and the highest mortality was seen in patients who refused the recommendation of operative stabilization. The results of this study justify to proceed with the strict classification dependent treatment algorithm and also support the early switch-over to operative treatment of patients with failed conservative therapy in FFP I to FFP IIb.