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1.
电视胸腔镜辅助下小切口前路手术治疗胸椎疾病   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
目的评价电视胸腔镜辅助下小切口胸椎前路手术的创伤、安全性、临床疗效和应用价值。方法回顾性分析2005年2月~2007年4月我院施行电视胸腔镜辅助下小切口胸椎前路手术17例。对照组在均衡年龄、性别和疾病构成的条件下,选择开胸脊柱前路手术22例。对两组的围手术期参数、并发症和临床疗效进行比较研究。结果①围手术期参数:小切口组在切口长度、术中出血量、胸痛持续时间、胸腔引流量和住院时间与开胸组有显著性差异(P<0.05);两组手术时间和胸腔引流时间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。②术后并发症:小切口组2例(11.8%);开胸组3例(13.6%),无显著性差异(P>0.05)。③临床疗效:小切口组平均随访15.8个月,开胸组平均随访17.6个月。胸背痛缓解率两组均为100%。两组神经功能恢复比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。小切口组术后影像学显示病灶清除彻底,脊髓减压充分,内固定效果确切。随访期间未见上下椎体肿瘤及结核的复发或神经功能障碍的加重,未见内固定物松动或断裂。结论电视胸腔镜辅助下小切口胸椎前路手术,与传统开胸手术相比,具有对组织创伤小、术中出血少、恢复快等优势,能安全、有效地应用于胸椎疾病的前路手术治疗。  相似文献   

2.
目的通过前瞻性研究评价应用胸腔镜和传统开胸手术两种方法进行脊柱侧弯前路矫形的临床效果. 方法将研究对象随机分为胸腔镜组和开胸组,各6例. 结果胸腔镜组出血量 (260±40.0)ml少于开胸组(390±57.3)ml,(t=-4.557,P=0.001).术后上肢功能评分:胸腔镜组(术后1.3±0.3,3个月1.1±0.1)优于开胸组(术后2.1±0.2,3个月 1.5±0.3)(t=-5.435,-3.098;P=0.000,0.001).术后脊柱侧弯平均矫正率: 胸腔镜组平均矫正率59%,开胸组平均矫正率62%,P=0.628.所有病例术后随访平均12个月,均获得良好骨融合. 结论胸腔镜和传统开胸技术进行前路脊柱侧弯矫形均可以获得良好的手术效果.围手术期及术后3个月以内的临床评估,胸腔镜技术在减少术中出血量、胸痛和上肢功能障碍等方面有优势.  相似文献   

3.
目的 比较电视胸腔镜(VATS)和传统开胸手术治疗外伤性血气胸的临床效果.方法 血气胸患者41例随机分为实验组和对照组,对照组26例,采用传统开胸手术方法;实验组15例,采用VATS治疗,对两组患者一般临床资料、术中出血量、手术时间、术后胸管放置时间、术后引流量等进行比较.结果 41例患者均无手术死亡、二次开胸止血,术后均未呼吸机辅助呼吸.实验组术中出血量[(176.5 ±78.5) ml]明显少于对照组[(401.3±90.7)ml],手术时间[实验组(64.7-±21.3) min,对照组(129.4±30.3) min]、术后胸管放置时间[实验组(2.3±0.9)d,对照组(4.5±1.0)d]、住院时间[实验组(9.1±2.1)d,对照组(12.7±2.2)d]及术后并发症发生率等方面均少于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 VATS治疗外伤性血气胸与传统开胸手术比较,诊断快速准确,安全可靠,并发症少.  相似文献   

4.
Qiu Y  Wu L  Wang B  Yu Y  Zhu ZZ  Qian BP 《中华外科杂志》2004,42(21):1284-1288
目的对特发性胸椎侧凸胸腔镜下前路矫形与开放小切口前路矫形的近期疗效进行比较。方法将23例特发性胸椎右侧凸患者分为两组,A组行胸腔镜下胸椎侧凸前路Eclipse矫形术,共8例,均为女性,平均年龄148岁,平均Cobb角54°,Risser征 ~ 。B组行开放小切口前路CDHTSRH矫形手术,共15例,男2例,女13例,平均年龄138岁,Cobb角平均57°,Risser征 ~ 。对两组病例的手术时间、术中出血量、固定节段、术后引流量、矫正效果以及早期矫正丢失等进行分析。结果两组患者在年龄、Cobb角、侧凸柔软性和固定节段等方面均具有可比性。A组平均手术时间(360±72)min,术中平均出血量(629±145)ml,术后平均引流量(500±150)ml,平均固定节段(74±11)个,平均Cobb角矫正率(74±14)%,经6~18个月随访,近期矫正丢失率(86±27)%。B组平均手术时间(246±64)min,术中平均出血量(300±110)ml,术后平均引流量(210±90)ml,平均固定节段(78±09)个,平均Cobb角矫正率(70±12)%,近期矫正丢失率(46±19)%。A组与B组相比,侧凸矫正率相似(P>005),但手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量,以及早期矫正丢失率等存在显著差异(P<005)。结论胸腔镜下胸椎侧凸前路矫形手术和开放小切口前路矫形手术具有各自的适应证和优缺点。对于青少年特发性胸椎侧凸  相似文献   

5.
目的比较完全电视辅助胸腔镜与常规开胸行二尖瓣手术临床疗效的优缺点。方法 2012年3月~2013年10月,238例单纯二尖瓣病变分别经完全电视辅助胸腔镜(胸腔镜组,n=110)与常规开胸(常规开胸组,n=128)二尖瓣置换术。比较2组患者手术时间、升主动脉阻断时间、心肺转流时间、术后机械呼吸时间、监护室停留时间、术后住院时间和胸液引流量,术后半年复查二尖瓣返流情况。结果胸腔镜组与常规开胸组手术时间[(256.2±28.5)min vs.(251.2±30.0)min,t=1.312,P=0.191],升主动脉阻断时间[(40.0±2.7)min vs.(39.4±2.7)min,t=1.709,P=0.089],心肺转流时间[(74.2±4.1)min vs.(73.7±4.9)min,t=0.846,P=0.399]无显著性差异。胸腔镜组术后机械呼吸时间(716.4±79.1)min,明显短于常规开胸组(811.9±58.8)min(t=-10.657,P=0.000);监护室停留时间(26.2±3.6)h,明显短于常规开胸组(29.3±4.7)h(t=-5.640,P=0.000);术后住院时间(9.6±1.2)d,明显短于常规开胸组(10.9±2.5)d(t=-4.982,P=0.000);胸液引流量(328.1±83.2)ml,明显少于常规开胸组(561.3±143.9)ml(t=-14.978,P=0.000)。2组患者无死亡,术后半年复查,二尖瓣均无明显返流。结论完全电视辅助胸腔镜下行二尖瓣置换术给患者造成的手术创伤明显轻于常规开胸手术。  相似文献   

6.
目的探讨全胸腔镜与开胸手术治疗肺隔离症(pulmonary sequestration,PS)的疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2003年1月~2016年3月手术治疗的48例肺隔离症资料,根据患者经济条件,行全胸腔镜手术18例,开胸手术30例。行肺叶切除或隔离肺切除术。比较2组的术中出血量、术后当日胸腔引流量、术后镇痛时间、胸腔引流时间及术后住院时间。结果与开胸组比较,全胸腔镜组术中出血少[(56.1±50.4)ml vs.(120.0±54.2)ml,t=-3.813,P=0.000],术后当日胸腔引流量少[(160.0±56.0)ml vs.(280.0±65.0)ml,t=-6.100,P=0.000],术后镇痛时间短[(2.4±1.2)d vs.(7.6±1.9)d,t=-9.650,P=0.000],胸腔引流时间短[(2.8±1.0)d vs.(5.7±1.5)d,t=-6.755,P=0.000],术后住院时间短[(6.5±2.6)d vs.(10.1±2.8)d,t=-4.160,P=0.000]。2组手术时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后发生肺部感染、心律失常、肺不张全胸腔镜组分别为1、0、1例,开胸组为3、2、1例,2组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论全胸腔镜手术治疗肺隔离症较传统开胸手术创伤小,术中出血少,疼痛轻,恢复快,住院时间短,是一种可靠安全的手术方式。  相似文献   

7.
目的 比较全胸腔镜肺叶切除术与常规开胸肺叶切除术治疗支气管扩张症的临床效果,探讨全胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗支气管扩张症的特殊性、可行性和安全性. 方法 回顾性分析2009年5月至2012年1月北京朝阳医院115例支气管扩张症患者的临床资料,根据手术方式不同将115例患者分为两组,常规开胸手术组(开胸组):62例,男28例,女34例;年龄(46.2±11.9)岁;行常规开胸肺叶切除术.全胸腔镜手术组(全腔镜组):53例,男 19例,女34例;年龄(45.7±12.2)岁;行全胸腔镜肺叶切除术.比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后胸腔引流量、并发症、住院时间和住院总费用. 结果 围术期无死亡.两组患者手术时间差异无统计学意义;开胸组术中出血量大于全腔镜组[(228.8±121.7) ml vs.( 157.1±123.8)ml,t=2.592,P=0.011].全腔镜组患者术后胸腔引流量[(866.7±439.5) ml vs.(1 805.3±466.7)ml,t=9.003,P=0.000]、拔管时间[(6 6±3.3)d vs.(9.8±4.6)d,t=3.339,P=0.001]、术后住院时间[(7.5±2.2)d vs(11.2±5.4)d,t=3.424,P=0.001]均少于开胸组,但全腔镜组住院费用明显高于开胸组[(38 543.6±11 051.8)元vs.(30 523.4±10 028.5)元,t=3.423,P=0 001],两组患者术后并发症发生差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).全腔镜组随访45例,随访时间2~14个月,42例咳痰或咯血症状完全消失,3例仍有间断少量咳痰. 结论 全胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗支气管扩张症是安全、可行的,与常规开胸手术相比较并不增加手术风险,并可显著减轻手术损伤,缩短住院时间.在全胸腔镜手术过程中,对肺部分切除的患者术中应谨慎处理肺残端,而非单一的手术顺序是一种值得推荐的方法.  相似文献   

8.
胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗早期肺癌的学习曲线   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
目的 通过评估胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗早期肺癌不同阶段的手术效果,探讨胸腔镜肺叶切除术的学习曲线.方法 回顾性分析2006年9月至2008年6月由同一手术组连续完成的60例全胸腔镜下肺叶切除加纵隔淋巴结清扫术治疗早期肺癌的病例资料.按手术先后依次分为4组(A、B、C、D),每组15例,比较各组手术时间、术中出血量、纵隔淋巴结清扫站数及个数、中转开胸率、术后并发症、术后胸管引流时间以及术后住院天数,分析不同阶段的手术效果.结果 各组病例在年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、病理分期以及手术方式等方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).A组手术时间(228.0±55.6)min明显长于C组(155.0±33.6)min或D组(152.7±27.4)min(P<0.001),B组手术时间(200.3±67.1)min亦明显长于C组或D组(P<0.05),而C、D两组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.896);在术中出血量方面,A组(283.3±111.2)ml明显多于C组(156.7±86.3)ml或D组(143.3±67.8)ml(P<0.01),B组(286.7±188.4)ml亦明显多于C组或D组(P<0.01),C、D两组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.767);各组淋巴结清扫数量、中转开胸率、术后并发症、术后胸管引流时间以及术后住院天数比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 胸腔镜肺叶切除术的学习曲线大约为30例.  相似文献   

9.
胸腔镜治疗周围型非小细胞肺癌的临床分析   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
目的:探讨胸腔镜行肺叶切除术治疗周围型非小细胞肺癌的意义。方法:2008年1月至2010年4月治疗周围型非小细胞肺癌患者89例,其中行全胸腔镜肺叶切除术31例,开胸手术58例,比较分析两组患者围手术期相关指标。结果:两组患者术后均无严重并发症发生,胸腔镜组与开胸组手术时间[(185±52)min vs.(103±36)min]、引流管放置时间[(3.5±0.9)d vs.(4.7±2.1)d]差异有统计学意义(P0.05),术中出血[(197±63)ml vs.(186±59)ml]差异无统计学意义(P0.05),血清前白蛋白值胸腔镜组[(238.7±40.7)mg/L]明显高于开胸组[(156.3±51.8)mg/L](P0.05)。结论:胸腔镜手术具有患者术后创伤小,带管时间短,急性期反应较低等优点,可作为周围型肺癌的首选治疗术式。  相似文献   

10.
目的了解胸腔镜下肺切除在肺结核的外科手术治疗中的可行性。方法回顾性分析2013~2017年于西安市胸科医院行肺切除手术164例肺结核患者的临床资料。根据手术方式将患者分为两组:电视胸腔镜手术组(VATS组,85例,男56例、女29例)和开胸组(79例,男52例、女27例)。比较两组临床效果。结果 VATS组手术时间[(151.59±76.75)min vs.(233.48±93.89)min,P0.001],术中出血量[200.00(10.00,1 600.00)ml vs.600.00(150.00,3 400.00)ml,P0.01],术后引流量[575.00(20.00,2 175.00)ml vs. 1 110.00(350.00,3 250.00)ml,P=0.001],拔管时间[4.00(1.00,16.00)d vs. 6.00(2.00,26.00)d,P0.001],术后住院时间方面[13.00(5.00,27.00)d vs. 17.00(9.00,182.00)d,P0.001],要明显短于或少于开胸组;在术后并发症方面,两组差异无统计学意义(10例vs. 17例,P=0.092)。行肺叶切除共97例,其中VATS手术36例,开胸手术61例,两组在手术时间[(211.39±70.88)min vs.(258.20±87.16)min,P=0.008],术中出血量[400.00(100.00,1 600.00)ml vs. 700.00(200.00,3 400.00)ml,P0.010],术后引流量[800.00(125.00,2 175.00)ml vs. 1 250.00(410.00,3 250.00)ml,P=0.001],拔管时间[5.00(2.00,16.00)d vs. 8.00(2.00,26.00)d,P=0.002],术后住院时间[(13.11±4.45)d vs.(19.46±7.74)d,P0.010]等方面,VATS组明显优于开胸组。在术后并发症方面,两组差异无统计学意义(4例vs. 14例,P=0.147)。结论胸腔镜下肺切除治疗肺结核相比常规开胸优势明显,可以作为首选术式。  相似文献   

11.
Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI2) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI2), TXB2 (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A2) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI2 release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB2 (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI2 release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A2, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.  相似文献   

12.
Don Dame 《Artificial organs》1996,20(5):613-617
Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.  相似文献   

13.
Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H2O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg−1 followed by 0.15 mg · kg−1 · h−1, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg−1 followed by 0.3 mg · kg−1 · h−1, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.  相似文献   

14.
Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.  相似文献   

16.
Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.  相似文献   

18.
19.
Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.  相似文献   

20.
Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.  相似文献   

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