丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼行腹腔镜卵巢囊肿切除术的临床观察

目的观察丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼行腹腔镜卵巢囊肿切除术麻醉诱导和拔管期的临床效果。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿切除术患者60例,随机均分为丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼组(PR组)和丙泊酚复合芬太尼组(PF组)。麻醉诱导:PR组丙泊酚2～3mg/kg、瑞芬太尼1μg/kg,然后泵注0.5μg·kg-1·min-1;PF组丙泊酚2～3mg/kg、芬太尼2～3μg/kg。麻醉维持:PR组丙泊酚75μg·kg-1·min-1、瑞芬太尼0.2μg·kg-1·min-1,根据血流动力学调整瑞芬太尼给药速度和丙泊酚靶浓度;PF组丙泊酚75μg·kg-1·min-1,于手术开始前加芬太尼4～5μg/kg,两组患者均在手术结束时同时停麻醉药。观察并记录患者麻醉前、气管插管后、气腹后5min、手术结束时的HR、MAP。记录诱导时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间。结果与麻醉前比较,PF组气管插管后和气腹后5min的HR增快、MAP升高(P<0.05);与PF组比较,PR组气管插管后和气腹后5min的HR减慢、MAP降低(P<0.05),且诱导时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间均缩短(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿切除术患者丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉较之复合等效剂量芬太尼,术中血流动力学更稳定,术后清醒快、恢复迅速。     

双氯芬酸钠栓对七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期患儿的镇痛效应

目的 评价双氯芬酸钠栓对七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期患儿的镇痛效应.方法 择期行扁桃体切除和(或)腺样体摘除手术患儿40例,年龄2～10岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=20):对照组(C组)和双氯芬酸钠栓组(D组).吸入l%～3%七氟醚和静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.05～0.1 μg·kg-1·min-1维持麻醉,静脉输注罗库溴铵5～10μg·kg-1·min-1维持肌松.气管插管后,D组将双氯芬酸钠栓1 mg/kg塞至距患儿肛门2 cm处,C组不做任何处理.拔除气管导管即刻采用Ramsay镇静评分评价镇静程度,采用躁动评分评价躁动程度.结果 与C组比较,D组镇静效果好,躁动程度轻(P<0.01).结论 气管插管后经直肠给予双氯芬酸钠栓l mg/kg对七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期患儿产生显著的镇痛效应,有助于避免躁动的发生.     

门诊病人在瑞芬太尼和异丙酚麻醉下气管内插管

门诊病人麻醉是否使用肌松药意见不一。作者选择了120例(ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级)门诊病人在注瑞芬太尼0.5μg·kg-1·min-1,和异丙酚2mg·kg-1诱导后,随机分为4组。①罗库溴铵0.6mg·kg-1(2×ED95)组;②0.45mg·kg-1组;③0.3mg·kg-1组和④不用肌松剂只用生理盐水组。所有病人均由同一麻醉医师,按双盲法评估插气管导管的条件:包括下颌松弛情况、喉罩放入时的阻力感、声带位置、声带残存活     

舒芬太尼在非体外循环冠脉搭桥术应用中的临床研究

目的 观察舒芬太尼在非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥手术应用中的安全性和有效性.方法 择期行OPCABG病人54例,被随机分成两组,舒芬太尼组和芬太尼组,每组27例,麻醉诱导应用丙泊酚1 mg/ks～2 ms/ks,同时分别静注舒芬太尼0.5 μg/ks～1μg/kg,或芬太尼4 μg/ks-8 μg/ks,同时吸入安氟醚维持麻醉,持续输注舒芬太尼0.08 μg·ks-1min-1,或芬太尼0.6 μg·ks-1·min-1.记录各组气管插管、切片、麻醉维持和拨除气管导管各时间的收缩压和舒张压.结果 在气管插管过程中,浅麻醉反应的病人数舒芬太尼组明显低于芬太尼组,在气管插管切皮,麻醉维持和拔管期间,芬太尼组收缩压、舒张压明显高于舒芬太尼组,术后清醒和拔管时间两组病人无统计学差异.结论 舒芬太尼的麻醉效果优于芬太尼,舒芬太尼能提供术中更稳定的血液动力学.     

瑞芬太尼用于小儿先天性唇腭裂修复术麻醉的观察

目的:观察瑞芬太尼用于小儿先天性唇腭裂修复术麻醉时的血流动力学变化、苏醒时间和苏醒质量.方法:选择先天性唇腭裂修复术小儿30例,随机分成瑞芬太尼组(R组,n=15)和芬太尼组(F组,n=15).麻醉诱导R组用瑞芬太尼1～2μg/kg,F组用芬太尼2～3μg/Kg,插管后行机械通气,R组持续输注瑞芬太尼0.2～0.25μg.Kg-1.min-1,F组每隔15～20min缓慢静注芬太尼1μg/Kg.两组均持续吸入1%异氟烷.监测指标包括患者诱导前、诱导后2min、气管插管后2min、手术开始后1Omin的血流动力学变化,连续记录有创动脉压力(IBP)、心率(HR).血氧饱和度(SPO2).术毕停药后患者自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时问、拔管时问及躁动情况. 结果:两组诱导后血压、心率均降低,无显著性差异(P>O.05).R组插管后血流动力学平稳,而F组插管后2min血压升高、心率加快(P<0.05).手术开始后1Omin,R组血压.心率低于F组(P<0.05).两组患儿自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间R组少于F组(P<0.05).躁动R组多于F组,两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05). 结论:瑞芬太尼复合异氟烷麻醉用于小儿先天性唇腭裂修复术可使血流动力学稳定、苏醒迅速、并发症少,是一种安全、有效的麻醉方法.     

瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚在新生儿全身麻醉中的应用

目的观察瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚在新生儿全身麻醉中应用的安全性及有效性。方法40例择期行腹部手术的足月新生儿,年龄3~28 d,随机均分为瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚维持麻醉组(A组)和单纯七氟醚维持麻醉组(B组)。两组均给予七氟醚诱导,气管插管后,A组静脉泵入瑞芬太尼0.33μg·kg-1·min-1,两组均根据患儿临床表现(HR、BP、体动、呼吸对抗)调节七氟醚浓度。A组在术毕前约15 min停止泵入瑞芬太尼,两组均于手术结束时停止吸入七氟醚。记录入室时(T1)、手术开始前即刻(T2)、手术开始后10 min(T3)、60 min(T4)、拔除气管导管时(T5)患儿的HR、MAP、呼气末七氟醚浓度(C ET Sev),并记录患儿的拔管时间及不良反应。结果 T3~T5时A组HR明显慢于B组(P0.05);T3时A组MAP明显低于B组(P0.05);T2~T4时A组C ET Sev明显低于B组(P0.05)。两组拔管时间差异无统计学意义。无低血压、严重心动过缓等不良反应。结论瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚用于新生儿可以提供满意的麻醉效果,减少吸入麻醉药用量,不良反应少。     

芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的药效学

目的 探讨芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的药效学.方法 择期拟行鼻内镜下增殖体刮除术的息儿26例,年龄5～8岁,体重15～30 kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.麻醉诱导:吸入8%七氟醚(氧流量6 L/min),静脉注射瑞芬太尼1 μg/kg(经30 s注射完),气管插管后行机械通气,随后静脉注射芬太尼抑制麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动,采用改良的序贯法确定静脉注射芬太尼的剂量.第1例患儿静脉注射芬太尼的剂量为4μg/kg,相邻剂量差值为0.5μg/kg,以患儿苏醒后易激惹且难以安慰作为判断躁动发生的标准.麻醉维持:吸人2%七氟醚(氧流量1 L/min),静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.2μg·kg-1·min-1.术毕停用七氟醚和瑞芬太尼,带气管导管回麻醉恢复室,待患儿苏醒.记录术后4h内患儿躁动、恶心、呕吐、呼吸抑制等的发生情况及苏醒时间.计算芬太尼抑制50%、95%患儿七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间躁动的剂量(ED50、ED95)及其95%可信区间.结果 芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的ED50及其95%可信区间为3.01(2.52～3.40)μg/kg,En95及其95%可信区间为3.81(3.41～6.22)μg/kg.术后4h内未发生明显恶心、呕吐及呼吸抑制.苏醒时间(11.3±2.6)min.结论 芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的ED50为3.01μg/kg,ED95为3.81μg/kg.     

瑞芬太尼用于脊柱手术静吸复合全麻的观察

目的：观察和评价不同剂量瑞芬太尼用於静吸复合全麻中的临床效果及其安全性。方法：选择ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级75名择期脊柱手术患者，分为芬太尼组（F组，对照组）和瑞芬太尼R1组及R2组．全麻诱导采用咪达唑仑0．04mg／kg、依托咪酯0.3mg／ks、维库溴铵0．1mg／kg和芬太尼2μg／kg，气管内快速插管．麻醉维持均吸入66％N2O—33％O2及0．6％-L2％异氟烷（0．5—1．2MAC），同时在丙泊酚2mg／（kg·h）泵注中，F组加用芬太尼1μg／（kg·h），R1组加用瑞芬太尼5μg／（kg·h），R2组加用瑞芬太尼10μg／（kg·h）．分别观察诱导前、切皮前、切皮后、内固定、减压、停静脉药泵注6个时点的血压、心率、MAC、自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间和呼唤睁眼时间，自主呼吸潮气量、频率和呼气末CO2分压；拔管后即刻、15min、30min的意识状态（OAAS）和疼痛VAS评分；苏醒期间寒战、肌颤、恶心、呕吐及躁动等不良反应。结果：与芬太尼组比较，瑞芬太尼的起效、清除、呼吸和意识恢复的情况优於芬太尼组，镇痛效果不弱于芬太尼，安全性与芬太尼相似．不同剂量的瑞芬太尼的作用效果也不同。结论：瑞芬太尼是一种适合用于持续输注的新型阿片类镇痛药，可用于脊柱手术的静吸复合全麻中。     

瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的优势

目的观察瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的优势。方法选择60例择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,随机分为两组：瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚组（A组）;异氟醚吸入麻醉组（B组）。A组给予瑞芬太尼1μg／kg,B组给予芬太尼5μg／kg,观察比较两组的麻醉效果。结果A组效果明显优于B组。结论瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中具有起效快、镇痛作用强、消除快等优势。     

瑞芬太尼与芬太尼在开胸患者静脉全麻中的应用

目的比较瑞芬太尼与芬太尼在静脉全身麻醉中应用的效果。方法选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级开胸手术病例60例,随机分成瑞芬太尼组和芬太尼组,每组30例,均为异丙酚复合静脉全身麻醉,气管内插管。麻醉诱导方法相同,术中瑞芬太尼组用瑞芬太尼0.20μg/(kg.min),异丙酚100~200μg/(kg.min)泵入;芬太尼组以芬太尼0.20μg/(kg.min)、异丙酚100~200μg/(kg.min)泵入,观察相关指标。结果瑞芬太尼组异丙酚用量小于芬太尼组(P<0.05),瑞芬太尼组呼之睁眼时间短、拔管早(P均<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼比芬太尼更优越、安全。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Development of Selective Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Apheresis System: Immobilized Polyanion as LDL-Specific Adsorption for LDL Apheresis System

Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is widely recognized as one of the major risk factors for developing coronary heart diseases. Despite intensive development of LDL-lowering drugs, there still exist those patients with refractory hyperlipidemia whose plasma LDL levels are not sufficiently lowered by drugs. LDL apheresis, direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is thought to be the most promising treatment for such refractory patients. Various techniques, such as the use of an im-munoadsorbent utilizing an anti-LDL antibody, have been used in an attempt to achieve the selective removal of LDL. However, none were widely used because of complications, poor selectivity, and so forth. To establish a safe and effective LDL apheresis system, we chose a synthetic affinity adsorbent as the LDL-removing device. Synthetic polyanion compounds were used as the affinity ligands for LDL adsorbent to simulate the anion-rich sequence of LDL binding sites in the human LDL receptor. Among various polyanion compounds, those polyanions with sulfate or sulfonate groups and hydrophilic backbone were found to have strong affinity for LDL. In contrast, polyanions with carboxyl groups showed poor affinity. Dextran sulfate (DS) was selected as the affinity ligand of LDL adsorbent for its high affinity and low toxicity. The influence of its charge density and molecular weight on its affinity for LDL was suitable. The affinity rapidly increased as the charge density increased, then, reached a constant value. Little affinity was found for either the DS monomer (glucose sulfate) or DS with a molecular weight higher than 10⁴ daltons whereas DS with molecular weights in the midrange showed strong affinity. DS with a midrange molecular weight was immobilized on cellulose hard gel to give LDL adsorbent clinical application. The adsorbent demonstrated an excellent selectivity for LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro. Adsorption of high-density lipoprotein and major plasma proteins was almost negligible. Additional study of the LDL-binding mechanism revealed that DS directly interacts with positively charged sites on LDL, which demonstrates that the nature of the interaction is the same as that of LDL receptor. An LDL adsorption column (Liposorber) packed with an LDL adsorbent and polysulfone hollow-fiber plasma separator (Sulflux) was developed as an efficient LDL apheresis system. Clinical investigation proved that this system is capable of intensively lowering the plasma LDL level without affecting major plasma components.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Artificial organs 2010: a year in review

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.     

Avaliação do clube de revista de anestesiologia por meio de mudanças semânticas

Background and objectives

The interactive approach of a journal club has been described in the medical education literature. The aim of this investigation is to present an assessment of journal club as a tool to address the question whether residents read more and critically.

Methods

This study reports the performance of medical residents in anesthesiology from the Clinics Hospital – University of São Paulo Medical School. All medical residents were invited to answer five questions derived from discussed papers. The answer sheet consisted of an affirmative statement with a Likert type scale (totally disagree–disagree–not sure–agree–totally agree), each related to one of the chosen articles. The results were evaluated by means of item analysis – difficulty index and discrimination power.

Results

Residents filled one hundred and seventy three evaluations in the months of December 2011 (n = 51), July 2012 (n = 66) and December 2012 (n = 56). The first exam presented all items with straight statement, second and third exams presented mixed items. Separating “totally agree” from “agree” increased the difficulty indices, but did not improve the discrimination power.

Conclusions

The use of a journal club assessment with straight and inverted statements and by means of five points scale for agreement has been shown to increase its item difficulty and discrimination power. This may reflect involvement either with the reading or the discussion during the journal meeting.     

Soluble TNFα Receptors Are Increased in Chronic Renal Insufficiency and Hemodialysis and Inhibit Neutrophil Priming by TNFα

Abstract: The oxidative burst of neutrophils from azotemic patients is refractory to priming by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Soluble TNFα binding proteins (TNFR) accumulate in the plasma of azotemic patients. To test the hypothesis that these increased sTNFR concentrations inhibit TNFa priming of oxidative burst activity, we measured plasma sTNFR concentrations in nondialyzed azotemic patients, hemodialysis patients, and normal subjects, and determined TNFa priming of fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated superoxide production in neutrophils incubated in plasma with differing levels of sTNFR. These sTNFR concentrations increased significantly as creatinine clearance decreased and were significantly greater in hemodialysis patients than could be accounted for by loss of renal function alone. TNFα primed superoxide production by normal neutrophils in normal plasma, but this effect was significantly reduced in plasma with increased concentrations of sTNFR. Neutrophils from azotemic and hemodialysis patients were refractory to priming by TNFα in autologous plasma, and incubation in normal plasma only partially corrected this defect. We conclude that sTNFR accumulate as a result of the loss of renal function and hemodialysis and inhibit TNFα priming of neutrophils in azotemic and hemodialysis patients, but that these cells also have an intrinsic functional defect.