三维数字减影血管造影血管虚拟内镜成像在颅内动脉瘤诊治中的作用

目的探讨三维数字减影血管造影（three dimensional digital subtraction angiography,3D DSA）血管虚拟内镜成像在颅内动脉瘤诊治中的作用。方法回顾性分析53例颅内动脉瘤三维DSA血管虚拟内镜成像资料并应用三维DSA血管虚拟内镜成像随访术后载瘤血管及瘤颈残留情况。三维的旋转数字图像由脑血管造影机球管和影像增强器的同步2次240°旋转获得,应用Volume Viewer软件对原始三维图像进行重建,固定密度值并选取感兴趣区,用Navigator软件进行血管虚拟内镜成像,观察血管腔内结构。结果 53例术前三维DSA血管虚拟内镜成像清晰,共检出动脉瘤62个,其中动脉瘤体有穿支血管发出19例（15例手术证实）,动脉瘤内有血栓形成7例（4例手术证实）,载瘤动脉内有动脉粥样硬化斑块5例（3例手术证实）。术后31例3D DSA随访：28例未见瘤颈残留,2例出现载瘤动脉轻度狭窄;2例弹簧圈突入载瘤动脉血管腔内;1例动脉瘤栓塞后瘤颈复发残留,再次开颅夹闭动脉瘤。结论三维DSA血管虚拟内镜成像是一种安全有效的评估颅内动脉瘤管腔结构的方法,不仅可以用于动脉瘤的术前判断,指导手术方式的选择,也可以用于动脉瘤术后的随访,为明确术后载瘤动脉及瘤颈情况提供依据。     

示踪减影透视在颅内动脉瘤介入治疗中的临床应用

目的探讨示踪减影透视(TSF)在颅内动脉瘤介入治疗中的临床应用价值。方法 11例接受介入栓塞治疗的颅内动脉瘤患者,术前均接受双源CT血管成像(DSCTA)及全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,确定动脉瘤的大小、形态、位置,并测量瘤颈及瘤体的直径;术中应用TSF技术。结果 11例患者(共11个动脉瘤)介入栓塞均获得成功,共植入电解可脱弹簧圈39枚,包括1枚3-D标准成篮填充弹簧圈,3枚3-D软成篮填充弹簧圈及35枚柔软型填充弹簧圈。结论对接受颅内动脉瘤介入栓塞治疗的患者,术中应用TSF可提高治疗效果。     

前循环动脉瘤的介入治疗（附40例分析）

目的 探讨前循环动脉瘤介入栓塞的临床疗效及并发症的处理.方法 对40例前循环动脉瘤患者采用介入栓塞治疗（42枚）,其中颈内动脉动脉瘤2例（2枚）,大脑中动脉动脉瘤18例（20枚）,前交通动脉瘤15例（15枚）,大脑中-后交通动脉动脉瘤5例（5枚）.结果 介入栓塞动脉瘤40例（42个）,栓塞率达100％的36个,95％的5个,90％的1个.随访共37例,3例失访.所有患者均复查头颅CT,原则上要求均复查DSA,但5例因经济原因不愿意复查DSA.32例患者均于出院后6个月复查DSA,2例复发,其中1例弹簧圈向瘤内移位,瘤颈部位复发;复查头颅CTA的患者中1例为90％栓塞,6个月后出现瘤颈少许显影,2例患者均再次使用电解可脱式铂金螺旋圈后达100％栓塞.术后恢复良好.结论 采用电解可脱式铂金螺旋圈治疗前循环动脉瘤效果好、并发症少、恢复快,近期效果显著.     

电解可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗大脑后交通动脉瘤

目的 讨论以电解可脱性弹簧圈血管内栓塞治疗后交通动脉瘤的疗效及技术要点。方法对42例后交通动脉瘤患者用电解可脱性弹簧圈进行动脉瘤囊内栓塞，术后早期处理出血。结果42个动脉瘤中38个瘤腔完全闭塞，3个95％闭塞，1个被90％闭塞。术后41例临床痊愈，1例死亡，死亡率2．4％。术中并发脑血管痉挛1例；术后弹簧圈末端逸出1例。1例复发者经二次补充GDc栓塞而治愈。全组出现与栓塞技术相关的并发症2例。术后随访3～50个月均无再出血。结论对后交通动脉瘤采用电解可脱性弹簧圈进行血管内囊内栓塞疗效可靠；早期栓塞及有效的术后处理是提高治愈率的重要方法。     

LEO支架结合微弹簧圈栓塞治疗宽颈动脉瘤2例报道

颅内宽颈动脉瘤一直是血管内治疗的难点问题，但随着Remodeling技术又称载瘤动脉球囊再塑型技术和各种支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞技术逐渐应用于临床，为颅内宽颌动脉瘤的治疗提供了一项较为理想的治疗方法。本文报道应用新型可伸缩的自膨式支架（LEO）辅助微弹簧圈栓塞治疗2例宽颈动脉瘤的初步体会并结合文献进行复习。     

动脉瘤模型栓塞前后血流动力学对比研究

目的 评价动脉瘤模型行腔内微弹簧圈栓塞前后血流动力学的改变，用以判断疗效。方法 运用改进的显微外科技术建立犬颈总动脉（CCA）动脉瘤模型22个，其中侧壁型12个，分叉部4个，末端型6个。术后7～14d行彩色多普勒超声、经颅多普勒（TCD）、数字减影动脉血管造影（IADSA）及经微导管动脉瘤内测压，然后以微弹簧圈紧密填塞动脉瘤腔，栓塞后重复进行上述检查，比较栓塞前后血流动力学变化。结果 所建模型均获成功。实验证实，动脉瘤微弹簧圈栓塞前后其血流动力学参数的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论 实验所建动物模型是研究动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗的理想方法；动脉瘤微弹簧圈栓塞后，能减低、改变或消除载瘤动脉及动脉瘤内异常血流动力学状态，终止动脉瘤行为，防止动脉瘤扩大和破裂。     

动脉瘤模型栓塞前后血流动力学的改变

目的评价动脉瘤模型行腔内微弹簧圈栓塞前后血流动力学的改变，用以判断疗效。方法运用改进的显微外科技术建立犬颈总动脉（CCA）动脉瘤模型22个，其中侧壁型12个。分叉部4个，末端型6个。术后7～14d行彩色多普勒超声、经颅多普勒（TCD）、数字减影动脉血管造影（IADSA）及经微导管动脉瘤内测压，然后以微弹簧圈紧密填塞动脉瘤腔，栓塞后重复进行上述检查，比较栓塞前后血流动力学变化。结果所建模型均获成功。实验证实，动脉瘤微弹簧圈栓塞前后其血流动力学参数的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论实验所建动物模型是研究动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗的理想方法；动脉瘤微弹簧圈栓塞后，能减低、改变或消除载瘤动脉及动脉瘤内异常血流动力学状态，终止动脉瘤行为，防止动脉瘤扩大和破裂。     

双微导管技术在颅内动脉瘤栓塞中的应用研究

目的研究双微导管技术的可行性及临床疗效。方法10例颈／体比小于1／2的颅内动脉瘤病例，H—H分级3级以下7例，4级以上3例。采用双微导管技术行血管内栓塞治疗。结果10枚动脉瘤采用双微导管技术均获得成功，动脉瘤内微弹簧圈填塞率26％～42％，复查造影见动脉瘤完全闭塞6例，闭塞90％以上3例，1例见瘤颈有残留。双微导管技术具有操作简便、并发症少、手术适应证广的优势。结论双微导管技术可以成功地栓塞颈／体比小于1／2宽颈动脉瘤。     

显微手术和介入治疗急性期颅内动脉瘤破裂的对比性研究

目的 比较显微外科手术和血管内介入治疗急性期颅内动脉瘤破裂的疗效和相关并发症。方法 82例破裂性颅内动脉瘤，均在蛛网膜下腔出血急性期(72h以内)行外科治疗，其中行显微手术瘤颈夹闭40例，血管内电解可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治疗42例。对两组疗效和并发症进行对比分析。结果 显微手术组，完全夹闭率92．5％，手术相关并发症4例，死亡2例。弹簧圈栓塞组，完全闭塞率71．4％，栓塞组相关并发症6例，死亡1例。在前循环动脉瘤中，栓塞组完全闭塞率与手术组完全夹闭率相比较，显微手术组结果优于栓塞组。临床随访6个月，两者预后良好者均达95．0％。结论 显微瘤颈夹闭术和血管内栓寒治疗均是颅内动脉瘤治疗的有效方法。     

支架及球囊辅助治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤

目的探讨支架和球囊辅助技术在颅内宽颈动脉瘤栓塞治疗的应用体会。方法采用支架和球囊辅助瘤颈成形术对87例患者92个颅内宽颈动脉瘤进行栓塞治疗。支架辅助技术为首先选择合适的Neuroform支架跨动脉瘤颈释放,长度超出瘤颈近、远端各5mm,微导管通过支架上的网孔进入动脉瘤,一期或分期完成电解可脱性弹簧圈（GDC）栓塞。球囊辅助技术采用双导管,微导管送入动脉瘤内后,不可脱球囊置于瘤颈,充盈以覆盖瘤颈,再行GDC填塞动脉瘤。结果支架辅助栓塞完全填塞的动脉瘤31个,次全填塞（〉90％）3个,大部填塞（70％～90％）1个,载瘤动脉均保持通畅,无死亡,轻度神经功能障碍3例;球囊辅助栓塞完全填塞50个,次全填塞4个,无死亡,轻度神经功能障碍1例;同时采用支架和球囊辅助栓塞完全填塞的动脉瘤2个,次全填塞1个,无死亡。平均随访5．8个月,其中支架辅助栓塞再通率16．7％,球囊辅助栓塞再通率12．5％。结论支架及球囊辅助技术是处理颅内宽颈动脉瘤安全、有效的方法。采用球囊保护栓塞技术较支架辅助技术具有更大的安全性。     

Long-term clinical and radiologic results of small cerebral aneurysms embolized with 1 or 2 detachable coils

BACKGROUND: Small cerebral aneurysms embolized with only 1 or 2 detachable coils often seem unstable and unsatisfactory. We tried to assess the long-term results of such embolized aneurysms. METHODS: Among 231 intracranial saccular aneurysms embolized at the Asan Medical Center between July 1995 and July 2004, 27 small aneurysms were occluded with only 1 (n = 12) or 2 (n = 15) detachable coils. Clinical and radiologic results were evaluated retrospectively for the involved patients. RESULTS: For the 1- and 2-coiled aneurysms, respectively, the mean dome sizes were 3.0 and 4.6 mm and the mean neck sizes were 1.9 and 2.7 mm. Most of the aneurysms were in the posterior circulation (19/27, 70%) and were found after bleeding (17/27, 63%). At the end of the embolization, complete occlusion in 19 aneurysms, residual neck in 1 aneurysm, and residual aneurysm in 7 aneurysms were attained angiographically. The mean packing ratios were 17.9% and 20.7% for the 1- and 2-coiled aneurysms, respectively. The mean clinical follow-up period of the patients was 41 months. No patient showed evidence of rebleeding; in addition, 1 patient with 1 coil and 2 patients with 2 coils were not followed up after discharge. Among the 10 follow-up DSAs or MRAs acquired after more than 8 months, radiologic major recurrences were detected in 2 patients after 10 and 15 months and second embolizations were done. CONCLUSIONS: Although the 1- and 2-coiled small aneurysms with a relatively low packing ratio seemed unstable, they showed a relatively low incidence of rebleeding and recurrence.     

Clinical and angiographic outcome after Guglielmi detachable coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms

Background: Between July 1997 and April 2001, forty patients underwent Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) embolization of intracranial aneurysms at Wellington Hospital. Methods: The clinical notes and imaging were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Complete initial occlusion was achieved in 28 patients (70%). Eleven patients (27.5%) had small residual neck (>90% occlusion) and one patient (2.5%) had substantial filling of the aneurysm. Follow up angiographic assessment was obtained in 28 patients (70%) of whom 24 patients (85.7%) had no recurrence or stable residual neck and four patients (14.3%) had recurrence or enlargement of the residual neck. Stable occlusion was achieved in 100% of small and medium sized aneurysms and 50% of large and giant aneurysms. Technical complications occurred in 10% including aneurysms perforated in two patients (5%) and presumed parent artery occlusion in another two (5%). Conclusions: The findings of the present study demonstrate the safety of GDC embolization. The initial clinical grade at presentation strongly predicted the clinical outcome. Although the number of patients in this study is small, there is evidence that the angiographic outcome is better for small and medium sized aneurysms. Our results are comparable to other published series.     

电解可脱式铂金弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤

目的报告使用电解可脱式铂金弹簧圈（ｇｕｇｌｉｅｌｍｉｄｅｔａｃｈａｂｌｅｃｏｉｌ,ＧＤＣ）治疗颅内动脉瘤的情况。方法气管内插管全麻和肝素抗凝下,经Ｔｒａｃｋｅｒ微导管放置ＧＤＣ栓塞颅内动脉瘤,必要时辅以重塑技术（ｒｅｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅ,ＲＴ）。结果成功栓塞８例动脉瘤,其中５例为１００％栓塞,２例为９５％,１例为９０％。有４例既往用机械可脱式铂金弹簧圈（ＭＤＳ）无法安全栓塞或Ｍａｇ３Ｆ或２Ｆ微导管插管失败。无并发症。结论ＧＤＣ栓塞颅内动脉瘤安全可靠,效果良好,并可使部分ＭＤＳ无法栓塞或栓塞危险性较大的动脉瘤得以治疗。     

颅内动脉瘤囊内栓塞治疗中并发症的分析

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤囊内治疗中并发症的发生原因及预防和处理的方法。方法 用可控性弹簧圈栓塞治疗的动脉瘤120例（125个）,其中22例（23个动脉瘤）发生并发症25例次（包括动脉瘤破裂、载瘤动脉血栓形成或其它原因所致的闭塞以及弹簧罪状脱出动脉瘤）,对其发生的原因及预防和治疗方法进行了回顾性分析。结果 22例出现并发症的动脉瘤患者中,动脉瘤破裂出血9例次,过度栓塞7例次,弹簧圈脱出7例次,血栓形成2例次,因并发症而死亡4例（3.33%),永久性神经功能障碍2例（1.67%);一过性神经功能障碍4例（3.33%)。栓塞技术、术中判断和处理的正确与否、动脉瘤和载瘤动脉的特点以及栓塞材料与并发症的发生和结局相关。结论 栓塞技术的提高,动脉瘤和载瘤动脉解剖的深入理解,术中发生情况的正确处理、栓塞材料的改进,有助于降低并发症的发生率改善其预后。     

Follow-up angiography of intracranial aneurysms treated with endovascular placement of Guglielmi detachable coils

OBJECTIVE: The success of endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs) is dependent on the long-term exclusion of the aneurysm from the circulation. We reviewed our experience with the long-term angiographic follow-up monitoring of aneurysms that had been treated with GDCs. METHODS: All patients whose aneurysms had been treated with GDCs between January 1995 and August 1999 and who subsequently underwent follow-up angiography at 6 months or more were included in this study. We reviewed all of the angiographic findings, to determine the percentage of aneurysm occlusion on the initial angiograms and on the last available follow-up angiograms. The categories of aneurysm occlusion used were 100%, >or=95%, and less than 95% occlusion. RESULTS: One hundred thirty patients with 141 aneurysms underwent 143 endovascular coiling procedures and subsequently underwent angiographic follow-up monitoring of 6 months or more. There were 102 female and 28 male patients. The mean angiographic follow-up period was 16.7 months (range, 6-62 mo). The initial rates of occlusion were 100% for 56 aneurysms (39%), >or=95% for 65 aneurysms (46%), and less than 95% for 22 aneurysms (15%). Recurrence of one aneurysm (1.8%) was observed. Of the 87 aneurysms that were incompletely occluded initially, there was progressive thrombosis in 40 (46%), stable neck remnants in 23 (26%), and enlargement of the residual neck in 24 (28%). The final occlusion rates, determined on the last available angiograms, were 100% for 88 aneurysms (61%), >or=95% for 31 aneurysms (22%), and less than 95% for 24 aneurysms (17%). No patient experienced repeat or new subarachnoid hemorrhage more than 6 months after the initial treatment. CONCLUSION: Late angiographic follow-up monitoring of aneurysms that have been treated with GDCs demonstrates the durability of the treatment. Aneurysms with large residual neck remnants were subjected to further treatment, whereas aneurysms with small residual neck remnants remain under observation.     

Detachable balloon embolization therapy of posterior circulation intracranial aneurysms

Treatment of complex and surgically difficult intracranial aneurysms of the posterior circulation is now being performed with intravascular detachable balloon embolization techniques. The procedure is carried out under local anesthesia from a transfemoral arterial approach, which allows continuous neurological monitoring. Under fluoroscopic guidance, the balloon is propelled by blood flow through the intracranial circulation and in most cases, can be guided directly into the aneurysm, thus preserving the parent vessel. If an aneurysm neck is not present, test occlusion of the parent vessel is performed and, if tolerated, the balloon is detached. Twenty-six aneurysms in 25 patients have been treated by this technique. The aneurysms have involved the distal vertebral artery (five cases), the mid-basilar artery (six cases), the basilar artery (11 cases), and the posterior cerebral artery (four cases). The aneurysms varied in size and included three small (less than 12 mm), 15 large (12 to 25 mm), and eight giant (greater than 25 mm). Fifteen patients (60%) presented with hemorrhage and 10 patients (40%) with mass effect. In 17 cases (65%) direct balloon embolization of the aneurysm was achieved with preservation of the parent artery. In nine cases (35%), because of aneurysm location and size, occlusion of the parent vessel was performed. Complications from therapy included three cases of transient cerebral ischemia which resolved, three cases of stroke, and five deaths due to immediate or delayed aneurysm rupture. The follow-up period has ranged from 2 months to 43 months (mean 22.5 months). In cases where posterior circulation aneurysms have been difficult to treat by conventional neurosurgical techniques, intravascular detachable balloon embolization may offer an alternative therapeutic option.     

A case of aneurysmal neck clipping following incomplete neck clipping and coil embolization

We report a case with radical neck clipping following incomplete embolization with coils and imperfect neck clipping. A 43-year-old woman suffered from a subarachnoid hemorrhage (Hunt & Hess Grade IV) due to the rupture of a left paraclinoid internal carotid aneurysm on 28 October, 1996. Neck clipping of the aneurysm was performed at day 1. Follow-up angiogram at 2 weeks after surgery showed however a small residual aneurysm. The second angiogram 1.5 months later showed the growth of the residual aneurysm. The residual part of the aneurysm was then treated with endovascular embolization using interlocking detachable coils (IDC), resulting in incomplete occlusion of the aneurysm. The direct surgical clipping of the residual aneurysm was performed via Dolenc approach. A fenestrated clip was applied to the partial embolized aneurysm, when the aneurysmal wall was ruptured between the occluded part of the aneurysm and the residual dome. The fenestrated clip was then reapplied successfully under temporary occlusion of the parent artery. Because of the stenosis of the parent artery, STA-MCA anastomosis was then performed. Postoperative recovery of the patient was uneventful and postoperative angiogram showed stenosis of the parent artery with patent bypass flow. The patient was discharged without complications. Technical problems in neck clipping following incomplete embolization with coils are discussed.     

Histological findings in coil-packed experimental aneurysms 3 months after embolization

OBJECTIVE: Knowledge regarding tissue reactions within coil-packed aneurysms is poor. The purpose of this study was to analyze histological changes in a chronic experimental bifurcation aneurysm model that might explain the protective effect of Guglielmi detachable coils. METHODS: The aneurysms were produced by means of a venous graft pouch at a surgically created bifurcation of the carotid artery in the neck of rabbits. After 3 weeks, embolization with Guglielmi detachable coils was performed in the treatment group but not in the control group (seven rabbits each). At the time of embolization, six of seven treated aneurysms were completely occluded according to radiological criteria. Twelve weeks later, all aneurysms were explanted after final angiography. Histological examinations were performed with coils in situ. RESULTS: Six of seven embolized aneurysms demonstrated complete occlusion in final angiography. But gross pathology revealed that all specimens had differently sized open cavities between the coils. In only two cases, these spaces were very small and the aneurysmal sacs were filled with coils and tissue by more than 90%. Light microscopy demonstrated intraluminal granulation tissue and strong chronic inflammatory wall thickening with numerous foreign body cells at the interface between coils and tissue. Coils were partially incorporated into the aneurysmal wall, sometimes close to the surface and occasionally even outside the wall within the surrounding tissue. CONCLUSION: The protective effect of Guglielmi detachable coil treatment in our chronic experimental bifurcation aneurysms results from formation of intraluminal granulation tissue and wall thickening attributable to chronic inflammation.     

Delayed rupture of a previously coiled unruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm: case report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: We describe a case of an unruptured anterior communicating aneurysm that was treated successfully with Guglielmi detachable coils, which subsequently ruptured 23 months after initial therapy. This report discusses only the second published case of an unruptured lesion that was well embolized (>95% occlusion) and stable at 6-month angiographic follow-up that ruptured in a delayed fashion almost 2 years after the primary procedure. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: An 80-year-old man presented in Hunt and Hess Grade IV as a result of a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm. The patient had undergone endovascular therapy 23 months earlier with documented nearly complete (1-mm residual neck) occlusion at 0 and 6 months. INTERVENTION: The patient underwent diagnostic catheter angiography at the time of admission, which revealed a 10-mm aneurysm adjacent to the previously embolized lesion. No further therapy was administered, and the patient died within 24 hours as a result of ictus. The request for an autopsy was denied. CONCLUSION: Aneurysm rupture after Guglielmi detachable coil embolization is a rare event. Most cases involve previously ruptured lesions. To the best of our knowledge, only one previous case of delayed rupture of an unruptured aneurysm that was managed endovascularly has been published in the English-language literature. This second case points to the need for vigilance in the follow-up of patients with coiled lesions.