儿童孟氏骨折的手术治疗及功能康复

目的 对儿童孟氏骨折的手术治疗及功能康复进行评价。方法 1994年～2001年对78例非手术治疗失败的新鲜及陈旧性孟氏骨折全部采用手术治疗，并随机分为两组，第1组(单针固定组)45例，其中新鲜骨折16例，陈旧性骨折29例，复位肱桡关节后，单枚克氏针固定，石膏外固定，尺骨骨折不作内固定；第2组(双针固定组)33例，其中新鲜骨折14例，陈旧性骨折19例，复位肱桡关节及尺骨骨折后，分别用克氏针固定，石膏外固定。结果 术后78例伤口愈合佳，无感染。均获随访，时间6个月～7年，平均4．6年．尺骨骨折愈合好，无骨不连及骨延迟愈合。手术疗效按肘关节屈伸及前臂旋转功能标准评价，第1组优37例，良5例，差3例，优良率93．3％；第2组优22例，良7例，差4例，优良率87．9％，两组比较无统计学意义(P＞0．05)。结论 手术治疗孟氏骨折整合复位肱桡关节，并予单枚克氏针内固定加石膏外固定，其操作简便、安全、组织损伤小及尺骨骨折愈合快，术后肢体功能恢复好。     

儿童孟氏骨折的手术治疗

目的对儿童孟氏骨折的两种手术治疗效果进行分析。方法1992年9月～2005年9月,对58例孟氏骨折患儿采用手术治疗,包括闭合复位失败的新鲜骨折22例及陈旧性骨折36例。34例采用单针固定（新鲜骨折12例,陈旧性骨折22例）;24例采用双针固定。新鲜骨折环状韧带可行简单修补,但不需重建;陈旧性骨折不行环状韧带修复或重建,术后均行石膏固定4～6周。结果58例患儿均获得随访,时间1～9年,平均4.2年。根据李汉民等制定的标准对患儿肢体功能进行评定。单针固定组：优28例,良4例,一般1例,差1例,优良率94.1%;双针固定组：优16例,良5例,一般2例,差1例,优良率87.5%。结论儿童新鲜孟氏骨折治疗应首选闭合复位,对于手法复位失败的新鲜孟氏骨折及陈旧性骨折需手术治疗,其中手术切开复位、整复肱桡关节后给予克氏针加石膏外固定,可获得满意疗效。     

儿童Monteggia＇s骨折的治疗选择

摘要：[目的]探讨儿童Monteggia＇s骨折的治疗方法及效果。[方法]本组患儿66例，男47例，女19例，其中新鲜骨折61例，陈旧性骨折5例。按Bado分型：Ⅰ型46例，Ⅱ型4例，Ⅲ型15例，Ⅳ型1例。采用非手术和手术治疗方法，对患儿进行针对性的个体化治疗。非手术治疗行手法复位、石膏固定，手术治疗则是在手法复位成功后，分别采用单针固定尺骨或肱桡关节、双针固定尺骨和肱桡关节，再行石膏固定，手术中均未修复或重建环状韧带。[结果]66例患儿在门诊获得6个月～5年的随访，参照李汉民等制定的评定标准，非手术组的优良率为95．7％，手术组的优良率为84．2％。未发生骨化性肌炎、骨间背侧神经损伤、尺桡骨骨性连接、尺骨骨不连、迟发性桡骨小头脱位等并发症，合并神经损伤的患儿术后2～4个月均完全恢复。[结论]儿童Monteggia＇s骨折的治疗效果优良，治疗的关键在于应争取在急诊下复位，并根据骨折类型及肱桡关节的复位情况，采用针对性的内固定措施以防止骨折移位及再脱位的发生，防止漏诊。     

儿童Monteggia''s骨折的治疗选择

[目的]探讨儿童Monteggia's 骨折的治疗方法及效果.[方法]本组患儿66例,男47例,女19例,其中新鲜骨折61例,陈旧性骨折5例.按Bado分型:I型46例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型15例,Ⅳ型1例.采用非手术和手术治疗方法,对患儿进行针对性的个体化治疗.非手术治疗行手法复位、石膏固定,手术治疗则是在手法复位成功后,分别采用单针固定尺骨或肱桡关节、双针固定尺骨和肱桡关节,再行石膏固定,手术中均未修复或重建环状韧带.[结果]66例患儿在门诊获得6个月～5年的随访,参照李汉民等制定的评定标准,非手术组的优良率为95.7%.手术组的优良率为84.2%.未发生骨化性肌炎、骨问背侧神经损伤、尺桡骨骨性连接、尺骨骨不连、迟发性桡骨小头脱位等并发症,合并神经损伤的患儿术后2～4个月均完全恢复.[结论]儿童Monteggia's骨折的治疗效果优良,治疗的关键在于应争取在急诊下复位,并根据骨折类型及肱桡关节的复位情况,采用针对性的内固定措施以防止骨折移位及再脱位的发生,防止漏诊.     

孟氏骨折伴桡神经骨间背侧支损伤的治疗

目的 对孟氏骨折合并桡神经骨间背侧支损伤的原因，临床表现，治疗结果进行分析。方法 自1990-2000年5月共诊治了6例患者，均为儿童。新鲜骨折手法复位石膏外固定3例，切开复位尺骨钢板内固定2例，均未做神经探查；陈旧性骨折尺骨畸形矫正 神经探查1例。结果 新鲜骨折合并神经损伤5例均自行恢复，陈旧性骨折畸形矫正神经探查术后半年恢复肌力3级。结论 孟氏骨折合并桡神经骨间背侧支损伤大多数为神经牵拉伤经观察保守治疗能够恢复，但应当注意少见的桡神经嵌顿在肱桡关节时必须早诊断和手术探查。     

儿童陈旧性孟氏骨折漏诊、误诊的原因分析及临床治疗后的疗效观察

目的分析童陈旧性孟氏骨折的漏诊、误诊原因,比较肱桡关节开放复位联合尺骨截骨克氏针内固定与尺骨截骨联合外固定架延长、肱桡关节开放或闭合复位手术的治疗儿童陈旧性孟氏骨折临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2005-12—2020-05诊治的70例儿童陈旧性孟氏骨折,40例采用肱桡关节开放复位联合尺骨截骨克氏针内固定治疗(克氏针组),16例采用尺骨截骨联合外固定架延长、肱桡关节开放或闭合复位手术治疗(外固定架组),14例采用非手术治疗。分析出现漏诊、误诊的原因,比较克氏针组与外固定架组末次随访时临床疗效。结果 70例均完成数据的收集。造成误诊、漏诊原因:治疗方式不当32例,影像学拍摄不规范或影像学资料判读错误18例,未进行影像学资料检查6例,家庭原因6例,原因不明8例。克氏针组与外固定架组均顺利完成手术并获得至少6个月的随访,末次随访时2组临床疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于儿童尺骨中上段骨折应拍摄准确、规范的影像学资料并根据患者情况选择合适的治疗方法以避免漏诊、误诊,儿童陈旧性孟氏骨折采用克氏针与外固定架技术进行治疗均可以取得满意的疗效。     

桡骨小头未复位的儿童陈旧孟氏骨折的手术治疗

目的：评价桡骨小头未复位的儿童陈旧孟氏骨折的手术疗效。方法：对尺骨畸形进行截骨矫形，1／3弧形钢板固定；桡骨小头切开复位，肱桡关节短期克氏针固定。结果：本组21例，术后随访时间8月至2年，平均1.2年，手术疗效优，17例（82％）；良，2例（9％），差，2例（9％）。结论：对桡骨小头未复位的儿童随旧孟氏骨折应积极手术，术后4w开始功能锻炼，可获得较好的疗效。     

低龄儿童2年以内陈旧性孟氏骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨低龄儿童2年以内陈旧性孟氏骨折手术治疗的疗效。方法对38例2年以内陈旧性孟氏骨折低龄患儿采取尺骨近端截骨克氏针内固定,桡骨小头切开复位、肱桡关节克氏针内固定。结果 38例全部得到随访,时间2~12个月。术后2例发生桡骨小头半脱位。4例桡神经损伤患儿功能完全恢复,其余患儿肘关节无畸形,无疼痛。肘关节伸直活动范围0°~20°(6°±4°),屈曲活动120°~135°(130°±5°),旋前平均80°±5°,旋后平均85°±5°。根据Mackay标准评定:优30例(78.9%),良6例(15.8%),差2例(5.3%)。结论尺骨近端截骨克氏针内固定手术治疗低龄儿童2年以内陈旧性孟氏骨折,疗效良好。     

有移位的儿童肱骨髁上骨折

我们自1974年5月至1992年12月共治疗有移位的儿童肱骨髁上骨折300例，现将治疗体会总结如下。临床资料本组300中，男221例、女79例；年龄1．5～14岁，平均8．2岁；左侧188例，右侧112例；伸直到278例，屈曲型22例；新鲜骨折292例，陈旧性骨折畸形愈合8例；闭合性骨折295例，开放性骨折5例。合并血运障碍7例，合并神经损伤13例（其中桡神经9例、正中神经4例）。治疗方法开放性骨折先行清创术，同时复位，克氏针交叉固定。新鲜闭合性骨折中，235例采用手法复位长臂石膏固定，52例切开复位内固定。陈旧性骨折畸形愈合者中，4例行切开复位内固定…     

驱血带辅助下经皮外侧克氏针固定治疗青少年GartlandⅢ型肱骨髁上骨折

目的探讨驱血带辅助下桡侧克氏针固定治疗青少年GartlandⅢ型肱骨髁上骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析2016年9月~2018年3月收治的23例青少年GartlandⅢ型肱骨髁上骨折患者的临床资料,均为闭合性骨折,其中男14例,女9例,平均年龄12.4(10~15)岁。均行骨折端复位,驱血带维持肱骨远端复位,闭合复位经皮桡侧克氏针固定,术后长臂管型石膏固定4周,拆除石膏后进行肘关节屈伸功能锻炼。术后采用Flynn肘关节评分评估临床疗效。结果本组23例患儿均顺利完成闭合复位经皮桡侧克氏针固定,手术时间平均44(31~55)min。平均随访15.3(13~22)个月,所有患儿均获得骨性愈合,无一例出现血管神经损伤或克氏针断裂等并发症。末次随访未见肘内翻畸形,按Flynn功能评定标准:优22例,良1例,优良率100%。结论驱血带辅助下桡侧克氏针固定创伤小、复位稳定、肘内翻发生率低、医源性尺神经损伤少,是治疗青少年GartlandⅢ型肱骨髁上骨折的有效方法。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.