骶骨骨折的外科治疗

目的:探讨骶骨骨折的外科治疗方法和疗效。方法:对36例骶骨骨折病例作回顾分析,根据Denis骶骨骨折分类法,Ⅰ型15例,Ⅱ型16例,Ⅲ型5例。Ⅰ型骨折中2例伴有L4或L5神经根损伤,1例L4、L5神经根损伤。Ⅱ型12例伴有S1、S2神经根损伤。Ⅲ型3例单侧S1、S2神经根损伤,2例双侧S1、S2神经根及马尾神经损伤。Ⅰ型骨折15例予保守治疗,Ⅱ、Ⅲ型骨折21例均予手术治疗,其中8例无神经损伤或损伤轻微者单纯行骶骨骨折切开复位内固定术,13例伴有严重神经损伤者,予骨折切开复位内固定加神经探查松解术。结果:随访6~36个月,36例骶骨骨折均愈合,神经损伤均有不同程度恢复。3例Ⅰ型,10例Ⅱ型,3例Ⅲ型神经症状完全恢复,2例Ⅱ型残留骶神经损伤症状,2例Ⅲ型残留鞍区感觉减退、排尿乏力及性功能减退等症状。结论:骶骨骨折的治疗方案应取决于骨折类型及骶神经损伤程度。Ⅰ型骶骨骨折保守治疗效果满意,Ⅱ、Ⅲ型骶骨骨折需切复内固定手术,有严重骶神经损伤者需神经探查松解术。     

骨盆骨折合并骶丛神经损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨骨盆骨折合并腰骶丛神经损伤治疗的方法.方法回顾本组病例按Denis分类将骨盆骨折中骶骨骨折分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ区,分析骨盆骨折合并腰骶丛神经损伤的临床特点及治疗效果.结果22例骨盆骨折合并腰骶丛神经损伤,随访6个月～5年.7例Ⅰ型骶骨骨折合并腰骶丛神经损伤,6例完全恢复正常,1例部分恢复;10例Ⅱ型骶骨骨折合并腰骶丛神经损伤,6例恢复正常,3例部分恢复,1例未恢复;5例Ⅲ型骶骨骨折合并腰骶丛神经损伤,2例恢复正常,2例部分恢复,1例未恢复.结论对于骨盆骨折并腰骶丛神经损伤的患者实施积极复位及内固定治疗,是非常重要的一环.有明显骨块压迫者,宜行神经探查松解术.     

骶骨骨折合并骶神经损伤的手术治疗

目的：探讨手术治疗骶骨骨折合并骶神经损伤的临床疗效。方法：2002年3月至2009年2月,对21例骶骨骨折合并骶神经损伤患者进行回顾性分析,男15例,女6例;年龄16～60岁,平均36.3岁。致伤原因：车祸伤13例,高处坠落伤5例,挤压伤3例。按Denis分型标准：Ⅰ型5例,Ⅱ型14例,Ⅲ型2例。12例单纯行骶骨骨折经皮重建钢板内固定,9例在内固定后同时行后路骶神经减压术。结果：21例全部获得随访,时间12～48个月,平均19个月。无切口感染、内固定松动及断裂、骨不愈合、明显双下肢不等长发生。9例行骶神经探查减压患者,神经损伤完全恢复4例,部分恢复3例,未恢复2例。12例单纯行骶骨骨折经皮重建钢板内固定患者,神经损伤完全恢复9例,部分恢复2例,未恢复1例。根据Majeed功能评价：优7例,良9例,可4例,差1例。结论：骶骨骨折切开复位内固定可以恢复骶骨的解剖关系,有利于神经损伤的恢复。对伴有明显骨块压迫者适宜行神经探查松解术。     

Denis Ⅱ型骶骨骨折的外科治疗

骶骨骨折占脊柱骨折的1%,但25%～50%的患者合并神经损伤[1]。Denis Ⅱ型骶骨骨折常累及神经孔区[2],易导致腰骶丛神经损伤,是远期病残的重要原因[3]。既往针对骶骨骨折的治疗一般采取卧床保守或单纯骶孔减压治疗;现在随着内固定器械不断更新,治疗方法越来越多。我院自1998～2011年收治的22例Denis Ⅱ型骶骨骨折患者,分别行骶髂椎弓根固定、骶髂螺钉固定、髂后钉板固定及单纯骶孔减压,总结报道如下。     

骶前减压骶孔成形术治疗陈旧性骶骨骨折合并骶丛神经损伤的疗效分析

目的探讨经腹直肌外侧入路骶前骶孔扩大成形、骶丛神经减压治疗陈旧性骶骨骨折合并骶丛神经损伤的方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年6月南方医科大学第三附属医院骨科收治的11例陈旧性骶骨骨折合并骶丛神经损伤患者资料。男8例,女3例;年龄17~54岁,平均38岁;骶骨骨折按Denis分型均为Ⅱ区;神经损伤按英国医学研究会(BMRC)标准分级:完全损伤2例,部分损伤9例;受伤至手术时间0.7~12.0个月,平均6个月。经腹直肌外侧入路显露腰骶干及S1神经孔周围结构,直视下行骶孔扩大成形、松解骨折块及骨痂压迫的S1神经根及腰骶干,不稳定骶骨骨折者同时行复位内固定治疗。通过评价骨折愈合、神经功能恢复(BMRC标准)等观察疗效。结果本组11例患者中有10例顺利完成手术,1例因术中探查发现骶骨骨折完全愈合且S1神经孔完全闭塞,无法完成骶孔成形术而终止手术。手术时间70~220 min,平均110 min;术中出血量450~2800 mL,平均1100 mL。术后复查X线片、CT示骶孔扩大成形明显,无手术并发症发生。所有患者术后随访12个月至4年,平均18个月。所有患者末次随访时根据BMRC标准评价神经功能恢复情况:完全恢复5例,部分恢复4例,未恢复1例。结论经腹直肌外侧入路能较好地显露腰骶干及S1神经孔周围结构,直视下骶孔扩大成形、松解骨折块及骨痂压迫的S1神经根及腰骶干,是治疗陈旧性骶骨骨折合并骶丛神经损伤的一种可行的方法。     

骶骨骨折合并神经损伤的治疗

目的探讨骶骨骨折合并神经损伤的手术治疗效果。方法1996～2003年收治9例骶骨骨折合并神经损伤患者,按Denis分型:3例Ⅱ区骨折,6例Ⅲ区骨折。回顾其临床表现,对治疗结果进行分析。结果随访6个月～3年,Ⅱ区骨折3例,骶神经损伤恢复良好;Ⅲ区6例,其中1例功能未恢复,2例肌力、感觉略下降,余3例感觉、运动功能恢复良好。结论骶骨骨折合并神经损伤,合理的神经减压有助于神经功能恢复。     

骨盆损伤中移位骶骨骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨不稳定型骨盆损伤中移位骶骨骨折的手术方法及治疗效果.方法 对2000年9月至2007年9月收治的33例伴有骶骨骨折的骨盆损伤患者行手术治疗.根据AO/OTA的分型方法,骨盆B型损伤5例,C型28例.根据Denis的分型方法,骶骨I型骨折13例、Ⅱ型11例、Ⅲ型9例.其中早期合并原发性神经损伤23例.骶骨骨折应用张力带钢板固定1例;脊柱椎弓根钉棒系统经骨盆后方沿双侧髂嵴横向固定10例,经L_(4,5)或L_5S_1及双侧髂嵴后方纵向固定16例;骶髂螺钉固定3例;骶骨棒固定2例;骶髂螺钉联合骶骨棒固定1例.术中间期行椎板切除、马尾神经减压11例,二期行神经松解、骶前孔扩大术2例.结果 术后随访12～82个月,平均27.3个月.根据Majeed疗效标准,优17例、良7例、可2例、差7例.骶骨I型骨折疗效优良率为92.3%、Ⅱ型为72.7%、Ⅲ型为44.4%.神经损伤恢复情况在手术治疗组中优6例、良4例、无变化3例;在非手术治疗组中优6例、良1例、无变化3例.术后并发症包括腰骶部切口深部感染2例,腰骶僵硬不适2例.神经损伤一过性加重4例,迟发性骶神经损伤3例.结论 手术治疗是改善骶骨骨折复位质量的重要途径,骨盆前、后环损伤的联合制动是提高骨折内同定强度的有效方法.对手术指征明确的骶神经损伤,早期定位减压有助于其功能恢复.     

DenisⅡ型骶骨骨折伴神经损伤早期手术疗效分析

目的：探讨DenisⅡ型骶骨骨折合并神经损伤的早期手术治疗的疗效。方法：2008年3月至2010年3月收治12例DenisⅡ型骶骨骨折伴神经损伤,男8例,女4例;年龄28～54岁,平均40岁。所有患者经详细体格检查及X线片、CT、MRI扫描等确诊,依据影像学资料进行Denis分型均为Ⅱ型。伤后6～14d手术,平均9d。8例骶前孔明显变形,责任骨块侵入骶孔压迫神经根,行后路骶神经减压内固定术;4例骶前孔轻度变形,无明显责任骨块侵入骶孔,行单纯切开复位内固定术。结果：12例均获随访,时间6个月～2年,骨折均Ⅰ期愈合,其中11例神经损伤患者均有不同程度恢复,Gibbons骶神经损害评分术前平均（2.67±0.49）分,术后平均（1.50±0.67）分,术后评分低于术前。结论：DenisⅡ型骶骨骨折伴神经损伤,全身情况许可应尽早手术治疗,可取得满意疗效。     

骶骨骨折合并神经根损伤的手术治疗

目的　报道骶骨骨折合并神经损伤的手术治疗。方法　骶骨骨折合并神经损伤 7例 ,Ⅲ区骨折 5例 ,有明显的骶神经症状 ,其中 4例合并有植物神经功能损伤 ,采用后路椎板切除减压 ;Ⅱ区骨折 2例 ,表现为单侧的坐骨神经损伤症状 ,经前方腹膜外进路解除对骶神经根的压迫 ,无严重的术中和术后并发症。结果　 7例随访 6个月～ 4年 ,Ⅱ区骨折 2例神经功能完全恢复正常 ,Ⅲ区骨折 5例中 ,3例的感觉运动功能恢复满意 ,1例残留腓肠肌肌力下降 (Ⅳ级 )和足跟部感觉减退 ,另外 1例遗留植物神经功能下降。结论　在确诊骶骨骨折合并的神经损伤前提下 ,进行合理的神经减压有利于神经功能的恢复。     

骶骨骨折合并神经根损伤的手术治疗

目的 报道骶骨骨折合并神经损伤的手术治疗。方法 骶骨骨折合并神经损伤7例，Ⅲ区骨折5例，有明显的骶神经症状，其中4例合并有植物神经功能损伤，采用后路椎板切除减压；Ⅱ区骨折2例，表现为单侧的坐骨神经损伤症状，经前方腹膜外进路解除对骶神经根的压迫，无严重的榱和术后并发症。结果 7例随访6个月－4年，Ⅱ区骨折2例神经功能完全恢复正常，Ⅲ区骨折5例中，3例的感觉运动功能恢复满意，1例残留腓肠肌肌力下降（Ⅳ级）和足跟部感觉减退，另外1例遗留植物神经功能下降。结论 在确诊骶骨骨折合并的神经损伤前提下，进行合理的神经减压有利于神经功能的恢复。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.