髋臼后壁重建后关节软骨修复的实验研究

目的 研究髋臼后壁重建区臼面软骨修复的组织学特点,初步探讨软骨柱播种在其修复中的作用。方法 选取12只家犬共24髋,随机分为3组,均采用后壁截骨法建立髋臼后壁60°弧1/2缺损的动物模型,两侧髋臼后壁缺损区分别选用不同的重建方法：A组：解剖重建+软骨柱播种,B组：解剖重建,C组：普通重建。术后12周取材进行大体形态、光镜观察,参照Pineda标准对新生组织进行评分。结果 A组中以成熟、新生类透明软骨修复缺损,B组为类纤维软骨修复,C组为纤维肉芽组织或板层骨修复。A、B、C组关节软骨修复Pineda总评分平均分别为(5.1±0.1)、(6.5±0.2)、(12.3±0.2)分,差异有统计学意义(F=3.157,P=0.000),3组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 解剖重建促使部分软骨柱集中在缺损区,其修复组织具备部分关节软骨的组织特性,能够较好地替代关节软骨。     

骨髓基质细胞源性软骨细胞修复兔全层关节软骨缺损

目的观察体外诱导骨髓基质细胞(MSCs)源性软骨细胞在兔股骨滑车关节面全层软骨缺损修复中的作用. 方法高密度传代培养第3代诱导MSCs分化为软骨细胞,以酸溶性Ⅰ型胶原为载体,两者混合后形成凝胶样植入物(细胞浓度为5×106/ml).于36只新西兰大耳白兔一侧股骨滑车关节面造成3 mm×5 mm全层关节软骨缺损,凝胶样植入为实验侧;另一侧分别为单纯胶原植入组(18个膝关节)和空白对照组(18个膝关节).术后4、8、12、24、32和48周取材观察缺损修复情况及新生组织的类型.参照Pineda标准对新生组织评分. 结果实验侧术后4周,植入细胞类似软骨细胞,周围有异染基质,形成透明软骨样组织;8周,深层有软骨下骨形成,软骨细胞层较正常关节软骨厚;12周,新生软骨厚度减小,与正常软骨相近,细胞呈柱状排列,结构与正常关节软骨相似,软骨下骨形成,潮线恢复;24周,新生软骨厚度较正常薄,约占55%,表面平整,潮线附近仍有肥大的软骨细胞;32周,潮线附近无肥大软骨细胞;48周,组织结构与32周时基本相同,为类透明软骨.Pineda评分24、32和48周间无差异,与4周比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05).实验组2～48周期间关节功能良好.单纯胶原组与空白对照组缺损无修复,48周时软骨下骨外露,关节退变;关节功能逐渐减退,动度受限. 结论 MSCs源性软骨细胞移植体内可形成透明样软骨组织,24周后新生软骨特性稳定,48周时为透明样软骨,能维持良好的关节功能.     

脱细胞软骨支架材料修复兔关节软骨缺损

目的 观察异种异体脱细胞软骨支架材料(ACM)复合同种异体兔骨髓间充质干细胞(rBMSCs)修复兔股骨内髁关节软骨缺损的效果.方法 (1)密度梯度离心和差速贴壁法获得原代兔BMSCs,选择第3代BMSCs作为种子细胞;(2)利用冷冻干燥、胰酶消化和化学去垢剂等方法制备脱细胞软骨支架材料;(3)3个月龄新西兰兔股骨内髁制备直径4 mm,深3 mm砌关节软骨缺损模型,24只新西兰兔以2个时间段随机分为3组,Ⅰ ACM-BMSCs组:第3代BMSCs 1×106个/ml与ACM于37℃5%CO2饱和湿度复合48 h;Ⅱ ACM组;Ⅲ空白对照组.(4)移植6、12周后大体及组织学观察,免疫组织化学染色观察修复组织Ⅱ型胶原,Wakitani评分评估修复效果.结果 (1)大体观察及组织学观察:6和12周Ⅰ组再生组织与正常关节软骨面平齐,修复部位表面较平整,界限模糊,接近正常软骨.Ⅱ组修复组织表面不平整并有明显下陷,修复组织全层可见成纤维样细胞,深层可见极少数透明软骨样细胞.Ⅲ组未见明显修复,肉芽组织形成伴成纤维样细胞增生;(2)Wakitani组织学评分可见在不同的时间段I组和Ⅱ组均低于Ⅲ组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组间组织学评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).(3)免疫组织化学:ACM-BMSCs组修复组织的细胞为软骨样细胞,可见柱状排列,周围软骨基质Ⅱ型胶原染色阳性.结论 以ACM为支架材料,同种异体BMSCs为种子细胞制备的组织工程化软骨对兔股骨内髁关节软骨缺损有修复作用,形成的新生软骨为透明软骨样组织.     

骨髓基质干细胞修复兔关节软骨缺损的实验研究

目的研究以多聚乙醇酸(PGA)为支架的骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)复合物修复兔膝关节软骨缺损的情况。方法体外培养扩增的自体BMSCs种植于PGA支架并培养72h,然后将支架-细胞复合物植入兔关节软骨缺损模型。术后12周处死动物,标本行大体观察、组织学检查及Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色。结果BMSCs-PGA复合物植入后形成丰富的透明软骨样修复组织,新生软骨无明显退变。对照组主要为纤维组织及软骨下骨修复。结论BMSCs-PGA复合物可修复关节软骨缺损。     

机械分离法制备脂肪来源血管基质混合物修复大鼠膝关节软骨缺损

[目的]探究采用机械分离法制备自体脂肪组织来源的血管基质混合物(stromal vascular fraction,SVF)修复SD大鼠膝关节软骨缺损的可行性。[方法]从2周龄大鼠腹股沟部获取脂肪组织,采用机械分离法制备SVF。在36只8周龄大鼠右侧膝关节股骨滑车中央处建立直径2 mm全层软骨缺损模型,将其随机分为3组,每组12只大鼠。按照软骨缺损的处理,分为空白对照组(BC):缺损处旷置;纤维蛋白胶组(FG):缺损处植入纤维蛋白胶;SVF+纤维蛋白胶组(SVFF):缺损处植入SVF+纤维蛋白胶。术后6、12周取材,参考国际软骨修复协会软骨修复大体评分标准评价标本修复情况;标本切片后进行HE染色、天狼猩红染色,参考Wakitani评分系统评价标本修复情况。[结果]标本大体观察显示,SVFF组软骨修复效果明显优于其他两组,大体评分高于其他两组,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。组织学分析显示,SVFF组缺损区修复组织以透明软骨为主,而BC和FG组缺损区修复组织以纤维组织为主,SVFF组组织学评分高于其他两组且差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]采用机械分离法制备的脂肪来源血管基质混合物可用于修复大鼠膝关节软骨缺损,是一种较有应用前景的修复关节软骨缺损的方法。     

脱细胞羊膜负载骨髓间充质干细胞修复软骨缺损的实验研究

目的 研究人脱细胞羊膜(HAAM)负载骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)修复兔膝关节软骨缺损的效果.方法 分离、培养兔BMSCs,以1.63×105/cm2的密度接种于HAAM上,培养6～9d后行细胞与羊膜复合体的电镜及光镜检查.实验兔24只,随机分为A、B两组,每组12只,建立兔膝关节髁间窝非负重区关节软骨缺损模型,右膝为空白对照侧,不植入任何材料,左膝为实验侧.A组左膝植入BMSCs与HAAM复合体(复合组),B组左膝植入单纯HAAM(HAAM组).术后8、12周,对缺损部位行大体观察、组织学观察及Wakitani的评分,评估新生组织修复软骨缺损的效果. 结果 大体观察结果表明,A组术后8、12周实验侧出现类软骨组织,而对照侧由纤维样组织填充；B组术后8、12周无类软骨组织出现,对照侧新生组织质地较硬.组织学观察结果表明,A组术后8、12周实验侧均类软骨细胞密集,而12周类软骨细胞数较多,并出现类软骨基质,对照侧无类软骨细胞形成.B组实验侧术后8、12周出现少量的类软骨细胞,对照侧只有纤维组织.组织学评分:术后8周复合组为5.31±0.68,而术后12周为3.23±0.52,较其他组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 人脱细胞羊膜负载BMSCs在体内环境下能够较好的修复关节软骨缺损.     

自体骨髓间充质干细胞和软骨细胞共培养复合同种异体完全脱蛋白骨修复关节软骨全层缺损的研究

[目的]探讨自体骨髓间充质干细胞(bone m arrow-derived m esenchym al stem cells,BMSCs)与软骨细胞共培养复合同种异体完全脱蛋白骨(fu lly deprote in ized bone,FDB)修复关节软骨缺损的可行性,评价修复效果,为优化种子细胞源提供依据。[方法]取浓度为3×106/m l的第二代BMSCs和软骨细胞,按2:1比例混匀共培养作为种子细胞。FDB与共培养细胞复合接种植入修复缺损为实验A组、单纯FDB为对照B组和不处理为空白对照C组,移植8、16周后经人体观察、组织学评分和免疫组化染色评价缺损的修复。[结果]共培养的软骨细胞基质合成丰富,细胞增殖快。A组缺损修复组织呈软骨样,表面光滑平坦,与周围软骨整合的软骨细胞更为成熟。B组和C组的修复组织呈纤维组织和无修复。组织学评分表明A组优于B、C 2对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),B组与C组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。免疫组化染色显示A组修复组织的细胞为透明软骨样细胞,柱状排列,Ⅱ型胶原染色阳性,与周围软骨及软骨下骨整合良好。[结论]自体BMSCs与软骨细胞共培养作为种子细胞,BMSCs能增强软骨细胞的增殖,促进软骨细胞基质合成,缩短软骨细胞培养时间和减少传代次数,节省大量的软骨细胞,与FDB复合后能有效修复关节软骨缺损。     

应用骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)修复关节软骨缺损的实验研究

目的探讨关节软骨全层缺损应用骨形态发生蛋白修复的效果。方法于2004年5月至2005年12月,30只新西兰种成年兔随机分为A,B,C三组,每只兔子左膝股骨髁间凹做一大小为4mm×5mm×2.5mm的全层关节软骨缺损。A,B组缺损内分别填充骨形态发生蛋白/纤维蛋白胶(BMP/FG)及FG,C组为空白。术后28周对缺损修复情况行大体形态、组织学和电镜观察。结果BMP/FG组,缺损组织以透明软骨修复,接近正常组织,而FG组和空白组则以纤维组织修复为主。结论BMP/FG能较好的完成关节骨软骨全层缺损的修复,并随着时间的延长修复的软骨越接近正常软骨,但修复软骨缺损的组织与邻近正常软骨组织连接性仍不是十分理想。     

动物源性骨软骨支架修复兔膝关节复合缺损

目的探讨软骨细胞-动物源性骨软骨支架复合体修复兔膝关节骨软骨复合缺损的可行性和影响因素。方法将改良贴壁离心法获取的骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrowm esenchymal stem cells,BMSCs）/诱导分化的软骨细胞共培养后与经深低温冷冻、脱脂、脱钙、真空冷冻干燥和辐照消毒的动物源性骨软骨支架复合,构建共培养细胞＋软骨-骨一体化复合支架。27只新西兰大白兔随机分为实验组（A组）、对照组（B组）和空白组（C组）,每组9只。于兔股骨髁间窝处钻一深6mm的骨软骨复合缺损,A组植入共培养细胞＋骨软骨复合支架,B组植入骨软骨复合支架,C组不植入任何支架材料和细胞,分别于术后4周、8周和12周取材,行大体观察、苏木精—伊红染色和甲苯胺蓝染色,并对各标本的软骨切片进行组织学评分。结果随着时间的延长,A组大体观察见复合缺损区已完全修复,局部无凹陷,新生组织和周围组织融合;B组新生组织仍不能完全填充缺损;C组缺损区仍明显。苏木精—伊红染色和甲苯胺蓝染色见A组软骨缺损区由新生的透明软骨样组织修复,细胞呈柱状排列,极性好,软骨陷窝明显,骨缺损区由骨样组织修复,新生软骨和软骨下骨以及宿主骨界面耦合良好;B组新生软骨细胞无软骨陷窝,排列混乱,各界面藕合欠理想;C组可见陈旧性肉芽组织生长并突出于缺损区表面。甲苯胺蓝染色阳性率和组织学评分结果表明,A组与B、C两组之间的差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 BMSCs/诱导分化的软骨细胞共培养细胞复合动物源性骨软骨支架对兔膝关节软骨和软骨下骨的复合缺损具有修复作用。     

同种异体软骨细胞移植术后关节软骨蛋白多糖的测定

目的应用Pluronic F-127负载同种异体软骨细胞移植修复兔全厚关节软骨损伤，对于新生的修复组织进行基质蛋白多糖含量测定，以探讨此方法修复全厚关节软骨损伤的可行性。方法取3个月龄新西兰大白兔关节软骨细胞体外培养扩增，与20％Pluronic F-127凝胶混合。选27只健康同种成年大白兔，人为造成双侧膝关节软骨缺损。实验组软骨缺损处植入培养的软骨细胞／Pluronic F-127混合物，对照组缺损处单纯注入Pluronic F-127凝胶和空白对照。然后，对修复组织进行大体观察及蛋白多糖含量测定。结果移植的软骨细胞-载体复合物中的软骨细胞能良好地生长，12周时再生组织与周围正常软骨组织外观相似，界限模糊。实验组与对照组各时期蛋白多糖含量均有非常显著性差异，实验组不同时期的蛋白多糖含量之间均有显著性差异，实验组12周时蛋白多糖含量与正常软骨组织无显著性差异。结论Pluronic F-127负载同种异体软骨细胞移植是治疗关节软骨缺损的有效方法。     

Radioimmunoassays of Ethinyl-norgestrienone (R-2323) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and their clinical applicability

Summary Radioimmunoassays for 2 synthetic progestins (Ethinyl-norgestrienone, R 2323 and medroxyprogesterone acetate, MPA) are demonstrated. 10 patients aged 31 to 72 years were treated with ethinyl-norgestrienone with different schedules and 3 men suffering from benign prostatic hypertrophy were treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Plasma levels of testosterone, LH, FSH were monitored before, during and after treatment.     

Benignes Prostatasyndrom (BPS)

Zusammenfassung Die instrumentellen Verfahren zur Behandlung des benignen Prostatasyndroms (BPS) werden heute im Rahmen eines abgestuften Therapieschemas eingesetzt, oft nach vorangegangener medikamentöser Therapie. Neben der seit Jahrzehnten bewährten Standardmethode, der transurethralen Resektion der Prostata (TURP) und deren z. T. essenziellen Modifikationen (Vaporesektion; bipolare Resektion), gelangen zunehmend alternative operative Verfahren, wie transurethrale Mikrowellentherapie (TUMT), transurethrale Nadelablation der Prostata (TUNA) oder Laservaporisation bzw. -resektion, in den Fokus des Interesses. Unter Zuhilfenahme der aktuellen Datenlage, vorzugsweise aus randomisierten kontrollierten Studien (randomized controlled trials, RCT), wird zu den einzelnen Verfahren kritisch Stellung bezogen. Darüber hinaus wird der Stellenwert der offenen Prostataadenomenukleation dargelegt.     

Evaluation of Effect and Comparison of Superoxidised Solution (Oxum) V/S Povidone Iodine (Betadine)

Wounds expose a patient to serious hazards like wound infection, tissue destruction, disfiguring and disabling scars. Use of superoxidised solution (oxum) in infected wounds, ulcers, diabetic wounds, abcesses, burns reduced morbidity and hospital stay with its early wound healing effect. To evaluate the effect of superoxidised water (Oxum) V/s povidone iodine (Betadine) on similar types of wounds. We retrospectively analysed the records of two hundred patients with different types of wounds who attended Department of Surgery, Guru Nanak Dev Hospital/Govt. Medical College, Amritsar from January 2008 to January 2009. The patients were divided into two groups. Group A where topical management and dressing was done using oxum and group B where topical management and dressing was done using betadine. A standard grading in terms of percentage decrease in wound size, periwound oedema/erythema, pus discharge and percentage increase in granulation, fibrin and epithelisation was noted in various types of wounds in both groups. Oxum treated wounds showed reduction in inflammation and their healing earlier than betadine group. Oxum application was safe having no pain and allergic manifestation.     

肾结石患者尿NAG和尿微量白蛋白动态检测及其意义

目的：探讨肾结石患者手术前后尿酶变化及意义.方法：对167例肾结石患者在行微创经皮肾镜取石术（mPCNL）前1周、63例在mPCNL后1周、33例在mPCNL后1个月分别检测尿N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）/Cr、mAlB/Cr.结果：与无肾结石对照组相比,mPCNL术前和术后1周的NAG/Cr和mAlB/Cr有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;mPCNL术后1周和术后1个月的NAG/Cr与术前无统计学意义,而mAlB/Cr有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.mPCNL术后1个月与术后1周相比：NAG/Cr有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,而mAlB/Cr无统计学意义.结论：尿NAG、尿微量白蛋白可动态监测肾结石患者早期肾损害.     

强直性脊柱炎慢作用药治疗3年以上随访分析

目的：了解柳氮磺胺吡啶、甲氨蝶呤、雷公藤多甙以及三种药物联合治疗强直性脊柱炎的远期疗效。方法：４６例活动性ＡＳ分别给予柳氮磺胺吡啶、甲氨蝶呤、雷公藤多甙以及三种药物联合治疗３年以上，通过观察晨僵腰痛、实验室及放射学检查以及医师与２全面评价的变化来确定疗效。结果：总临床疗效分别为显效８２．６％，有效１５．２％。有５６．５％患者经单种慢作用药治疗可以控制病情发展，６．５％病例需应用两种以上慢作用药，尤     

Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT)

The goals of transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) are to identify and eradicate visualized bladder tumour if technically safe and feasible and to obtain a specimen of satisfactory quality to enable accurate histological diagnosis. In the setting of high grade bladder tumour this generally entails the inclusion of detrusor muscle and assessment for the presence of associated carcinoma in situ (CIS), lymphovascular involvement or any variant form of bladder cancer. This will assist in determining risk stratification and prognostication of the bladder cancer and guides further treatment planning. Conversely, if suboptimal TURBT is performed there will be detrimental consequences on patient outcomes in regards to undergrading or understaging, increased recurrence or progression, and subsequently need for further treatments including more invasive interventions. This review article firstly summarises the key principles and complications of TURBT, as well as significance of re-TURBT. We also discuss a number of modifications and advances in detection technology and resection techniques that have shown to improve perioperative as well as pathological and oncological outcomes of bladder cancer. They include enhanced cystoscopy such as blue light cystoscopy (BLC), narrow band imaging (NBI) and en bloc resection of bladder tumour (ERBT) technique using various types of energy source.     

Expression of p16 in Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma (SNUC) Without Associated Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) is an uncommon and highly aggressive neoplasm of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. Its undifferentiated histologic appearance often requires immunohistochemical studies to distinguish it from other high-grade neoplasms. Due to the rarity of SNUC, its immunohistochemical staining profile has been incompletely characterized, and little work has been done on its expression of the markers for human papillomavirus (HPV). Our objective is to expand our knowledge of its immunophenotype and its association with HPV in order to define markers with mechanistic potential in the disease process, or of possible therapeutic importance. A total of five patients (one woman and four men) with SNUC, ranging in age from 26 to 75 years (mean 56.8 years) were compared to five patients (five men) with poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSCC), ranging in age from 53 to 75 years (mean 62.2 years). PDSCC was chosen as a control, given its well-reported immunohistochemical profile and negativity for HPV markers. The immunohistochemical panel included: CK7, CK19, EMA, NSE, chromogranin, p53, CK5/6, p63, CK14, S100, HMB-45, desmin, muscle specific actin, and CD45. Additionally, tests for p16, EBV, and HPV (subtypes 6, 11 16, 18) were performed. The diagnosis of SNUC was confirmed in all cases by histology and immunohistochemical stains. An interesting finding of strong diffuse positivity for p16 was noted in all SNUC cases, compared to only two of five PDSCC that were positive for p16. HPV DNA was not detected in any SNUC cases or any cases of PDSCC. All SNUC cases demonstrated over expression of p16 in the absence of HPV DNA expression. This may represent residual epithelial p16 staining, which is normally present in the sinonasal tract. Due to the rarity of SNUC, more cases will need to be evaluated to confirm the absence of HPV DNA.     

Relationship of non-LDL-bound apo(a), urinary apo(a) fragments and plasma Lp(a) in patients with impaired renal function.

BACKGROUND: Plasma lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] has been shown to be a risk factor for atherosclerosis in numerous studies. However, the catabolism of this lipoprotein is not very clear. We and others have shown that Lp(a) is excreted into urine in the form of fragments. Lp(a) has also been shown to exist in a low-density non-lipoprotein (LDL)-bound form. Since Lp(a) is increased in all forms of kidney disease with reduced excretory kidney function and decreased excretion of apo(a) fragments could be partially responsible for this increase, we investigated the relationship of non-LDL-bound apo(a), urinary apo(a) fragments and plasma Lp(a) in patients with impaired renal function. METHODS: Plasma Lp(a), non-LDL-bound apo(a) and urinary apo(a) fragments were measured in 55 kidney disease patients (28 males and 27 females) and matched controls. RESULTS: Plasma Lp(a) and non-LDL-bound apo(a) were increased in patients, whereas urinary apo(a) was decreased, especially in patients with a creatinine clearance < 70 ml/min. There was a significant correlation between plasma Lp(a) and non-LDL-bound apo(a) in patients and controls. CONCLUSION: We conclude that decreased urinary apo(a) excretion could be one possible mechanism of increased plasma Lp(a) and non-LDL-bound apo(a) in patients with decreased kidney function.     

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) is not Associated with Elevated Intracranial Pressure (ICP)

Summary Objective. Traditionally, intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring has been utilized in all patients with severe head injury (Glasgow coma score of 3–8). Ventriculostomy placement, however, does carry a 4 to 10 percent complication rate consisting mostly of hematoma and infection. The authors propose that a subgroup of patients presenting with severe head trauma and diffuse axonal injury without associated mass lesion, do not need ICP monitoring. Additionally, the monitoring data from ICP, MAP, and CPP for a comparison severe head injury group, and subgroups of DAI would be presented. Materials and methods. Thirty-six patients sustaining blunt head trauma and fitting our strict clinical and radiographic diagnosis of DAI were enrolled in our study. Inclusion criteria were severe head injury patients who did not regain consciousness after the initial impact, and whose CT scan demonstrated characteristic punctate hemorrhages of <10 mm diameter at the greywhite junction, basal ganglia, corpus callosum, upper brainstem, or a combination of the above. Patients with significant mass lesions and documented anoxia were excluded. Their intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were compared to a control group of 36 consecutive patients with severe non-penetrating non-operative head injury, using the Analysis for Variance method. Results. Eighteen (50.0%), six (16.7%), and twelve (33.3%) patients had types I, II, and III DAI, respectively. The admission Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) was higher for types I and II than for type III DAI. ICP was monitored from 23 to 165 hours, with a mean ICP for 36 patients of 11.70 mmHg (SEM=75) and a range from 4.3 to 17.3 mmHg. Of all ICP recordings, of which 89.7% (2421/2698) were ≤20 mmHg. Average mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 96.08 mmHg (SEM=1.69), and 94.6% (2038/2154) of all MAP readings were greater than 80 mmHg. Average cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was 85.16 mmHg (SEM=1.68), and 90.1% (1941/2154) of all CPP readings were greater than 70 mmHg. This is compared to the control group mean ICP, MAP, and CPP of 16.84 mmHg (p=0.000021), 92.80 mmHg (p=0.18), and 76.49 mmHg (p=0.0012). No treatment for sustained elevated ICP>20 mmHg was needed for DAI patients except in two; one with extensive intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage who developed communicating hydrocephalus, and another with ventriculitis requiring intrathecal and intravenous antibiotic treatments. Two complications, one from a catheter tract hematoma, and another with Staph epidermidis ventriculitis, were encountered. All patients, except type III DAI, generally demonstrated marked clinical improvement with time. The outcome, as measured by Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) and Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) was similarly better with types I and II than type III DAI. Conclusion. The authors conclude that ICP elevation in DAI patients without associated mass lesions is not as prevalent as other severe head injured patients, therefore ICP monitoring may not be as critical. The presence of an ICP monitoring device may contribute to increased morbidity. Of key importance, however, is an accurate clinical history and interpretation of the CT scan.     

Peptide YY (PYY) levels and bone mineral density (BMD) in women with anorexia nervosa

INTRODUCTION: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness that results in significant bone loss. Studies examining the neuroendocrine dysregulation that occurs in AN may increase understanding of endocrine systems that regulate bone mass. Peptide YY (PYY) is an anorexigenic peptide derived primarily from the intestine, with actions mediated via activation of Y receptors. We have previously shown that PYY levels are elevated in adolescents with AN. Y2 receptor knockout mice have increased bone mineral density (BMD) and thus PYY may play a role in regulating bone mass. We hypothesized that PYY levels would be inversely associated with BMD in women with AN. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study performed in a General Clinical Research Center of 12 adult women with AN, (mean+/-SEM) mean age 30.9+/-1.8 years, BMI 17.1+/-0.4 kg/m2, and % ideal body weight 77.5+/-1.7%. PYY concentrations were measured hourly from 20:00 h to 08:00 h. BMD was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: In women with AN, mean overnight PYY levels strongly inversely correlated with BMD at the PA spine (r=-0.77, p=0.003), lateral spine (r=-0.82, p=0.002), total hip (r=-0.75, p=0.005), femoral neck (r=-0.72, p=0.009), total radius (r=-0.72, p=0.009) and 1/3 distal radius (r=-0.81, p=0.002). Body mass index was inversely correlated with PYY level (r=-0.64, p=0.03). Multivariate stepwise regression analysis was performed to determine the contribution of age, duration of AN, BMI, fat-free mass, and PYY to BMD. For PA and lateral spine, PYY was the primary determinant of BMD, accounting for 59% and 67% of the variability, respectively. Fat-free mass and duration of anorexia nervosa were the primary determinants of BMD at other skeletal sites. CONCLUSIONS: In women with anorexia nervosa, an elevated PYY level is strongly associated with diminished BMD, particularly at the spine. Therefore further investigation of the hypothesis that PYY may contribute to the prevalent bone pathology in this disorder is merited.