腹腔镜胆总管切开取石治疗肝内外胆管结石(附24例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜下联合纤维胆道镜治疗肝内外胆管结石的疗效及临床应用价值. 方法 2001年3月～2002年8月,对24例肝内外胆管结石采用腹腔镜下胆总管切开联合纤维胆道镜检查取石,胆总管Ⅰ期缝合或T管引流,有残余结石者再经T管窦道行纤维胆道镜取石. 结果 23例成功,1例因胆管中下段处一环形良性狭窄而中转开腹手术.手术时间120～180 min,平均140 min.除1例剑突下切口感染,其余未发生与手术相关的并发症.术后T管造影发现肝内胆管残余结石2例,经门诊胆道镜取净残余结石.胆总管切开Ⅰ期缝合14例,术后9～15个月行B超复查无胆总管狭窄. 结论腹腔镜下联合纤维胆道镜治疗肝内外胆管结石除具有常规开腹手术相同效果外,还具有微创、并发症少等优点.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管诊治胆总管结石适应证探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管探查取石术的手术适应证及临床疗效。方法总结分析2004年4月至2009年6月间行腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查取石术116例的临床资料。结果 116例中完成腹腔镜经胆囊管胆道探查取石术109例,中转开腹手术3例,改腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石4例。平均手术时间86 min。术后2～4 d拔腹腔引流管,4～11 d出院,术后平均住院7.2 d。无术后胆漏、胆管炎、胰腺炎、出血、胃肠道损伤及胆管狭窄的发生,无胆道残余结石的发生,无手术死亡,均痊愈。结论腹腔镜经胆囊管胆道探查取石术适用于继发性胆总管结石患者,对直径1 cm结石疗效更佳,更能体现出微创的优势,是该手术的最佳适应证。     

有上腹部手术史的腹腔镜胆道探查手术14例临床观察

目的 探讨上腹部手术后腹腔镜胆道探查手术的安全性及可行性.方法 分析有上腹部手术史行腹腔镜胆道探查的14 例患者的临床资料.14 例胆总管结石患者中3 例合并肝内胆管结石,4 例合并胆囊结石,胆管结石直径大于1.5 cm 者10 例,结石>2 枚者5 例.手术方式包括:腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)、腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE )、胆总管一期缝合术、腹腔镜胆总管探查取石T 管引流术(LCTD).结果 本组手术时间为55~235 min,平均(128.1±46.3)min,术中出血20~300 mL,平均(130.6±118.5)mL.术中无胆道损伤、肠道损伤、大出血、气体栓塞等严重并发症发生.结论 有上腹部手术史的胆道结石患者行腹腔镜胆道探查,由操作熟练的腹腔镜医师进行手术是安全可行的.     

腹腔镜下再次胆道手术83例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜再次胆道手术的手术方法。方法回顾性分析从1995年8月至2011年6月经腹腔镜胆总管探查(LCBDE),腹腔镜球囊导管扩张内涵管引流术(LPBD)对胆道术后胆总管复发性结石或残留结石的83例患者腹腔镜再次胆道手术,治疗胆道术后复发或残留结石和胆道狭窄。结果 83例腹腔镜再次胆道手术成功率:开腹胆囊切除术后93.1%(27/29);开腹胆囊切除及胆管探查术后82.4%(14/17);开腹胆囊造瘘术后100%(9/9);开腹胆囊造瘘及胆总管T管引流术后100%(11/11);腹腔镜胆囊切除术后100%(12/12)和腹腔镜胆总管探查术术后100%(5/5)。腹腔镜再次手术获总成功率78例(94.0%),5例中转开腹。术后无并发症发生,无死亡病例。腹腔镜手术时间60～190min,平均120min。结论选择合适患者,腹腔镜再次胆道手术治疗胆管结石和胆管狭窄可以有效预防复发,具创伤小、安全、可行。     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管切开胆总管取石胆道一期缝合术

目的探讨腹腔镜下经胆囊管切开胆总管取石,胆道一期缝合治疗胆总管结石的可行性。方法 2009年10月～2010年5月对55例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石施行经胆囊管切开胆总管取石胆道一期缝合术。腹腔镜下切除胆囊后,保留胆囊管长1.0～1.5 cm,沿胆囊管纵轴剪开胆囊管前壁至胆总管,再沿胆总管纵轴向下切开胆总管0.3～1.1 cm,经此切口内镜取净胆道结石并判断Oddi括约肌功能是否正常。从胆总管切开处的下方开始,向胆囊管切开处的盲端方向先行黏膜层缝合,然后肌层缝合,距胆总管0.2 cm结扎胆囊管。腹腔放置引流管。结果 55例手术均获成功,胆囊管直径0.3～0.6cm,平均0.45 cm;胆囊管切开长度1.0～1.5 cm,平均1.3 cm;胆总管切开长度0.3～1.1 cm,平均0.5 cm。腹腔引流管留置3～5 d。术前术后MRCP对比胆总管直径无异常改变。1例术后出现胆漏,对症治疗后治愈。术后腹痛、腹胀2例,48 h后缓解。1例术后5 d出现间歇性腹痛,7 d出现黄疸,9 d后腹痛缓解,黄疸消退。术后住院时间7～13 d,平均8 d。55例术后随访1～6个月,平均4.5月,无残余结石及结石复发。结论腹腔镜下经胆囊管切开胆总管取石胆道一期缝合术治疗胆总管结石可行。     

胆总管结石的微创治疗

目的探讨微创治疗胆总管结石的效果。方法 2007年1月～2009年1月,对126例胆总管结石采用微创治疗方法。对胆总管结石直径1.0cm,结石数目1～3枚的胆囊结石合并胆总管结石、胆总管结石以及腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)术后胆总管结石患者先行ERCP,证实胆总管结石后行EST,网篮取石,球囊清理胆管,造影证实无残留结石。对操作次数多、胆汁黏稠、有残渣、乳头术后水肿可能性大的病例放置鼻胆管引流(ENBD)。对胆总管结石直径≥1.0cm且≤2.0cm的单发或多发结石或经EST取石失败者行LC,腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石,联合使用胆道镜行网篮取石,胆总管置T管引流。结石2～3cm者腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石,T管引流。结果 83例先行ERCP、EST者中,76例取石成功,4例网篮取石困难,未能取出结石,1例有结石残留(这5例于EST后4～6d行LC、腹腔镜胆总管切开胆道镜网篮取石、T管引流术成功),1例ERCP时十二指肠穿孔,1例网篮嵌顿于十二指肠乳头,急诊开腹。43例直接行LC、腹腔镜胆总管切开胆道镜网篮取石、T管引流术,均获成功。91例随访6～12个月,失访35例,无胆道感染、胆道狭窄、残余结石等并发症,未发现结石复发。结论 EST后LC是理想的治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的方法 ,但要严格掌握适应证。     

腹腔镜和胆道镜联合治疗胆总管结石（附523例报道）

目的 探讨腹腔镜和胆道镜联合治疗胆总管结石、胆总管切口一期缝合的治疗效果.方法 对我院1998年9月至2008年12月期间采用腹腔镜和胆道镜联合治疗的523例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石或胆总管扩张(直径≥0.8 cm)患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 本组523例患者在腹腔镜下行胆囊切除、胆总管切开、胆道镜探查取石,其中400例取净结石,87例无结石, 均行胆总管一期缝合;手术平均时间90 min,平均出血50 ml,术后第1天患者即可进食,2～3 d下床活动,术后5 d左右治愈出院.术后发生漏胆29例,引流胆汁量平均35 ml/d,持续 1～6 d,均经非手术处理治愈.中转开腹完成取石10例,镜下置T管引流26例.结论 腹腔镜下胆总管切开、胆道镜取石、胆总管一期缝合是安全、有效的手术,该术式具有创伤小、痛苦少、恢复快、并发症少等优点,但胆总管结石取净和肝外胆总管无狭窄是其应用的前提.     

纤维胆道镜在腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术中的应用

目的 探讨纤维胆道镜在腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术中的应用方法及疗效. 方法 回顾性分析我院2000年10月～2005年12月178例腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术中纤维胆道镜取石的临床应用体会. 结果 全部手术均于腹腔镜下完成,术后放置胆道内置引流管、胆总管一期缝合107例,余71例放置T管引流,无一例中转开腹,胆道镜检查取石时间平均31 min（6～92 min）,162例肝外胆管结石均于术中成功取净,术后1个月经B超检查内置管组107例中104例已排出,3例经胃镜取出,107例胆道内置引流管者随访3～51个月,平均27.8月,无胆道残余结石及胆道狭窄.16例肝内胆管结石术后检查发现胆管残余结石5例,均为术中已知残余结石,术后6周经T管窦道1～3次取出. 结论 腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术中熟练技巧应用纤维胆道镜,能可靠彻底地清除肝外胆管结石,疏通主要肝管,为胆道探查术后胆总管一期缝合提供了安全保障.     

腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜行胆总管探查术的疗效

目的 总结腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜行胆总管探查术的操作要点、适应证及疗效.方法 回顾性分析2008年10月至2011年5月重庆市忠县人民医院收治的82例接受腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜行胆总管探查术患者的临床资料.所有患者术前经彩超和MRCP检杳确诊为胆总管结石或胆总管结石合并胆囊结石.行腹腔镜下胆总管切开经纤维胆道镜取石.结果 79例患者成功实施腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜行胆总管探查术,置T管引流65例,Ⅰ期缝合14例.3例中转开腹.平均手术时间(120士30)min,住院时间6～10d,T管引流6～8周后拔管.残余结石3例,术后3个月左右经T管窦道胆道镜取出,无胆汁漏、胆管狭窄及残留结石.所有患者随访6-24个月无残余结石及胆管狭窄.结论 腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜行胆总管探查术具有微创、术后恢复快、疼痛轻、并发症发生率低、住院时间短的优势,值得在基层医院推广.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查体会

目的总结经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道取石临床经验。方法80例胆囊结石可疑胆总管结石采用经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查术。腹腔镜下分离胆囊管至胆总管汇合处,剪开胆囊管前壁,扩张器适当扩张胆囊管,行胆道造影明确胆道结石分布,胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查取石后再造影确认结石取净,夹闭胆囊管并切除胆囊。术后不常规放T管。结果6例胆道探查阴性。术中证实74例胆道有结石,0.6~1.0cm18例,<0.5cm56例。31例胆道内1枚结石,43例有2枚以上。18例需用等离子碎石器碎石。67例行胆囊管扩张。胆囊管开口变异6例。胆囊管损伤2例,处理后无术后胆漏。5例可疑肝内胆道结石行胆总管切开T管引流,术后行T管造影和胆道镜检查证实2例左肝管结石行胆道镜取石治愈,3例未发现结石。本组手术时间(168±34)min,出血量(50±8)ml,术后腹腔引流量(30±17)ml。62例术后3个月B超检查,未发现胆管残余结石。结论经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜取石是治疗继发性胆道结石的一种有效微创方法。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Development of Selective Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Apheresis System: Immobilized Polyanion as LDL-Specific Adsorption for LDL Apheresis System

Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is widely recognized as one of the major risk factors for developing coronary heart diseases. Despite intensive development of LDL-lowering drugs, there still exist those patients with refractory hyperlipidemia whose plasma LDL levels are not sufficiently lowered by drugs. LDL apheresis, direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is thought to be the most promising treatment for such refractory patients. Various techniques, such as the use of an im-munoadsorbent utilizing an anti-LDL antibody, have been used in an attempt to achieve the selective removal of LDL. However, none were widely used because of complications, poor selectivity, and so forth. To establish a safe and effective LDL apheresis system, we chose a synthetic affinity adsorbent as the LDL-removing device. Synthetic polyanion compounds were used as the affinity ligands for LDL adsorbent to simulate the anion-rich sequence of LDL binding sites in the human LDL receptor. Among various polyanion compounds, those polyanions with sulfate or sulfonate groups and hydrophilic backbone were found to have strong affinity for LDL. In contrast, polyanions with carboxyl groups showed poor affinity. Dextran sulfate (DS) was selected as the affinity ligand of LDL adsorbent for its high affinity and low toxicity. The influence of its charge density and molecular weight on its affinity for LDL was suitable. The affinity rapidly increased as the charge density increased, then, reached a constant value. Little affinity was found for either the DS monomer (glucose sulfate) or DS with a molecular weight higher than 10⁴ daltons whereas DS with molecular weights in the midrange showed strong affinity. DS with a midrange molecular weight was immobilized on cellulose hard gel to give LDL adsorbent clinical application. The adsorbent demonstrated an excellent selectivity for LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro. Adsorption of high-density lipoprotein and major plasma proteins was almost negligible. Additional study of the LDL-binding mechanism revealed that DS directly interacts with positively charged sites on LDL, which demonstrates that the nature of the interaction is the same as that of LDL receptor. An LDL adsorption column (Liposorber) packed with an LDL adsorbent and polysulfone hollow-fiber plasma separator (Sulflux) was developed as an efficient LDL apheresis system. Clinical investigation proved that this system is capable of intensively lowering the plasma LDL level without affecting major plasma components.     

Artificial organs 2010: a year in review

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.     

Avaliação do clube de revista de anestesiologia por meio de mudanças semânticas

Background and objectives

The interactive approach of a journal club has been described in the medical education literature. The aim of this investigation is to present an assessment of journal club as a tool to address the question whether residents read more and critically.

Methods

This study reports the performance of medical residents in anesthesiology from the Clinics Hospital – University of São Paulo Medical School. All medical residents were invited to answer five questions derived from discussed papers. The answer sheet consisted of an affirmative statement with a Likert type scale (totally disagree–disagree–not sure–agree–totally agree), each related to one of the chosen articles. The results were evaluated by means of item analysis – difficulty index and discrimination power.

Results

Residents filled one hundred and seventy three evaluations in the months of December 2011 (n = 51), July 2012 (n = 66) and December 2012 (n = 56). The first exam presented all items with straight statement, second and third exams presented mixed items. Separating “totally agree” from “agree” increased the difficulty indices, but did not improve the discrimination power.

Conclusions

The use of a journal club assessment with straight and inverted statements and by means of five points scale for agreement has been shown to increase its item difficulty and discrimination power. This may reflect involvement either with the reading or the discussion during the journal meeting.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.