血栓碎吸术与系统静脉溶栓治疗中央型下肢深静脉血栓的疗效对比研究

目的：比较血栓碎吸术与系统静脉溶栓治疗中央型下肢深静脉血栓形成（LEDVT）的疗效。方法：2009年10月-2012年8月收治的173例急性中央型LEDVT患者随机分为实验组（行血栓碎吸术,97例）和对照组（t5单纯静脉溶栓,96例）。测量2组治疗前、后患肢腿围,比较2种治疗方法的临床疗效及其预后。结果：实验组出院日寸患肢膝上、下15cm处周径差与入院比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;出院时造影静脉通畅率100％。对照组出院时患肢膝上、下15cm处周径差与入院比较亦差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;出院时静脉造影通畅率91．67％（88／96）。实验组入、出院患肢膝上、下15cm处周径差的差值较对照组更大（P〈0．05）,住院时间较对照组减少（P〈O．05）,出院时静脉造影通畅率较对照组高（P〈0.05）。由于实验组中18例合并髂静脉狭窄或闭塞患者行支架植入,实验组住院费用较对照组高（P〈0．05）。结论：对于急性LEDVT患者,与系统静脉溶栓治疗相比,血栓碎吸术治疗疗效显著,能够缩短住院时间,提高静脉通畅率,远期疗效有待进～步研究。     

混合型下肢深静脉血栓综合介入治疗的并发症及其对策

目的:探讨混合型下肢深静脉血栓(LEDVT)综合介入治疗的并发症及治疗对策.方法:回顾性分析7年间采用综合介入治疗的488例急性或亚急性混合型DVT患者的临床资料.所有患者先行下腔静脉滤器植入,再行机械性血栓碎吸、导管溶栓、抗凝等治疗;如合并症状性肺栓塞,则行肺动脉导管溶栓治疗;如合并髂静脉狭窄或闭塞同时行球囊扩张血管成形术(PTA)或支架植入治疗.结果:症状性肺栓塞发生率为7.58％ (37/488),2例(2/37)抢救无效死亡.综合介入治疗中血管损伤发生率为9.22％ (45/488),滤器拦截大块血栓的发生率为16.60％ (81/488).术后抗凝过程中发生异常出血率5.53％ (27/488),2例患者因脑出血死亡.451例患者获随访4～94(平均41)个月,血栓后综合征(PTS)发生率11.53％ (52/451);PTA后出现静脉再堵塞发生率为40.19％ (43/107);支架植入后静脉再堵塞发生率为6.6％ (7/106).结论:综合介入疗法治疗混合型下LEDVT有一定的并发症发生率,应采取各种措施加以预防.     

急性混合型下肢深静脉血栓综合介入治疗与系统溶栓疗效的比较

目的：比较综合介入治疗与系统溶栓治疗对急性混合型下肢深静脉血栓（LEDVT）的疗效。方法：回顾分析12年间收治的229例急性混合型LEDVT患者的临床资料。122例采用血栓碎吸、溶栓等综合介入治疗（A组）,其中合并髂静脉狭窄或闭塞53例,采取腔内血管成形术（PTA）和支架植入辅助处理,术后辅以小剂量尿激酶溶栓、肝素抗凝治疗;另107例（B组）行尿激酶,肝素抗凝等系统溶栓治疗。结果：平均住院天数A组（6.2±2.2）d,B组（10.5±2.4）d;2周后复查,A,B两组的治愈率和有效率分别为40.98%,14.02%和96.72%,77.57%,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。随访12~85个月,患肢膝下15 cm处周径差A组为（0.53±0.42）cm,B组为（1.42±1.35）cm;水肿、色素沉着、溃疡等后遗症发生率A组分别23.15%,9.26%和0,B组分别为50.51%,80.81%和9.09%,A组静脉通畅率为81.48%,静脉瓣膜功能正常率为57.41%,B组为65.66%和15.15%,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：综合介入治疗对急性混合型LEDVT的近期、中远期疗效均优于系统溶栓,尤其在保护静脉瓣膜功能方面明显优于系统溶栓。

     

下腔静脉滤器置放术在深静脉血栓-肺栓塞演变中的临床应用

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器(IVCF)在预防深静脉血栓(DVT)-肺栓塞(PE)演变中的临床应用价值。方法经造影和(或)彩色多普勒超声证实为下肢深静脉广泛血栓30例,其中有肺部临床表现21例,胸部影像学证实19例,DSA显示下腔静脉内血栓6例。溶栓介入治疗前置放IVCF 30例,下腔静脉内血栓形成未放IVCF 1例。置放IVCF后经患肢足背静脉滴注尿激酶或经导管血栓内抽吸、局部溶栓、导丝搅拌增加溶栓接触面积;经非患肢静脉给予抗凝、抗生素治疗。结果本组30例放置5种构型滤器32枚,其中2枚为临时滤器,置入取出均顺利,滤器无移位,术中无并发症。痊愈9例,有效14例,改善6例,无效1例。因没有及时置入IVCF进行溶栓治疗,深静脉血栓导致下腔静脉血栓6例,后置入IVCF 5例疗效良好,未放IVCF 1例,12天后因肺栓塞死亡。结论下腔静脉滤器对预防深静脉血栓向肺栓塞演变具有一定价值,其置放术安全可靠,便于临床及时溶栓抗凝治疗,但其应用价值需进行综合评价和进一步探讨。     

双介入方法治疗下肢深静脉血栓并发急性肺栓塞：附21例报告

目的：探讨应用双介入方法治疗下肢深静脉血栓（LEDVT）并发急性肺栓塞（APE）的效果。 方法：回顾性分析2010年1月—2013年5月对21例LEDVT并发APE患者行下腔静脉滤器植入,肺动脉导管碎栓、溶栓及患肢深静脉置管溶栓治疗的临床资料。APE发生部位：肺动脉主干2例、左肺动脉8例、右肺动脉6例、叶肺动脉5例;LEDVT发生部位：左侧9例、右侧12例。 结果：21例患者均完成肺动脉及下肢深静脉双介入治疗。术中即刻造影显示2例肺动脉主干完全开通,左/右肺动脉干8例完全开通,6例大部分开通,5例叶肺动脉部分开通。肺动脉压由（52±7）mmHg降至（27±4）mmHg,PaO2由（62±6）mmHg升至（82±6）mmHg（均P<0.01）。患肢血管彩超检查示血栓均有不同程度溶解,血流全部或部分恢复。健患侧膝上、下15 cm周径差分别由（9.0±4.0）cm和（5.0±2.0）cm降为（2.3±0.9）cm和（1.0±0.7）cm（均P<0.01）。 结论：对LEDVT并发APE患者的双介入治疗可以迅速恢复肺灌流量,纠正低氧血症,改善全身情况,以及溶解患肢深静脉血栓,改善肢体循环,减轻肢体症状,减少深静脉血栓后遗症。     

下腔静脉滤器植入后导管接触性溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床研究

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器置入后,经皮下肢深静脉置管局部溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的可行性及疗效。方法42例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,分为两组,介入治疗组15例,对照组27例。介入治疗组的15例患者行下腔静脉滤器植入术,经溶栓导管泵入大剂量尿激酶溶栓;对照组30例患者经足背静脉泵入尿激酶。结果介入治疗组血栓完全消失8例（53.33%）,部分消失7例（46.67%）,无明显好转0例（0%）,治疗全过程所有患者均未出现肺动脉栓塞症状及出血现象;对照组血栓完全消失2例（7%）,部分消失25例（83.33%）,无明显好转3例（10%）。结论下腔静脉滤器置入后,患肢深静脉置管大剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成安全、疗效显著。     

导管溶栓及置入下腔静脉滤器预防肺栓塞的临床应用

目的评价导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的效果及置入下腔静脉滤器预防下肢深静脉血栓脱落引起肺栓塞的价值。方法48例下肢深静脉血栓患者分别经股静脉（40例）、右颈静脉（8例）置入下腔静脉滤器，滤器位于双。肾静脉水平以下的下腔静脉内，下腔静脉滤器植入后将溶栓导管插入血栓之髂股静脉进行溶栓。药物：尿激酶80-100万u，肝素1mg／kg。结果下腔静脉滤器置入全部成功，术中导管溶栓32例完全再通及部分再通，余16例术后溶栓成功。结论经导管术中溶栓成功率高，效果好，置入下腔静脉滤器防止肺栓塞是安全有效的方法。     

介入性腔内机械性血栓碎吸及溶栓术治疗周围动脉急性血栓栓塞

目的探讨介入性腔内机械性血栓碎吸和局部溶栓术治疗周围动脉急性血栓栓塞的临床效果和应用价值。方法124例周围动脉急性血栓性阻塞患者接受DSA检查和介入性腔内机械性血栓碎吸联合局部溶栓术治疗。结果全组总的介入治疗成功率97.58%（121/124）。血管完全开通率82.26%（102/124）,部分开通率15.32%（19/124）,无效率2.42%（3/124）。部分开通的19例辅以PTA联合内支架植入术后血管完全开通。并发症发生率6.45%（8/124）。结论介入腔内机械性血栓碎吸和局部溶栓治疗周围动脉急性血栓闭塞疾病,疗程短、成功率高、疗效显著、并发症少,恰当辅以PTA和内支架植入可显著提高治疗成功率。     

AngioJet血栓清除术治疗存在溶栓禁忌证的急性下肢深静脉血栓

目的观察AngioJet血栓清除术对存在溶栓禁忌证的急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(LEDVT)的治疗效果。方法对18例存在溶栓禁忌证的急性LEDVT患者先行下腔静脉滤器置入术,而后行AngioJet血栓清除术;对合并髂静脉闭塞患者行髂静脉成形术。术后随访,观察治疗效果及安全性。结果18例均一次性治疗成功,血栓均完全清除;12例合并左髂静脉闭塞,均成功行血管成形术;18例患侧下肢静脉血流均恢复通畅。术后16例出现血红蛋白尿,无出血、肺栓塞等并发症。对16例随访3~37个月,13例下肢静脉血流通畅,3例血栓复发。结论采用AngioJet血栓清除术治疗存在溶栓禁忌证的LEDVT患者临床疗效较好。     

经颈静脉导管溶栓术治疗急性期下肢深静脉血栓的合理选择及评价

导管溶栓可快速溶解血栓、恢复静脉通畅性,保护静脉瓣膜功能,有效降低下肢深静脉血栓后遗症的发生率,是治疗急性期下肢深静脉血栓的主要方法。目前常用的导管溶栓入路包括顺行入路（经患侧腘静脉、大隐静脉、小隐静脉及胫后静脉等）和逆行入路（经颈内静脉及健侧股静脉）。以上入路各有其优缺点,其选择目前尚无定论。     

腹股沟疝术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的治疗体会

目的: 探讨腹股沟疝术后下肢深静脉血栓形成（lower extremity deep venous thrombosis, LEDVT）的治疗经验。方法: 2012年1 月至 2017年 12月我院收治的2 835 例腹股沟疝病人,其中7例（0.25%）病人术后发生LEDVT。结果: 7例腹股沟疝病人术后发生LEDVT,其中1例双下肢,4例左下肢,2 例右下肢。经抗凝和对症支持治疗,均顺利出院。未发生肺栓塞和死亡。结论: 腹股沟疝围术期,要高度重视 LEDVT 的发生。积极预防、迅速诊断和治疗是防治LEDVT 的关键。     

The impact of pelvic and lower extremity fractures on the incidence of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis in high-risk trauma patients. Winner of the Best Paper Award from the Gold Medal Forum

Lower extremity fractures (LEFx) and pelvic fractures (PFx) are believed to increase the risk of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (LEDVT). We studied trauma patients at high risk for LEDVT to determine whether an increased incidence of LEDVT was associated with LEFx and/or PFx. From January 1995 through December 1997 4163 trauma patients were admitted to our Level I trauma center. One thousand ninety-three patients at high risk for LEDVT were screened with serial lower extremity venous duplex ultrasound. Their medical records were retrospectively reviewed for demographics, mechanism of injury, and fracture data. The occurrence of LEDVT, pulmonary embolus, and LEDVT prophylaxis and treatment were noted. The incidence of LEDVT in the fracture group (Fx) was compared with that in the nonfracture group (NFx) using chi-square analysis and logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at < or = 0.05. Complete data were available for 1059 of 1093 patients. Five hundred sixty-nine (53.73%) patients had PFx and/or LEFx, 151 (14.26%) patients had PFx only, 317 (29.3%) patients had LEFx only, and 101 (9.54%) patients had both PFx and LEFx. Four hundred ninety (46.27%) patients had NFx. In 1059 patients LEDVT was detected in 125 (11.8%). Sixty-three patients in the Fx groups developed LEDVT (50.4%): 19 (15.2%) PFx patients, 15 (12.0%) PFx/LEFx patients, and 29 (23.2%) LEFx patients. Sixty-two (49.6%) NFx patients developed LEDVT. LEDVT incidence was not significantly different between the Fx and NFx groups or among the PFx, LEFx, and PFx/LEFx groups (P = 0.317). Nine patients developed pulmonary embolism: four NFx patients, two LEFx patients, two PFx patients, and one PFx/LEFx patient. Significant predictors of LEDVT were age and hospital length of stay. Mean age in patients with LEDVT was 47.58 years and in patients without LEDVT it was 40.89 years (P < 0.001). Mean hospital length of stay in patients with LEDVT was 29.81 days and in patients without LEDVT it was 16.84 days. The power of this study to detect differences representing medium effect sizes was greater than 90 per cent. We conclude that LEFx and/or PFx was not associated with an increased incidence of LEDVT in trauma patients at high risk for LEDVT. Lower extremity venous duplex ultrasound needs to be performed in both Fx and NFx groups to detect LEDVTs.     

阿加曲班联合置管溶栓治疗肝素诱导的血小板减少症及继发血栓

目的探讨阿加曲班抗凝联合阿替普酶溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)合并肝素诱导血小板减少症(HIT)患者的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析6例急性DVT合并HIT患者的临床资料,均为使用肝素治疗DVT期间出现血小板减少合并血栓范围扩大,立即停用肝素,给予阿加曲班抗凝治疗,同时给予阿替普酶置管溶栓治疗。结果对6例HIT患者行阿加曲班联合阿替普酶溶栓综合介入治疗均有效,4例下肢肿胀完全消失,2例症状明显缓解。随访6~24个月,6例患者DVT均无复发。结论对于急性DVT接受肝素治疗后高度怀疑HIT者,应立即停用肝素,改用阿加曲班等替代抗凝药物,对于血栓范围扩大而尿激酶溶栓治疗无效者,可考虑改用阿替普酶溶栓治疗。     

微创治疗髂静脉闭塞合并下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的探讨机械性抽吸联合支架植入术治疗髂静脉闭塞合并下肢深静脉血栓（LEDVT）的临床应用价值。方法收集273例髂静脉闭塞合并急性LEDVT患者,经皮穿刺股静脉置入滤器,插入8-14F鞘管后抽吸血栓。清除髂、股静脉血栓后,对造影显示血管狭窄或闭塞段行经皮腔内血管成形术（PTA）和支架植入,对髂静脉闭塞合并混合型LEDVT行辅助溶栓治疗。结果219例（219／273,80．22％）血栓完全清除（Ⅲ级）,49例（49／273,17．95％）部分清除（Ⅱ级）,5例（5／273,1．83％）少量清除（I级）。PTA和支架植入术后治愈235例（235／273,86．08％）,显效29例（29／273,10．62％）,好转7例（7／273,2．56％）,无效2例（2／273,0．73％）。随访3-6、7-12、18-24、25-36个月,支架通畅率分别为94．87％（259／273）、93．73％（254／271）、87．08％（236／271）、84．13％（228／271）。结论机械性抽吸联合支架植入术治疗髂静脉闭塞合并急性LEDVT疗程较短,安全有效。     

Prospective evaluation of combined upper and lower extremity DVT

The clinical importance of upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) has been increasingly demonstrated in recent literature. Not only has the risk of pulmonary embolism from isolated upper extremity DVT been demonstrated, but a significant associated mortality has been encountered. Examination of this group of patients has demonstrated the existence of combined upper and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in some patients who exhibit an even higher associated mortality. As a result of this information, it has become the standard practice at this institution to search for lower extremity DVTs in patients found to have acute thrombosis of upper extremity veins. Since January 1999, there have been a total of 227 patients diagnosed with acute UEDVT. Within this group, 211 (93%) patients had lower extremity studies; 45 of these 211 (21%) had acute lower extremity DVTs by duplex examination in addition to the upper extremity DVTs. Overall, there were 145 women, 66 men, and the average age was 70 +/-1.2 (SEM); 22 of these patients had bilateral lower extremity thrombosis (LEDVT), and 8 patients were found to have chronic thrombosis of lower extremity veins. Of the patients with bilateral upper extremity DVTs, there were 3 with bilateral LE acute DVTs. Finally, 8 of the remaining 166 patients (5%) with originally negative lower extremity studies were found to develop a thrombosis at a later date. These data serve to confirm previous studies, on a larger scale, that there should be a high index of suspicion in patients with UEDVT of a coexistent LEDVT.     

下肢深静脉血栓形成的证候要素研究

目的:探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成证候要素的分布规律。方法:对近28年来下肢深静脉血栓形成证候文献进行筛选,构建相关数据系统,对其证候要素分布规律进行研究。结果:下肢深静脉血栓形成的常见证候要素为湿、热、血瘀、脾阳虚;常见证候要素靶位为脾,其中急性期的基本证候要素为湿、热,非急性期常见证候要素为血瘀、湿和脾阳虚。结论:下肢深静脉血栓形成的病机变化是以血瘀为基础,受多因素影响、虚实错杂的复杂过程。证候研究中,简化成证候要素的形式具有更强的可操作性。     

Combined upper and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis

In order to elucidate the natural history of upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT), we compared the morbidity and mortality of patients with UEDVT and that of patients with both UEDVT and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (LEDVT). Between 1993 and 1996, 21 patients presented to our institution with both LEDVT and UEDVT (Group 1). During the same time period, 144 patients were diagnosed with UEDVT alone (Group 2). The diagnosis was confirmed by duplex scanning in all patients. In Group 1, there were 14 females (67%) and 7 males (23%) with ages ranging from 25 to 97 yr old [mean 73 yr old +/-17 yr (SD)]. In Group 2, there were 84 females (58%) and 60 males (42%) with ages ranging from 9 to 101 yr old [mean 67 yr old +/-17 yr (SD)]. Differences in age and sex between the two groups were not statistically significant.In Group 1, systemic anticoagulation was implemented in 17 patients (81%). Two patients (9.5%) required placement of a SVC and IVC filters due to contraindication to anticoagulation. One patient did not receive anticoagulation, and one patient was only started on aspirin. In Group 2, treatment consisted of systemic anticoagulation in 94 patients (65%). The remainder of the patients were treated with aspirin in three patients (2%) or no anticoagulation in 31 patients (19%). Sixteen patients (11%) underwent placement of a SVC filter either due to failure of anticoagulation to prevent pulmonary embolism (two patients) or contraindication to anticoagulation (14 patients).Pulmonary emboli were documented by ventilation/perfusion lung scan in two patients (9.5%) in Group 1 and in 16 patients (11%) in Group 2. In the first group, 8 of the 21 patients (38%) were dead within 1 month of the diagnosis of UEDVT, and 11 of 21 patients (52%) were dead within 2 months of the diagnosis of UEDVT. In the second group, 20 of 144 patients (14%) were dead within 1 month of the diagnosis of UEDVT and 38 of 144 patients (26%) were dead within 2 months of diagnosis (P<0.02).Our data suggest that patients with both UEDVT and LEDVT have a higher mortality than patients with UEDVT alone. As the risk for pulmonary embolism is similar in both groups, we speculate that the severity of medical illness in patients with both UEDVT and LEDVT may contribute to the higher mortality. This is the first study to examine the mortality of this group of patients.     

Morbidity and mortality associated with internal jugular vein thromboses

The authors have noted a significant incidence of pulmonary embolism and mortality associated with upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT). Since there is an association between the site of lower extremity DVT (LEDVT) and pulmonary embolism, they hypothesized that there might also be a correlation between the site of UEDVT and the incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) and associated mortality. To further elucidate this hypothesis, they analyzed the mortality rate and incidence of PE diagnosed with subclavian/axillary or internal jugular vein thrombosis during a 5-year period at their institution. Two hundred and ten patients were diagnosed with acute internal jugular and/or subclavian/axillary DVT during a 5-year period by duplex scanning. The indications for the duplex examination were upper extremity swelling in 187 (89%) or as part of the work-up for pulmonary embolism in 23 (11%). There were 126 women (60%) and 84, men (40%). The mean age was 67 +/-18 years (range 1-101 years). The patients were divided into 3 groups based on the location of the thrombus: Group I-UEDVT involving the subclavian and/or axillary veins (n = 128); Group II-internal jugular vein thrombosis alone (n = 21); and Group III-concomitant subclavian/axillary and internal jugular vein DVT (n = 61). Risk factors were presence of central venous catheter or pacemaker in 127 patients (60%), malignancy in 78 patients (37%), concomitant lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (LEDVT) in 40 patients (19%), and history of LEDVT in 6 patients (3%). Eighty (38%) patients had more than 1 risk factor. The mean follow-up period was 13 +/-1 months (range 0-49 months). Mortality rates at 1, 3, and 12 months were 13%, 31%, and 40% for Group I; 14%, 33%, and 42% for Group II; and 23%, 44%, and 59% for Group III. The mortality rate in Group I was statistically significantly higher for patients >/=75 years old, patients not treated with anticoagulation, and patients who underwent placement of a central venous line. The same risk factors did not achieve statistical significance in the 2 other groups. The number of patients diagnosed with pulmonary embolism by ventilation/perfusion scans in Groups I, II, and III that could be attributed to the UEDVT solely was 8 (4%), 1 (0.5%), and 3 (2.4%), respectively. Contrary to the initial hypothesis of a relationship between the site of thrombosis and the incidence of pulmonary embolism and mortality, these data showed no statistical differences in mortality rate or incidence of pulmonary embolism among the 3 groups studied. These data also suggest that internal jugular vein thrombosis is a disease process associated with mortality and morbidity rates comparable to those of subclavian/axillary vein thrombosis.