一期手术内固定治疗胸腰椎脊柱结核

目的总结一期后路病灶清除、椎间植骨及后路手术内固定治疗胸腰段和腰段脊柱结核的临床疗效。探讨一期重建脊柱稳定性的必要性和安全性。方法自1999-2004年6月共收治24例胸腰段脊柱结核患者,采用一期后路病灶清除、椎体间植骨及后路内固定治疗,其中胸腰椎18例,腰椎6例,受累椎体5个椎体1例,3个椎体8例,2个椎体15例。结果经平均26个月随访,所有患者均临床治愈,无伤口感染或窦道形成,植骨完全融合,融合时间平均4.2个月。术前后凸畸形角度43°±10.6°,术后11.5°±8.3°。后凸畸形矫正角度为28.6°±9.3°。后期矫正度丢失为2.2°±3.3°。结论一期后路手术GSS固定治疗胸腰段脊柱结核能有效清除病灶,矫正后凸畸形,早期重建脊柱稳定性及促进椎体间植骨的融合,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的:总结一期前路病灶清除、自体骨椎间植骨融合、前路或后路内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的临床效果。方法:2002年2月～2006年2月手术治疗胸、腰椎结核86例,均采用一期前路病灶清除、自体骨椎间植骨,侧前方内固定52例,后路内固定34例。根据术前、术后X线平片分析植骨融合及脊柱后凸畸形矫正效果。结果:随访8个月～4年,平均23个月。除1例术后2周出现切口皮下血肿、4例1年后仍存在髂骨供骨区疼痛外,无其他并发症;无复发。均获骨性愈合,愈合时间3～7个月,平均4.5个月,无内固定松动、脱出及断裂;术前Cobb角平均为33.6°,术后1周及末次随访时Cobb角分别为平均15.6°、18.6°。结论:对胸、腰椎结核患者行一期前路病灶清除、自体骨椎间植骨融合、前路或后路内固定治疗可有效矫正脊柱后凸畸形,重建脊柱稳定性,获得良好的骨性融合,临床效果良好。     

一期后路经椎弓根截骨病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱结核

[目的]探讨治疗胸腰段脊柱结核一期完成病灶清除、矫正脊柱后凸畸形、植骨、后路钉棒固定的临床疗效。[方法]自2004年1月~2008年6月收治活动期胸腰段单节段脊柱结核伴后凸畸形患者34例,采用一期后路椎弓根截骨病灶清除(在胸椎段,先切取左右肋骨后段),钛笼植骨,后路矫形系统内固定。根据术前、术后X线分析植骨融合情况以及脊柱后凸畸形矫正效果。[结果]34例患者随访时间9~28个月,平均18个月,X线片示结核病灶清除彻底,脊柱畸形矫正,Cobb角由术前20°~45°矫正到术后3°~5°,植骨块无移位,2例再次行前路补充植骨术。结核无复发。[结论]该手术入路简捷,病灶清除彻底,360°环形解除压迫,畸形矫正满意,三柱固定,植骨融合,后期脊柱稳定,缩短了卧床时间,减少了相应的并发症。     

前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的探讨前路植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的临床效果。方法回顾总结2001年1月-2004年2月行前路结核病灶清除,植骨融合加前路Z-Plate钢板固定治疗胸腰椎结核13例,包括切口愈合率、植骨融合率、截瘫恢复情况和后凸畸形矫正状况。随访时间8个月至3年,平均26个月。结果无1例出现切口感染和窦道形成,切口均一期愈合。11例合并截瘫的患者,神经症状均有明显改善。术后8个月至1年所有植骨均显示骨性融合,未见植骨块脱落、吸收及死骨形成。术前后凸Cobb角<30°者,均基本矫正至正常,30°～60°者,矫正至10°～20°,>60°者,矫正至20°～30°,近期随访后凸角与术后相比较丢失2°～4.3°,平均丢失2.4°。结论前路病灶清除植骨融合加内固定治疗胸腰椎结核能使脊柱获得即刻稳定,促进骨融合和截瘫恢复,矫正后凸畸形。     

经胸前路病灶清除减压治疗胸椎结核并后凸畸形

目的:总结经胸前路病灶清除减压植骨内固定治疗胸椎结核截瘫并后凸畸形的临床疗效。方法:22例胸椎结核截瘫并后凸畸形患者,男12例,女10例,临床表现均有胸背痛、截瘫及脊柱后凸畸形,脊柱后凸角Cobb角为20～40°,平均25°。结核病损部位:T3～51例,T3～43例,T4～54例,T4～61例,T6～72例,T7～83例,T8～93例,T9～102例,T10～113例。ASIA分级:B级3例,C级11例,D级8例。MRI示椎管内均有压迫。9例行肩胛下经胸前路病灶清除矫形植骨内固定术,13例常规经胸病灶清除矫形植骨内固定术。术后继续抗痨治疗9～12个月。结果:22例患者切口均一期愈合,无肺部感染、呼吸衰竭等并发症。术后随访2～4年,14例在术后4周内瘫痪完全恢复,8例3个月内完全恢复。所有患者胸背痛消失,植骨融合,平均融合时间4个月,无1例结核复发,术后脊柱后凸Cobb角平均矫正18°,随访期间畸形矫正无丢失。结论:经胸前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸椎结核截瘫并后凸畸形,能够一期完成病灶清除、脊髓减压、后凸畸形矫正和脊柱稳定性重建,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

前路一期病变椎体切除并重建治疗胸腰椎结核并后凸畸形

目的:观察前路一期病变椎体切除、人工椎体或钛网融合器植骨替代、椎体钉板或钉棒系统内固定治疗连续两个及以上节段胸腰椎结核并后凸畸形的疗效。方法:34例病变累及连续两个及两个以上椎节的胸腰椎结核患者,术前后凸Cobb角27.8°￣65.4°(38.6°±10.3°),一期行前路病变椎体切除,椎间撬拔撑开复位,人工椎体或钛网融合器植骨替代,辅以椎体钉板或钉棒系统短节段邻近椎节内固定,重建脊柱稳定性,术后均给予短疗程化疗。观察术后局部疼痛缓解、脊髓神经功能恢复、后凸畸形矫正及脊柱稳定性情况。结果:患者术后局部疼痛缓解,术前伴有脊髓神经损伤的12例患者术后神经功能均有不同程度恢复。影像学检查示脊柱内固定物位置良好,椎体序列恢复良好,椎间高度恢复。后凸Cobb角矫正至2.1°￣14.2°(7.5°±8.3°),平均矫正31.2°±8.5°。随访18￣54个月,平均35个月。末次随访时后凸矫正度丢失4.3°±3.8°,均无结核复发。结论:连续两个及两个以上节段的胸腰椎结核采用前路一期行病变椎体切除有利于病灶彻底清除,减少复发;也有利于椎管彻底减压。前路椎体替代、植骨内固定重建脊柱稳定性可更好地纠正和预防脊柱后凸畸形。     

胸、腰椎椎体结核病椎置钉短节段内固定的疗效分析

 目的 总结胸、腰椎椎体结核前路一期病灶清除、椎体间植骨融合、病椎置钉短节段内固定的疗效,并探讨其安全性和有效性。方法 2009年6月至2013年11月,行前路一期病灶清除、椎体间植骨融合、病椎置钉短节段内固定治疗胸、腰椎椎体结核患者46例,男25例,女21例;年龄13~69岁,平均39.6岁。病变节段为T6~L4(均≤ 3个节段)。术前Frankel分级：B级3例、C级6例、D级4例、E级33例。术前后凸Cobb角平均为16.34°±3.19°。术前红细胞沉降率为19~81 mm/1 h。术前均行胸、腰椎CT平扫及二维重建,测量残余椎体冠状位及矢状位前、中柱最低有效残留高度,当最低残留有效高度>10 mm时,结合术中测量选择合适的内固定器械行前路病灶清除、植骨融合、病椎置钉内固定。对手术前后Cobb角、视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、红细胞沉降率、Frankel分级行统计分析,并观察内植物稳定性和植骨融合情况。结果 46例患者随访12~48个月,平均26个月。所有患者结核中毒症状均消失,红细胞沉降率为0~15 mm/1 h。末次随访Frankel分级：D级2例、E级44例。术后1周后凸Cobb角平均为4.16°±2.71°,末次随访平均为4.52°±1.29°;VAS评分由术前(6.85±1.22)分,恢复至术后1周(4.79±0.95)分,末次随访时(2.26±0.93)分;红细胞沉降率由术前(41.25±1.61) mm/1 h,恢复至术后1周(17.36±6.82) mm/1 h,末次随访时(10.67±0.72) mm/1 h。术后6个月植骨融合优44例、良2例。结论 胸、腰椎椎体结核残余椎体有效高度>10 mm时行病椎置钉短节段内固定安全且可靠。     

经后路病灶清除RF矫形固定植骨治疗脊柱结核

目的　探讨治疗脊柱结核一期完成病灶清除、矫正脊柱后凸畸形、前后同时植骨融合的效果。方法　俯卧位 ,以病椎为中心作后正中切口 ,从病椎左右椎弓根骨膜下分离病灶 (在胸椎段 ,先切取左右肋骨后段 ) ,椎弓根短节段固定器 (RF系统 )矫正脊柱后凸畸形和椎体间高度 ,彻底清除结核病灶 ,前后同时植骨。结果　 15例患者结核病灶清除彻底 ,脊柱畸形矫正角由术前 18°～ 45°矫正到术后 3 4° ,椎体间高度由术前 62 6 %恢复到术后 98 2 % ,植骨块无移位。结论　该手术入路简捷 ,病灶清除彻底 ,畸形矫正满意 ,三柱固定植骨融合 ,后期脊柱稳定 ,缩短了卧床时间 ,减少了相应的并发症。     

前路病灶清除、植骨、内固定治疗脊柱结核

目的观察前路病灶清除、植骨、前路或后路内固定治疗脊柱结核的效果。方法总结1997年1月至2004年6月采用前路病灶清除、植骨、前路或后路内固定治疗脊柱结核41例,病变位于颈椎3例、胸椎3例、胸腰椎20例、腰椎14例、腰骶椎1例,术前有后凸成角畸形9~°71,°平均32°。Ⅰ期前路病灶清除、植骨、内固定31例,Ⅰ期前路病灶清除、植骨、后路内固定6例,Ⅱ期后路内固定4例。结果平均随访1.6 a,优良率为87.8%,植骨融合率为92.7%,平均矫正后凸角度15.3(°P<0.05),随访期间无1例复发。结论前路病灶清除、植骨、前路或后路内固定治疗脊柱结核有利于恢复脊柱的早期稳定性,融合率高,可预防及矫正脊柱后凸畸形。     

前路内固定矫正结核性脊柱畸形

目的　总结前路病灶清除、椎体间植骨和前路内固定手术治疗结核性脊柱畸形的临床疗效 ,探讨前路内固定植入在脊柱结核外科治疗中的安全性和价值。　方法　 1997年 6月～ 2 0 0 1年5月 ,采用前路病灶清除、椎体间植骨和一期前路内固定手术治疗脊柱结核 18例 ,其中颈椎 1例 ,胸椎10例 ,胸腰段 2例 ,腰椎 5例。平均每例受累椎体 2 8个。脊柱后凸畸形角度 2 7 0°～ 75 5°,平均47 5°± 11 4°。均采用髂骨植骨。　结果　 18例病例均获得随访 ,平均随访时间 2 5个月。所有病例均未出现伤口深部感染或窦道形成 ,植骨均完全融合 ,平均融合时间为 3 6个月。后凸畸形矫正度数为 32 7°± 8 3°,后期矫正度丢失 3 2°± 2 8°。　结论　前路内固定手术在脊柱外科治疗中能有效地达到矫正后凸畸形、重建脊柱稳定性和促进椎体间植骨融合的目的 ,是一种安全和有效的治疗方法。     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.