关节镜下复位固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的 探讨在关节镜下对胫骨平台骨折进行复位固定的临床疗效.方法 关节镜监视下对42例胫骨平台骨折患者(SchatzkerⅠ～Ⅳ型)进行复位固定.结果 42例均获得随访,时间3～24(10±3)个月.术后3～6个月骨折均完全愈合.术后6个月关节功能按HSS评分:优38例,良4例.结论 在关节镜监视下对胫骨平台骨折进行复位和固定,损伤小,复位固定确切,有利于关节功能早期恢复,疗效满意.     

关节镜辅助下胫骨平台重度粉碎性骨折的固定与重建

目的 探讨胫骨平台重度粉碎性骨折的临床特点及关节镜辅助下进行复位固定的疗效.方法 2007年6月至2010年5月共收治12例胫骨平台重度粉碎性骨折患者,男10例,女2例;年龄19 ～53岁,平均33.8岁.骨折按Schatzker分型:V型4例,Ⅵ型8例.受伤至手术时间为2～15d(平均4.3d).术中先在关节镜下探查膝关节腔内韧带及半月板损伤情况;然后复位胫骨平台干骺端骨折,并在关节镜直视下行胫骨平台关节面塌陷性骨折的顶起复位与充填植骨;最后根据胫骨干骺端骨折部位及复位情况采用侧方钢板固定.结果 12例患者术后获12 ～42个月(平均26个月)随访.12例患者骨折复位情况按Rasmussen胫骨平台骨折影像学评分系统评定:评分为10～17分,平均15.6分;其中优10例,良2例.12例患者骨折均获骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间为3.0～4.5个月(平均3.5个月).术后6个月膝关节功能采用Rasmussen评分系统评定:评分为18 ～28分,平均25.8分;其中优3例,良8例,可1例.随访期间无内固定失效、膝内、外翻畸形及深部感染等并发症发生.结论 关节镜辅助下治疗胫骨平台重度粉碎性骨折具有手术创伤小、恢复快及并发症少等优点.关节镜直视下胫骨平台塌陷关节面的复位与重建是一种安全、可行的微创治疗手段.     

关节镜下可吸收线内固定治疗胫骨髁间嵴骨折的临床体会

目的探讨关节镜下可吸收线内固定治疗胫骨髁间嵴骨折的临床效果。方法对30例胫骨髁间嵴骨折患者实施关节镜下可吸收线内固定治疗,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果本组30例患者均顺利完成手术,手术平均时间51.2 min。患者均获随访9~15个月。术后3个月X线片复查显示,骨折复位满意,骨性愈合良好,骨折平均愈合时间2.8个月。术前Lysholm膝关节功能评分平均为18.5分,末次随访平均97.6分。随访期间未出现半月瓣损伤、创伤性关节炎等并发症病例。结论关节镜下可吸收线内固定治疗胫骨髁间嵴骨折固定牢靠,复位满意,术后关节功能恢复好。     

关节镜辅助下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜辅助治疗胫骨平台手术效果。方法对63例闭合性胫骨平台骨折在关节镜监控下复位小切口内固定。结果患者均获随访,时间618个月,骨折临床愈合时间4-10个月,无感染、关节强直等并发症发生,X线片显示49例达解剖复位,14例平台关节面有2 mm以下塌陷。按Rasmussen功能评分标准：优35例,良22例,可6例,总优良率90.5%。结论关节镜辅助治疗胫骨平台骨折,疗效可靠,创伤小,术后关节功能恢复快。     

关节镜辅助下内固定治疗外侧胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜辅助下内固定治疗外侧胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效及手术方法。方法自2007年3月至2009年4月对19例外侧胫骨平台骨折患者行关节镜辅助下内固定手术治疗,按Schatzker分型Ⅰ型9例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型6例。所有患者均应用关节镜探查处理半月板及韧带等合并损伤,并在关节镜监视下行骨折复位、支撑钢板或拉力螺钉内固定术。结果 19例患者均在术后3~4个月获得骨性愈合,无局部感染、骨筋膜室综合征、深静脉血栓等并发症发生。最后一次随访HSS评分平均87.9分（67分~98分）,优良率94.7%。结论关节镜辅助内固定术治疗外侧胫骨平台骨折临床效果良好,可同时处理关节腔内合并组织损伤,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

关节镜下多入路内固定治疗复杂粉碎胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜下多入路内固定治疗复杂粉碎胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效。方法对45例复杂粉碎胫骨平台骨折选择前外侧、内侧、后外侧、后内侧及后正中纵形切口,通过关节镜监测进行胫骨平台关节面的解剖复位和坚强内固定,同时修复关节内韧带损伤。结果术后45例均获得随访16-51（25±6）个月。骨折全部愈合,愈合时间14-26（16±4）周。末次随访时采用Rasmussen膝关节功能评分评定疗效：优19例,良23例,可2例,差1例,优良率93.3%。结论关节镜下多入路内固定治疗复杂粉碎胫骨平台骨折可准确评估骨折移位程度,进行良好的植骨及复位并坚强内固定。     

关节镜辅助下微创手术治疗胫骨平台骨折

[目的]评价关节镜下辅助微创治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效.[方法]自2004年7月～2008年5月采用关节镜辅助下治疗胫骨平台骨折34例,Schatzker Ⅰ型胫骨平台骨折10例,Ⅱ型骨折4例,Ⅲ型骨折10例,Ⅳ型骨折6例.Ⅴ型骨折4例.其中男22例,女12例;年龄23～57岁,平均46.27±11.83岁.术中先做关节镜下的辅助治疗,然后根据患者骨折情况采用不同的切口,用单钢板或用双钢板固定胫骨平台骨折.术后以HSS评分评价膝关节功能,以优良率表示.[结果]随访32例患者,随访时间8～24个月,平均13.6±5.74个月,骨折全部愈合,无骨折延迟愈合.采用HSS评分,优良率为94.1％.[结论]采用关节镜辅助下切开复位内固定治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折,能避免切开膝关节囊,提高胫骨平台关节面复位质量,减少手术创伤,早期功能锻练,临床效果满意.     

关节镜及C臂监视下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜及C臂X光线机监视下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折的手术方法及近期疗效。方法胫骨平台骨折患者23例,均在关节镜及C臂监视下小切口复位骨折,行螺钉钢板内固定,术中不切开关节囊,并用关节镜同时处理合并的半月板损伤6例,另有交叉韧带损伤的2例留待二期行重建术。结果所有骨折均解剖复位,3~5个月内愈合,未出现感染、切口愈合不良和骨筋膜室综合征等早期并发症。23例均获随访,时间6~24个月,无骨折端移位、塌陷、内固定松动断裂,无创伤性膝关节炎和膝关节内外翻畸形。按Hohl-Luck膝关节评分评定疗效,优18例,良4例,可1例。结论关节镜及C臂监视下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折具有创伤小,复位固定满意,可同时处理关节内合并伤,术后关节功能恢复快的优点。     

关节镜下手术治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的 探讨关节镜下撬拨复位经皮内固定术治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效。方法 11例胫骨平台骨折在关节镜下通过撬拨复位重建塌陷的胫骨平台，并经皮用松质骨螺钉固定。结果患者骨折均达到临床骨愈合，无感染和严重骨关节炎等并发症。膝关节功能恢复良好。结论关节镜下撬拨复位经皮内固定术治疗胫骨平台骨折，具有损伤小、操作安全、直视下复位固定确切、能同时处理关节内合并伤等优点，有利于术后早期功能锻炼。     

关节镜监视下手术治疗胫骨平台骨折16例报告

目的探讨关节镜技术治疗胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效.方法2003年3月～2004年10月,我院行关节镜监视下手术治疗胫骨平台骨折SchatzkerⅠ～Ⅳ型16例,其中Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型6例,Ⅳ型3例.常规关节镜检查,发现并处理关节内的合并损伤,骨折复位,同时做辅助切口行骨折内固定,术后配合下肢功能锻炼器(continuous passive motion,CPM)早期功能锻炼.结果16例随访平均10.5月(6～20个月),无创面感染和内固定移位,无骨折延期愈合,根据Hohl评分标准,优13例,良3例,优良率100%(16/16).结论关节镜监视下做辅助切口治疗胫骨平台骨折能够取得满意的骨折复位和固定,并且副损伤少,功能恢复快.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.