甲亢外科治疗的几点体会

我院1977年来,手术治疗36例甲亢,其中原发性甲亢30例,继发性甲亢4例,腺瘤性甲亢2例,按巴兰诺夫分类法属轻型者12例,中型者15例,重型者9例。有34例做了甲状腺次全切除术,2例腺滴型甲亢做了腺瘤摘除术。现就有关问题探讨如下。关于甲状腺组织保留量问题多数学者认为术后甲亢复发率和甲低发生率与术后甲状腺组织的残存重量(残存量)及其占肿大甲状腺组织的总重量的百分比(残存率)有着相当密切的关系。但究竟残存多少为宜,各家报道的差距较大。     

原发性甲状腺功能亢进个体化手术可行性的临床探讨

目的探讨原发性甲状腺功能亢进(简称甲亢)手术中甲状腺重量测定方法的准确性,及原发性甲亢个体化手术的可行性。方法将150例原发性甲亢手术患者收治时间分成前后两组,传统手术组70例,个体化手术组80例。通过随访结果,比较两组术后并发症,并比较个体化手术组中预测重量和实际称量重量的误差。结果个体化手术组中预测重量和实际称量重量的误差为5%,两者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。个体化手术组术后并发症较传统手术组发生率为低,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论术中甲状腺重量的测定方法是较准确的,可作为原发性甲亢个体化手术的重要依据,以减少术后并发症发生。     

38例甲状腺次全切除术临床分析

甲状腺次全切除术是临床上较常用的手术方式。为减少术中术后并发症的发生 ,作者采用保留甲状腺下动脉主干的方法 ,取得了良好的效果。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　　本组 38例中 ,男性 8例 ,女性 30例 ;原发性甲亢 2 8例 ,继发性甲亢 10例 ,平均年龄 37(2 4～ 5 0 )岁。发病至手术时间 6个月至 5年。1 2　临床表现　　甲亢病例均有明显的甲亢表现 ,甲状腺Ⅲ度肿大 2例 ,Ⅰ～Ⅱ度肿大 36例 ,术前合并甲亢性心脏病者 1例 ,糖尿病者 2例。1 3　手术方法　　全部病例均行双侧甲状腺次全切除术。每侧切除甲状腺80 %～ 90 % ,残留腺体重量约 6～ 1…     

原发性甲亢CT测定甲状腺重量与称量重量的比较分析

原发性甲亢术前准确预测甲状腺重量是原发性甲亢个体化手术的关键因素之一[1-2].目前甲状腺测重方法有临床触诊法、放射性核素平面显像、B超、CT等方法,无论误差大小,均未与手术实体样本的称量重量作比较分析,临床应用有待进一步研究.2004-2005年我们通过71例原发性甲亢手术患者术前CT测定甲状腺重量,与术中、术后手术样本称量重量进行比较分析,并应用于原发性甲亢的个体化手术,取得了较好的效果.     

原发性甲状腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺癌临床分析

目的 探讨原发性甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)合并甲状腺癌(甲癌)的诊治方法。方法 对1993年7月至2002年3月11例原发性甲亢合并甲癌临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 发病率1．6％。术前术中甲癌漏诊率81．8％。2例首次手术为甲状腺—侧腺叶全切加峡部切除加对侧腺叶次全切除，9例首次手术为甲状腺次全切除术。术后病理均为原发性甲亢合并甲癌，滤泡状腺癌5例，乳头状腺癌4例，混合癌2例，无颈淋巴结转移。7例行二次手术，3例有甲状腺残癌，残癌率42．9％。所有病例术后均长期给予甲状腺素片治疗。10例生存良好，1例死亡。结论 原发性甲亢合并甲癌易漏诊，发现甲状腺结节应警惕合并甲癌可能性。合理的手术治疗，术后服用甲状腺素片，疗效较好。     

原发性甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺癌的诊治

目的探讨原发性甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺癌的诊治方法及效果。方法原发性甲亢合并甲状腺癌15例,占同期手术治疗的原发性甲亢病例的4.1%(15/366)。术前经B超及细针穿刺细胞学检查确诊4例。行甲状腺全切术3例(其中1例合并颈部淋巴结肿大,行颈部淋巴结清扫术),另1例行患侧腺体+峡部切除并对侧腺体大部分切除。9例术中快速冰冻切片确诊,为甲亢并甲状腺微小癌,均行患侧腺体+峡部切除并对侧腺体大部分切除。2例仅行双侧甲状腺次全切除但术后病理发现癌变的患者,1例因是髓样癌在5 d内再次行患侧残留腺体切除术,另1例因是乳头状微小癌而未再行手术。结果随访12例,时间平均为5.3(1个月~14年),其中1例术后病理证实为滤泡状癌者术后1年内复发,再次行甲状腺全切除+颈部淋巴结清扫术,并加行放疗,目前仍存活,其余患者均无复发,存活至今。结论对某些特殊类型的甲亢患者应警惕癌变的可能,尽量在术前、术中确诊。甲亢合并的甲状腺癌预后较好,手术多以患侧全切+对侧次全切为主。     

原发性甲状腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺微小癌:附32例报告

目的　探讨原发性甲状腺功能亢进症 (甲亢 )合并甲状腺微小癌的诊断和治疗。方法　回顾性分析 1994年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 12月收治的经外科手术及病理证实为原发性甲亢合并甲状腺微小癌 3 2例的临床资料。结果　全组微小癌发病率为 1.0 7%。术前无 1例确诊。 3 2例均行双侧甲状腺次全切除术。术中见双侧甲状腺弥漫性肿大 ,11例发现有小结节或星状疤痕样改变。均无淋巴结转移 ,均末行二次手术。全组病例术后随访 1～ 10 (平均 5 .5 )年均未见甲亢或甲状腺癌复发。结论　甲亢合并甲状腺微小癌的临床诊断较困难 ,多于手术后病理诊断。手术治疗效果良好 ,预后较好 ,但术后仍需长期随访     

甲状腺一叶全切加对侧大部切除术治疗甲状腺功能亢进的临床评价

目的　探讨甲状腺一叶全切加对侧大部切除术治疗甲状腺功能亢进症 (甲亢 )的可行性。方法　将 12 1例接受手术治疗的甲亢患者分为两组 :甲组 67例 (其中 13例有甲状腺结节 )作甲状腺一叶全切加对侧大部切除术 ;乙组 5 4例作双侧甲状腺大部切除术。结果　甲组手术时间为 (12 8±16)min ,乙组 (174± 2 3 )min(P <0 .0 1) ;术中出血量甲组为 (74± 14 )ml ,乙组 (12 7± 2 3 )ml(P <0 .0 1)。两组的手术并发症无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。所有患者均治愈。两组患者全部获随访 15～61个月 ,均治愈 ,随访期间无甲亢复发或甲状腺功能减退发生。结论　治疗甲亢采用甲状腺一叶切除加对侧大部切除术优于双侧大部切除术。     

经乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺大部切除治疗原发性甲状腺功能亢进61例经验

目的:探讨经乳晕途径腔镜甲状腺大部切除治疗原发性甲状腺功能亢进(甲亢)的方法和可行性。方法:2002年4月至2004年10月为61例原发性甲亢病人施行了乳晕途径入路的腔镜甲状腺大部切除术。结果:58例成功完成手术,手术时间为96.4(65～270)min,平均失血量15.5ml,术后呈住院时间5.9(5～9)d。术后甲状腺危象者1例,术后6～60d呈暂时性声音嘶哑者1例、术后半年甲亢复发的1例。3例中转为开放手术。结论:腔镜甲亢手术是一种安全的手术方法,术后近期效果满意,与传统术式相比,具有颈部无瘢痕的良好美容效果。术后长期效果需作进一步观察。     

选择性血管离断术治疗难控制性甲状腺功能亢进症(附11例报告)

甲状腺次全切除术是治疗原发性甲状腺功能亢进症（简称甲亢）的有效手段〔１〕。但某些重症甲亢患者,术前虽经积极服药准备,症状仍难以控制,难提供安全的手术条件。笔者１９８９年２月至１９９７年７月对１１例重症甲亢患者采用选择性血管离断术作为甲状腺次全切除术前...     

Ectopic thyroid in the abdomen: Report of a case

Ectopic thyroid tissue can be seen anywhere along the path of the descending glands, but it is rarely seen in the abdominal cavity. An ectopic thyroid was encountered incidentally in the pancreas of a 50-year-old woman who underwent a bilateral truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty for a duodenal ulcer. There were no signs or symptoms of a thyroid tumor.     

异位甲状腺并发甲状腺炎1例报告

<正>病人女性,48岁。因颈前肿物3个月于2010-04-19入院。查体:颈前正中甲状软骨上缘水平可见一肿物,约1.5cm×2.5cm大小。触诊实性,质韧,无压痛,界清,随吞咽     

Primary neurilemoma of the thyroid gland: Report of a case

Neurilemoma, like other non-epithelial tumors, seldom occurs in the thyroid gland. A 57-year-old man was first referred to our hospital with an asymptomatic anterior neck tumor. A solid tumor was detected in the right lobe of the thyroid and an enucleation of the thyroid tumor was performed. The tumor was 35×33×33 mm in size, and diagnosed as Antoni A type neurilemoma. We were only able to find seven previously reported detailed cases of primary neurilemoma of the thyroid gland. A review of these cases, however, revealed that neurilemoma tends to develop in the right lobe of the thyroid gland. An operation is thus considered necessary and an enucleation of the tumor is appropriate.     

Congenital thyroid cyst of ultimobranchial gland origin

The ultimobranchial gland (UBG) is an endocrine gland which contributes C cells to the thyroid gland in mammals. Dysembryonic tissues derived from the UBG have been described as cystic bodies. The following case illustrates the criteria which characterize dysembryogenesis of the UBG.     

Primary neurilemmoma of the thyroid gland in a 12-year-old girl

A case of a neurilemmoma of the thyroid gland in a 12-year-old girl is reported. The tumor was noted as a asymptomatic left lower neck swelling 9 months before admission. Ultrasound scan showed the solid lesion of predominantly hypoechoic structure measuring 17.2 × 12 × 26 mm within the left lobe. Pathologic examination of the excised lobe was consistent with neurilemmoma with both Antoni A and Antoni B histologic patterns. To date only 14 cases of this nonepithelial tumor of the thyroid gland have been described in the literature, and all occurred in adult patients. This is the first report of thyroid neurilemmoma in a child.     

Papillary carcinoma arising in subhyoid ectopic thyroid gland with no orthotopic thyroid tissue

Ectopic thyroid gland with no orthotopic thyroid tissue is extremely rare. The authors present a case of a follicular variant of papillary carcinoma developed from an ectopic thyroid gland with no orthotopic thyroid tissue.     

MOLECULAR GENETICS OF THYROID AND PARATHYROID NEOPLASlA

There have been several recent advances in the understanding of the process of carcinogenesis in the thyroid and parathyroid glands. The specific abnormal molecules are, in many instances, well understood. This review provides an overview of the molecules in the cell that regulate cell growth and proliferation and identifies the molecules that have been found to be abnormal (or mutant) in various types of thyroid and parathyroid neoplasia.     

Unusual Malignant Thyroid Tumours - a Clinical Study of 20 Cases

The aim of this study is to assess late results of surgical treatment for primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma (PNHL), thyroid sarcomas (TS) and tumour metastases (TM) of the thyroid gland.

Materials and methods : Between January 1^st, 1990 and December 31^st, 2005, 12725 patients were surgically treated for various types of goitre. Malignant tumour was diagnosed in 617 (4.9%) cases, consisting of 597 (96.8%) patients with thyroid carcinoma and 20 (3.2%) with other tumours, which included 9 (1.5%) cases of PNHL, 9 (1.5%) cases of TM and 2 (0.2%) patients who showed TS.

Results : In the group of patients diagnosed with PNHL, variant B-cell lymphoma predominated (77.8%), and in cases of patients with TM renal cell carcinoma prevailed (77.8%). In all cases, hypo-echogenic nodules were observed in ultrasonography and cold nodules in scintigraphy. All patients were surgically treated with possible complementary chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. At present, 5 patients with PNHL are alive - 43–93 (average of 63.8) months after the operation. Others have died within a period of 2 days to 3 months after the operation. Two patients with TM are alive - 19 and 46 (median 32.5) months after the operation. Others have died within a period of 3 to 62 (median 21) months after the operation. Patients with TS have died respectively 19 days and 13 months after the operation. Conclusions :

1. Patients with primary thyroid lymphomas should be approached individually using all available methods of treatment, including surgery and radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.

2. Diagnosis of cold nodules in patients with oncological history should always arouse suspicion of metastases to the thyroid gland.

3. Diagnosis of non-thyroid cancer prior to surgery is difficult to obtain.

4. The need for surgery is usually based on local compression.     

THE AETIOLOGY,INVESTIGATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SURGICAL DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND

There have been many recent advances in our understanding of thyroid disease, including thyroid physiology, the molecular biology of thyroid neoplasms, guidelines for the management of surgical thyroid disease and the operative approach to thy-roidectomy. The control of thyroid growth and function is better understood now that the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor has been characterized as a G-protein coupled transmembrane receptor. The peripheral action of thyroid hormones is also better understood in terms of their interaction with nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. An adenoma-carcinoma sequence for the development of thyroid neoplasms has been proposed based on the characterization of a number of proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, and different pathways for the development of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma have been demonstrated. Fine needle biopsy has become, over the past few years, the principal diagnostic technique for evaluation of thyroid nodules, and has resulted in a significant reduction in the need for surgery for benign thyroid nodules. The approach to the management of thyroid carcinoma can now be based on comprehensive scoring systems for assigning patients to a particular risk group, the most recent of which is the MACIS system based on distant metastases (M), age (A), completeness of resection (C), invasion (I) and size (S). The capsular technique of thyroidectomy as described has now been shown to be the best method to preserve parathyroid blood supply, protect the recurrent laryngeal nerve and minimize the complications of thyroid surgery.     

14例异位甲状腺疾病临床诊治分析

目的探讨异位甲状腺疾病的临床特点及诊治方法,减少对该疾病的误诊误治。方法回顾性分析2002～2010年期间笔者所在医院14例经外科手术及病理学检查证实的异位甲状腺疾病患者的临床和病理资料。结果14例中男4例,女10例;5例有临床症状;8例为术前明确诊断,6例为术后经病理学检查明确诊断。病变为恶性4例,良性10例。术后接受TSH抑制治疗4例,其中3例为分化型异位甲状腺癌,1例为单纯异位甲状腺但正常位置甲状腺为乳头状癌;4例良性及1例异位甲状腺髓样癌患者接受左旋甲状腺素替代治疗;另外5例良性患者未接受其他治疗。9例患者随访1～10年,平均5．5年,均正常生活;恶性患者无肿瘤复发和转移。结论异位甲状腺一般无特殊临床表现,对于舌根至纵隔内的包块,尤其是颈部包块,应仔细检查正常位置是否存在甲状腺,以排除异位甲状腺的可能。彩超、甲状腺核素扫描、甲状腺功能检查、CT及细针穿刺细胞学检查是重要的检查手段。异位甲状腺可发生与正常位置甲状腺一样的病变,一旦确诊,应根据患者年龄、异位甲状腺类型、位置、大小和病变性质来选择随访观察、手术治疗、左旋甲状腺素替代治疗或TSH抑制治疗以及^131I治疗。