早期乳腺癌的保乳综合治疗疗效分析

目的　评价早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的疗效。方法　保乳组 92例 ,行保留乳房的肿瘤切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫术 ;对照组 60例 ,行乳癌改良根治术。术后给予放疗、全身化疗和 /或内分泌治疗。结果　平均随访 5 7个月 ,保乳组中无局部复发病例 ,3年生存率为 97.2 % ,5年生存率为 89.3 % ,远隔脏器转移率为 6.5 % ;对照组局部复发 2例 ,3年生存率为 97.5 % ,5年生存率为90 .1% ,远隔脏器转移率为 5 .0 % ,两组各指标对比无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　早期乳腺癌采用保乳综合疗法 ,可以达到与根治术相似的治疗效果 ,可作为首选方法     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术与改良根治术的对比研究

目的探讨保乳手术与改良根治术对早期乳腺癌的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析86例早期乳腺癌患者的临床资料,比较两组患者术后生存率、复发率、转移率及焦虑和对美容效果的满意度。结果改良根治术和保乳手术后患者的3、5、10年生存率、复发率和转移率差异无统计学意义,而保乳手术组患者术后1年的焦虑情况显著低于改良根治术组,美容效果显著优于改良根治术组。结论保乳手术能够取得与改良根治术相似的治疗效果和远期疗效,且能够满足女性形体美的要求,患者的满意度高,值得临床推广应用。     

保乳手术和改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床疗效分析

目的探讨和比较保乳手术和改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2015年9月期间接受外科手术治疗的100例早期乳腺癌手术患者的临床资料,根据患者的手术方式进行分组,其中保乳手术组(保乳组)50例,改良根治术组(改良组)50例,采用SPSS 19.0统计分析,两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、住院天数等用"均数±标准差"表示,组间比较采用t检验;术后并发症发生情况、乳房美容效果、术后肿瘤局部复发率、远处转移率、1年生存率等用"%"形式表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。P0.05差异有统计学意义。结果保乳组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间及术后并发症发生率均少于改良组(P0.05),美容效果优良率高于改良组(P0.05)。两组患者术后肿瘤局部复发率、远处转移率、1年生存率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论保乳手术与改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌疗效确切,但保乳手术对患者损伤小、出血量少、并发症少、美容效果好,值得推广应用。     

乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的疗效分析

目的　评价I ,IIa期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的疗效。方法　将 14 1例I ,IIa期乳腺癌 (肿块距乳头≥ 3cm )前瞻性非随机分为两组 :(1)保乳治疗组 68例 ,行保留乳房的肿瘤局部广泛切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫术 ;(2 )对照组 46例 ,行乳癌改良根治术。术后均给予化疗、放疗和 /或内分泌治疗。结果　中位随访 46个月 ,两组病例均无局部复发。保乳治疗组 3a生存率为 98.0 % ,5年生存率为93 .3 % ,远隔脏器转移率为 7.4% ;改良根治组 3年生存率为 97.1% ,5年生存率为 91.3 % ,远隔脏器转移率为 8.7 ,两组各指标比较无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　对癌肿距乳头≥ 3cm的I ,IIa期乳腺癌采用保乳综合疗法 ,可以达到与根治术相似的治疗效果 ,可能逐渐成为治疗I ,IIa期乳腺癌患者的首选术式     

Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期乳腺癌保乳手术与改良根治术临床疗效对比研究

目的：探讨保乳手术与改良根治术治疗Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌的临床疗效差异。方法：系统回顾2000年1月—2009年1月我院肿瘤外科收治的45例接受保乳手术的乳腺癌患者的临床资料,将其与同时期接受改良根治术的120例乳腺癌患者进行对比,比较2组患者在术后早期并发症、生存率、术后局部复发及远处转移、术后美容效果和生活质量方面的差异。结果：乳腺癌患者术后早期并发症主要为皮下积液、皮瓣坏死和患侧上肢水肿,此方面2组患者差异无统计学意义;术后复发、远处转移率和生存期2组患者的差异亦无统计学意义;而保乳手术术后美容效果和生活质量显著优于改良根治术,二者差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：保乳手术和改良根治术在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者的术后早期并发症、生存率、术后复发和远处转移方面无明显差异,而在术后美容效果和生活质量方面,保乳手术明显优于改良根治术。保乳手术是Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌的最佳手术方式。     

保乳术对育龄期早期乳腺癌患者的疗效评估

目的观察保乳术与改良根治术治疗育龄期早期乳腺癌的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析本院2013年6月至2016年1月收治的80例育龄期早期乳腺癌患者的临床资料。根据术式的不同将患者分为保乳术组(40例)和改良根治术组(40例)。保乳术组采用保乳手术治疗;而改良根治术组则行乳腺癌改良根治术。观察记录两组患者手术及住院情况指标及预后,并采用健康状况调查简表(SF-36)评估患者术后的生命质量差异。结果保乳组患者手术时间、术后平均引流量、平均住院时间及术中出血量均显著低于改良根治术组(P0.05);保乳组术后并发症发生率(5%)显著低于改良根治组(20%)(P0.05);而两组患者局部复发率、远处转移率及术后1年生存率比较(P0.05);两组患者术后随访发现,保乳术组患者SF-36量表各维度评分均显著高于改良根治术组(P0.05)。结论保乳术与改良根治术治疗育龄期早期乳腺癌的预后相近,但保乳术具备创伤小、术后恢复快,术后美容效果好且能显著改善患者的术后生命质量,因此值得临床上广泛应用,可作为育龄期早期乳腺癌的首选术式。     

乳腺区段切除加腋淋巴结清扫治疗早期乳癌

目的 探讨乳腺区段切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫及放疗治疗早期乳癌的临床效果。方法 对乳腺区段切除术加腋窝淋巴结清扫及放疗的46例（治疗组）,与标准根治术（Halsted根治术）加放疗66例（对照组）的生存率、局部复发率、远处转移率、生活质量和保留乳房的美观效果进行长期随访观察。结果 3,5,8年生存率治疗组分别为97．8％,80．5％,76．1％,对照组分别为97．0％,87．9％,71．2％,两组相比无显著差异。治疗组复发率为：4．3％,对照组为4．6％;治疗组远处转移率为19．6％,对照组为16．7％,两组相比无显著差异。治疗组保留乳房总优良率达93．2％。结论 乳腺区段切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫及放疗治疗早期乳癌疗效同Halsted根治术,是治疗早期乳癌的理想术式。     

肿瘤整形技术对早期乳腺癌保乳手术患者美容效果及预后的影响

探讨对早期乳腺癌患者应用乳腺肿瘤整形保乳术治疗对其术后乳房美观度及预后的影 响。方法 选取我院2019年3月-2021年6月收治的60例早期乳腺癌患者为研究对象，随机分为对照组和观察 组，每组30例。对照组采用常规保乳术治疗，观察组采用乳腺肿瘤整形保乳术治疗，比较两组术后乳房美 观度和预后状况。结果 观察组术后乳房美观优良率为96.67%，高于对照组的73.33%（P＜0.05）；两组治疗 1年后均无复发和远处转移，生存率均为100.00%；两组治疗2年后生存率、复发率及远处转移率比较，差 异无统计学意义（P ＞0.05）。结论 乳腺肿瘤整形保乳术在早期乳腺癌患者中的应用效果确切，可提升患 者的术后乳房美观度，且预后状况较好，不会增加复发率及远处转移率。     

保乳手术和改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌效果分析

目的比较保乳手术和改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的效果。方法将2011-01—2014-01间收治的60例早期乳腺癌患者根据不同手术方式及患者意愿分为2组。对照组(28例)采用乳腺癌改良根治术,观察组(32例)采用保乳手术。回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果观察组术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间及并发症发生率低于对照组,乳房外形优良率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后均随访5～6 a,2组局部复发率、远处转移率和5 a生存率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论保乳手术治疗早期乳腺癌创伤小,术后恢复快且患者满意率高;而且转移率、复发率及近期生存率与改良根治术相同。但需严格掌握手术禁忌证和加强术后综合治疗。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术196例回顾性分析

目的：通过与改良根治术比较,探讨乳腺癌保乳手术的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析广西医科大学第九附属医院自2001年9月—2006年9月早期乳腺癌患者196例,其中实施保乳手术96例,改良根治术100例,并对两者的临床资料进行研究,对比两组的切口长度、术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院天数、美容效果满意率、术后并发症及远期生存率。结果：保乳组切口长度、术后住院天数、手术时间、术中出血量、明显小（少）于改良组（P〈0.01）,美容效果满意率明显高于改良组（P〈0.01）;两组的生存率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;保乳组术后发生3例皮下积液,改良组发生6例并有4例发生皮瓣坏死。中位随访时间61个月。两组5年的无病生存率分别为94%和96%,局部复发率分别为2%和1%。结论：早期乳腺癌行保乳治疗是安全可靠的,但必须掌握保乳手术指征并保证术后综合治疗。     

Combined effects of hematoporphyrin derivative phototherapy and adriamycin in a murine tumor model

Hematoporphyrin derivative phototherapy (HpD-PT) is currently being used experimentally in the treatment of various malignancies. The effectiveness of HpD-PT appears to be limited to superficial malignancies because of its inability to penetrate more than 0.5-1 cm. The mechanism of action has been demonstrated to result from the formation of toxic singlet oxygen and other oxygen radicals. Preliminary work suggested that the addition of other chemical agents known to produce toxic oxygen radicals may enhance the effect of HpD-PT. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effectiveness of HpD-PT in the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma with and without Adriamycin. Tumor kill was estimated by calculating the area of necrosis on photomicrographic sections. From this area, a radius of tumor necrosis was determined and compared among various control and experimental groups. HpD-PT was effective in this model when compared to control groups (radius of necrosis 3.79 +/- 0.97 mm vs. 2.60 +/- 1.26 mm, P less than .05). The addition of Adriamycin significantly increased the radius of necrosis when compared to HpD-PT (4.57 +/- 1.70 mm vs. 3.69 +/- 0.97 mm, P less than .01). From this work we conclude that HpD-PT demonstrates effective tumor killing in this murine model. The addition of Adriamycin significantly increased tumor kill.     

Facing the Reality: The World Cannot Afford Uremia Therapy at the Start of the 21st Century

Abstract: Although remarkably successful in prolonging useful life, there is minimal probability that the majority of the world's population will benefit from contemporary therapy for irreversible renal failure because of its inordinately high cost in light of available resources. While affluent nations establish priorities for allocation of slots for maintenance dialysis or recipients of organ transplants, poor and developing countries must await the development of inexpensive, low technology treatments to substitute for absent kidney function. One attractive potential alternative to contemporary uremia therapy is the use of the intestine as a giant substitute and somewhat displaced nephron. Possible means of extracting wastes via the gut include ingestion of a mixed oral sorbent, instillation of bacterial crystallized enzymes to transform nitrogenous wastes to essential amino acids, or administration of high osmolality laxatives to promote diarrhea containing nitrogenous wastes. Any of these approaches may extract sufficient solute and water to sustain anephric life. An optimistic view of evolving uremia therapy is that within the next decade pills and purges for the poor may supplant more effective though expensive high technology approaches now encompassed in so-called modern nephrology.     

胆囊切除术后胆瘘的处理体会

本文报告７例胆囊切除术后胆瘘，根据具体情况选择治疗方法：其中保守治疗４例，治愈２例，失败２例；再手术治疗４例均治愈；内镜乳头括约肌切开术治疗１例治愈。作者认为；保守治疗治愈率不高，时间长；再手术治疗愈较高，但手术较困难、危险性高，易导致副损伤的发生；内镜治疗具有创伤小侵入外科并发症少，治愈率高等优点，可作为术后胆瘘的首选治疗方法，值得进一步推广应用。     

系统治疗在肝癌术前新辅助治疗中应用进展

近年来，肝癌的系统治疗进展迅速，新的免疫治疗药物、靶向药物不断涌现，新的治疗理念和治疗方案不断创新。但关于系统治疗应用于肝癌术前的方案选择和疗效分析，探讨相对较少。肝癌的新辅助系统治疗按其目的和后续手术方式可分为可切除性肝癌的新辅助系统治疗、不可切除肝癌的转化治疗和肝移植术前的降期或桥接治疗。新辅助系统治疗策略的制定需基于术前诊断特别是病理学诊断、多学科讨论及分子肿瘤学委员会讨论、系统的疗效评估、科学的终点选择及术中术后的全过程管理。由于肝癌肝移植涉及系统免疫调节和免疫微环境重塑，其综合治疗的方案、方式都处于探讨阶段。新辅助治疗用于肝癌肝移植的术前降期或术前桥接在免疫治疗时代，是亟需探讨的重要问题。     

Focal therapy for primary and salvage prostate cancer treatment: a narrative review

Despite innovations in surgical technology and advancements in radiation therapy, radical treatments for clinically localized prostate cancer are associated with significant patient morbidity, including both urinary and sexual dysfunction. This has created a vital need for therapies and management strategies that provide an acceptable degree of oncologic efficacy while mitigating these undesirable side effects. Successful developments in screening approaches and advances in prostate imaging have allowed clinicians to identify, localize, and more precisely target early cancers. This has afforded urologists with an important opportunity to develop and employ focal ablation techniques that selectively destroy tumors while preserving the remainder of the gland, thus avoiding detrimental treatment effects to surrounding sensitive structures. A lack of high-level evidence supporting such an approach had previously hindered widespread adoption of focal treatments, but there are now numerous published clinical trials which have sought to establish benchmarks for safety and efficacy. As the clinical evidence supporting a potential role in prostate cancer treatment begins to accumulate, there has been a growing acceptance of focal therapy in the urologic oncology community. In this narrative review article, we describe the techniques, advantages, and side effect profiles of the most commonly utilized focal ablative techniques and analyze published clinical trial data supporting their evolving role in the prostate cancer treatment paradigm.     

A multicomponent behavioural and drug intervention for nocturia in elderly men: rationale and pilot results

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the number of medical and urological conditions associated with nocturia in a cohort of older men who were primary‐care enrolees, and to assess the feasibility and efficacy of using a multicomponent intervention to reduce nocturia and its bother.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Men aged ≥50 years and with two or more episodes of nocturia were recruited from the primary‐care clinics at one Veterans Affairs Medical Center to participate in a 4‐week, open‐label, prospective pilot study. A multicomponent intervention composed of behavioural therapy and targeted drug therapy was administered according to a specified protocol based upon identified risk factors for nocturia. Outcome measures included self‐reported nocturia and bother on the American Urological Association (AUA)‐7 Symptom Index, 3‐day bladder diaries and self‐reported sleep‐related measures recorded using 7‐day sleep diaries.

RESULTS

Fifty‐five men completed the protocol (mean age 67 years, sd 8.3); they had a mean of 4.5 of nine defined conditions potentially related to nocturia. Highly prevalent conditions included moderate‐to‐severe benign prostatic hyperplasia (87%), hypertension (86%) and urinary frequency (71%). The mean diary‐recorded nocturia decreased from 2.6 to 1.9 (P < 0.001), and bother score reduced from 3.1 to 1.1, representing a change from a ‘medium’ to a ‘very small’ problem (on a 5‐point scale). Sleep diary‐derived measures also improved significantly (time to initiate sleep, time to return to sleep after awakening, quality of sleep).

CONCLUSIONS

Given that individual older patients often have multiple coexistent risk factors for nocturia, identifying a principal cause of nocturia, a concept emphasized in treatment guidelines, proved to be difficult. Implementing a multicomponent behavioural intervention combined with drug(s) was feasible in older men and reduced nocturia frequency, bother from nocturia, and time to initiate sleep, within 4 weeks. These promising results merit repeating using a randomized, controlled trial.     

单剂疗法和10天疗法治疗尿路感染疗效对比分析

对比治疗尿路感染的疗法的疗效。方法 将女性尿路感染患者进行随机双盲分组,使用复方新诺明单剂治疗与10天治疗。同时测定两组各期阴道,肠道大肠杆菌感染情况。结果 开始治疗两周内,10天治疗治愈率明显高于单剂治疗组(P<0.05)。6周后后治愈率相近。在根绝阴道和肠道细菌方面,单剂治疗效果较差,导致治疗两周内同种菌株复发率增高。10天治疗副作用高于单剂治疗组(P<0.05)。结论 单剂及10天疗法各有优缺点。     

Photodynamic therapy for prostate cancer--an emerging approach for organ-confined disease

Since the first report of the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for prostate cancer in 1990 it has been investigated as a primary and a salvage treatment, using either whole gland or focal approaches. Since 1990 advances in the transperineal approach to the prostate, coupled with photosensitizers which have a short drug-light interval and minimal skin phototoxicity, have resulted in major advances in the field. This review will look at the work done to date, and the ongoing studies which help to define the place of PDT as a useful treatment modality for organ-confined prostate cancer.     

Photodynamic therapy for cholangiocarcinoma

The prognosis of nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma is dismal, and in Bismuth type III and IV tumors relief of jaundice is seldom achieved, despite successful endoprosthesis insertion. Therefore, we evaluated additional photodynamic therapy in patients who failed to respond to endoprostheses insertion. All patients showed good clinical results in regard to jaundice, quality of life; and survival time (median, 439 days). Before initiating a randomized multicenter trial we wanted to evaluate these preliminary results in a greater number of patients. Twenty-one patients underwent photodynamic therapy in addition to endoscopic drainage. The hematoporphyrin derivative Photofrin was infused intravenously (2 mg/kg body weight), and intraluminal photoactivation was performed 2 days later. Bilirubin decreased from a mean level of 201.26 ± 189.25 μmol/l after stenting alone to 68.87 ± 78.27 μmol/l (P = 0.0051), and the Karnofsky index improved from 49.04% ± 28.79% to 72.85 ± 19.01 (P = 0.003). Thirteen patients have died and 8 patients are still alive, with a follow-up period of 82–739 days. The 6-month survival time is 95%. Similar results were obtained by another group, with 75% overall (stage M1 and M0) survival after 6 months and beyond 80% for stage M0. Other authors treated 7 patients and saw a remarkable reduction of bile duct stenosis and bilirubin decrease in all patients. Received: September 5, 2000 / Accepted: October 26, 2000