5例特重型胰腺炎治疗分析

目的 探讨5例特重型胰腺炎的特点及治疗方法。方法 我院2001年8月至2003年8月共收治特重型胰腺炎患者5例。其中人院后18h内心跳、呼吸骤停3次的重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)1例，治疗以及时血液滤过和心、肺、脑复苏为重点；SAP并发胰性脑病2例，以大剂量维生素B1的补充，或足量补给浓缩红细胞为治疗重点；并发多个器官功能障碍的暴发性胰腺炎(FAP)2例，治疗重点是血液滤过和防治多器官功能衰竭的级联放大反应，其中1例以高渗性糖昏迷为主要表现，治疗重点是内稳态的纠正，血液滤过，重要器官功能维护。结果 5例特重型胰腺炎患者均治愈，平均住院时间为32．2d。结论 器官功能的复苏和维护、外科ICU监护、短时血液滤过、内稳态的纠正、中西药综合治疗及病因、对症的个体化治疗是特重型胰腺炎的首要治疗措施．     

老年人重症急性胰腺炎

对12例年龄超过60岁的老年人重症急性胰腺炎病例的分析，发现其病情恶化快，手术后并发症多，病死率高。提出在缺少重症监护条件的基层医院，应从严掌握手术指征；对不停感染的老年人重症胰腺炎早期应选择腹腔灌洗和内窥镜括约肌切开加鼻胆管引流等非手术治疗；对合并有感染性坏死的病例则应积极手术治疗，但术后应加强重症监护，积极防治术后并发症。     

胆源性急性胰腺炎的手术治疗探讨

目的 探讨胆源性急性胰腺炎的手术治疗的指征和时机。方法 回顾性分析1991年-2000年收治的胆源性急性胰腺炎77例。结果 轻型胆源性急性胰腺炎69例，均予早期急诊手术解除胆道梗阻，均获得痊愈。重症胆源性急性胰腺炎8例，病情迅速恶化出现胰腺坏死，感染，均予以手术引流，痊愈4例。死亡4例。结论 对胆源性急性胰腺炎有胆道梗阻者应当早期急诊手术解除胆道梗阻，可获得良好预后。对重症胆源性急性胰腺炎出现坏死感染者应当及时手术引流，但预后不良。     

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目的 探讨暴发性急性胰腺炎(FAP)早期治疗的效果。方法 2000年1月至2002年3月收治FAP25例。试用非手术和早期手术疗法进行治疗并观察疗效。结果 单纯非手术疗法3例无存活；非手术疗法结合血液通过3例存活1例；非手术治疗无效作早期手术9例存活8例；血滤后手术治疗10例存活7例。总体生存率为64％(16／25)。结论 FAP早期手术治疗能防止MODS的继续发展，采用血滤等综合治疗能为手术和术后恢复创造条件。     

血液净化对重症急性胰腺炎伴重度高脂血症的作用

目的：探讨早期血液净化对重症急性胰腺炎伴重度高脂血症的治疗作用。方法：选取重症急性胰腺炎伴重度高脂血症的患者32例,按照是否接受血液净化治疗分为血滤组（20例）和非血滤组（12例）。重症急性胰腺炎给予中西医结合治疗,血滤组的患者同时给予血液净化治疗（血液灌流和血液滤过）,并监测两组患者血清中的甘油三酯水平、C-反应蛋白值以及动脉血气分析的变化。结果：入院后24h,两组患者血清TG较入院时都显著降低（P〈0.05）,且血滤组患者血清TG明显低于非血滤组患者（P〈0.01）。入院后48h,血滤组患者血清TG明显低于非血滤组患者（P〈0.01）,血清C-反应蛋白明显低于非血滤组（P〈0.01）,氧合指数显著高于非血滤组患者（P〈0.01）。结论：通过早期短时血液滤过配合血液灌流除脂的方法,可以尽快清除甘油三酯,尽早减轻全身炎症反应,改善全身及腹部情况。     

急性胰腺炎胰和胰周坏死组织感染的危险因素分析

对胰及胰周坏死组织感染病例的临床危险因素作一回顾性病例对照分析。以76例急性重症胰腺炎患者为研究对象，其中32例经手术证实并发胰及胰周坏死组织感染为感染组，另44例未并发胰及胰周坏死组织感染为对照组。结果显示：感染与年龄、病因、早期休克、呼吸衰竭及胃肠外高营养无关（OR0．78～1．26，P＞0．05），而与早期诊断性或治疗性胰及胰周穿刺、引流、早期手术及重度肠麻痹有关（OR3．02～5．48，P＜0．05）。因此，在急性胰腺炎早期的临床治疗中应从严掌握穿刺和手术指征，并限制阿托品等加重肠麻痹的药物使用。     

短时血滤用于重症急性胰腺炎治疗及其机制探讨

目的:评估短时血液滤过对急性胰腺炎早期(72小时内)的治疗作用,并探讨其机理.方法:20例重症胰腺炎病人,随机分为血滤组(1O例)和非血滤组(10例),两组均使用相同剂量低分子量肝素和非手术常规治疗.比较两组胰腺局部病变的CT表现、全身表现和预后.于治疗前和治疗开始后1小时、治疗结束时及结束后24小时、48小时、第10天分别测定血清TNFα、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和SIL-2R5种促炎细胞因子以及IL-2和IL-10抗炎细胞因子的含量;测定滤液中各细胞因子含量,计算清除率.结果:治疗后血滤组病人APACHE Ⅱ积分明显低于非血滤组(P<0.05),CT积分较血滤前和血滤组显著降低(P<0.05)腹痛消失和腹胀缓解时间缩短,细菌培养阳性率、平均住院时间及住院费用也显著降低.治疗后血滤组各时点血清中各种促炎细胞因子含量均较血滤前显著降低,并低于非血滤组(P<0.05);血滤组两种抗炎细胞因子均较血滤显著升高,并高于血滤组(P<0.05).结论:短时血滤对阻止胰腺局部病变和全身病情加重有显著作用,其治疗机理可能与短时血滤阻断细胞因子连锁反应,从而建立起促、抗炎反应的动态平衡有关.     

血液滤过治疗对重症急性胰腺炎患者血浆炎性细胞因子水平的影响

目的比较单次短时血液滤过 (血滤 )与间断短时血滤对重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)患者血浆细胞因子失衡的影响。方法对符合血滤指征的 5 8例SAP患者行单次短时血滤 (SS组 )治疗 17例、间断短时血滤 (IS组 )治疗 2 1例 ,2 0例未行血滤治疗者作为对照 (N组 )。观察各时点肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)、白细胞介素 (IL) 6、IL 8和IL 10的血浆水平 ,以APACHEⅡ评分、液体平衡状况衡量病情变化。结果两血滤组APACHEⅡ评分在入组第 1天即显著下降 ,第 4天起显著低于N组 ,且IS组较SS组更低 ,P值均 <0 0 5。N组、SS组和IS组分别有 1、1、0例中转手术和 3、2、0例死亡 ,液体负平衡出现时间分别为入组 (5 9± 1 8)d、(3 5± 2 1)d和 (2 7± 1 4 )d。入组第 4天和第 10天 ,血滤组与N组比较促炎症因子水平显著下降 ,IL 10与促炎症因子的比值显著增高 ,IS组的TNF α和IL 6水平更低 ,P值均 <0 0 5。结论　血滤尤其是间断短时血滤可以有效纠正SAP患者血浆炎症细胞因子失衡 ,改善患者预后。     

非结石性胆源性急性胰腺炎的病因及手术时机的探讨

目的：探讨非结石性胆源性急性胰腺炎的病因及手术时机。方法：总结38例非结石性胆源性急性胰腺炎的发病原因及治疗经验。结果：本组共行手术13例，早期手术6例，术后无并发症及死亡；中期重型急性胰腺炎手术5例，1例合并胰瘘，1例合并高位小肠瘘死亡；晚期手术2例，1列死亡。本组手术死亡率15％（2/13）。非手术治疗重型胰腺炎4例，早期死亡1例。轻型胰腺炎21例均经非手术治疗痊愈。结论：非结石性胆源性急性胰腺炎合并存在胆道感染时应早期手术，否则应先试行积极的支持治疗。     

重症急性胰腺炎的手术治疗探讨

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎的手术治疗和非手术疗法转手术治疗的指征和时机。方法 回顾性分析1996年1月至1999年12月收治的重症急性胰腺炎213例。结果 重症胆源性胰腺炎手术治疗52例,治愈率为92%。死亡病例平均生存31d,主要死亡原因是多器官功能衰竭（MODS）和胰腺坏死感染;非手术治疗43例,治愈率为88%。死亡病例平均生存3d,主要死亡原因为中毒性休克、严重感染和MODS。重症非胆源性胰腺炎手术治疗65例,治愈率为75%。死亡病例平均生存56d,死亡原因有MODS、感染、消化道瘘和腹腔内出血;非手术治疗56例,治愈率89%。死亡病例平均生存8d。早期死亡的原因有休克、肾功能衰竭和呼吸衰竭等,后期死亡的原因主要是感染。结论（1）胆源性胰腺炎有胆道梗阻者应行急诊手术,出现坏死感染也需手术治疗;（2）非胆源性胰腺炎宜先采用非手术治疗。出现坏死感染者需要手术治疗,对病情迅速恶化者也应及时手术引流;（3）胰腺的包裹坏死液化感染需要手术治疗。     

Continuous Veno-Venous Hemofiltration for Massive Rhabdomyolysis After Malignant Hyperthermia: Report of 2 Cases

We present 2 cases of fulminant malignant hyperthermia (MH), complicated with massive rhabdomyolysis. The patients were successfully treated in the intensive care unit of our university teaching hospital, despite the lack of availability of dantrolene in our country, by early application of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH). Both male patients developed fulminant malignant hyperthermia during anesthesia for oromaxillofacial surgery. CVVH was employed when the values of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), myoglobin (Mb), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased significantly. After emergency treatment and CVVH therapy, the values of CPK, Mb, and LDH in the blood plasma of the patients decreased significantly. The complications, including acute renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome were also treated without any obvious organ damage. Early detection and management are the keys to treat MH successfully. CVVH is a valuable therapeutic application in the initial/critical management of severe rhabdomyolysis. If these complications occur even with initial treatment with dantrolene, our experiences may be useful adjunctive treatments to consider.Key Words: Malignant hyperthermia, Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration.Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an abnormal hypermetabolic state of skeletal muscle induced by exposure to potent inhalation anesthetics and succinylcholine. Signs of MH include increases in carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption, metabolic acidosis, hyperthermia, tachycardia, muscle rigidity, and rhabdomyolysis. The mortality is extremely high, up to 90% if early diagnosis and treatment is unavailable.¹ We report 2 cases of acute fulminant MH complicated with massive rhabdomyolysis during anesthesia for oral and maxillofacial surgery, which were managed successfully by administration of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) in the absence of availability of dantrolene.     

胆道镜在重症急性胰腺炎治疗中的应用

目的：探讨胆道镜在重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)治疗中的应用及价值。
方法：对于SAP已形成严重胰周感染的患者,在开腹手术清创、引流约1周后,拔除腹腔引流管,顺引流管窦道,插入胆道镜;应用胆道镜对感染灶内难以引流至体外的坏死组织及脓液进行反复冲洗及清除。
结果：通过术后反复、多次胆道镜清创,31例患者胰周感染的坏死组织及积液均得到有效的引流或清除。除1例于术后第18天因呼吸衰竭死亡外,余30例均痊愈出院。
结论：采用胆道镜对术后胰周感染灶进行反复、多次清创,操作方法简单、临床效果可靠,不失为治疗术后胰周感染病灶的一新途径。     

Hemoperfusion plus continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in a pregnant woman with severe acute pancreatitis: a case report

Severe acute pancreatitis is a common critical disease, which may cause severe complications such as sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and has a high mortality. A 31-year-old woman with 25-weeks pregnancy presented with hyperlipidemic pancreatitis, sepsis and MODS. Based on conventional treatment, 125?h of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) and 3 sessions of hemoperfusion (HP) were carried out. The treatment turned out to be very successful. We suggest that early intervention by blood purification therapy, and CVVH combined with HP could be effective in severe acute pancreatitis.     

1033例重症急性胰腺炎治疗经验总结

目的 总结重症急性胰腺炎的治疗经验.方法 1997年1月至2009年3月,南京军区南京总医院全军普通外科研究所共收治重症急性胰腺炎患者1033例,男性622例,女性411例;年龄13～98岁,平均51岁.APACHEⅡ评分(12.0±4.3)分.所有患者的治疗均由ICU、外科、内镜、影像和血液净化等专业医师组成的治疗小组完成.患者早期均在ICU内进行监测治疗,其中机械通气365例,气管切开218例,行床旁持续大流量血液滤过159例,行鼻胆引流179例,早期肠内营养513例,CT引导下经皮胰周穿刺引流477例次,因胰周坏死感染行胰周坏死组织清除引流术438例.结果 1033例患者中,975例治愈出院(94.4%),38例患者死亡,其中手术患者病死率7.1%(31/438).结论 多专业医生组成的治疗小组可能更有利于重症急性胰腺炎的治疗.     

Liver Transplantation for Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Associated With Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis: A Case Report

Liver transplantation (LT) for acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) accompanied by acute necrotizing pancreatitis is still unclear. We have a reported case of LT for ACLF associated with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. The postoperative multiorgan dysfunction and secondary infection were successfully managed under close supervision. The patient was a 47-year-old man with chronic hepatitis B virus infection presented with ACLF and acute necrotizing pancreatitis. After receiving LT from a deceased donor, the patient's liver functioning rapidly reverted to a normal level, and the acute pancreatitis was simultaneously stabilized. However, the patient later developed multiorgan dysfunction secondary to multidrug resistant bacteria infection, which was treated successfully with repeated percutaneous drainage, sensitive antibiotics, continuous renal replacement therapy, microbial balance, and best supportive care. LT can be considered for ACLF associated with acute necrotic pancreatitis without absolute contraindication. Moreover, we recommend a close observation of possible postoperative severe infection, and cautious multidisciplinary management was needed for the prevention of organ dysfunction.     

Pancreatic abscess following acute pancreatitis

Without surgical treatment, pancreatic abscess remains a highly lethal complication of acute pancreatitis. Many surgical series have reported mortality rates of 32 to 65 per cent in treated cases. Although pancreatic abscess is a rare condition, it is more common in patients with severe pancreatitis. A retrospective study of 130 patients admitted to our unit with severe acute pancreatitis during the period from 1965 to 1987 revealed 18 cases of pancreatic abscess. All pancreatic abscesses were primary in nature, and no infected pseudocysts were included in the series. Clinical surveillance, repeated laboratory tests, conventional radiology, and especially ultrasonography and CT scan all contributed to the preoperative diagnosis. The applied treatment was surgical debridement of all necrotic tissue and either local or extensive external drainage. In 12 cases this procedure was combined with other surgical interventions. The recorded mortality rate was 16.66 per cent. Factors adversely affecting survival include: 1) severity of precipitating pancreatitis; 2) difficulty in making early and accurate diagnosis of the pancreatic abscess; 3) marked tendency for recurrence of sepsis; and 4) life-threatening associated complications and/or diseases.     

Surgery in the treatment of acute pancreatitis--open pancreatic necrosectomy.

Management of acute necrotizing pancreatitis has changed significantly over the past years. Early management is non-surgically and solely supportive. Today, more patients survive the early phase of severe pancreatitis due to improvements of intensive-care-medicine. Pancreatic infection is the major risk factor with regard to morbidity and mortality in the late phase of severe acute pancreatitis. Whereas early surgery and surgery for sterile necrosis can only be recommended in selected cases, pancreatic infection is a well accepted indication for surgical treatment. Surgery should ideally be postponed until four weeks after the onset of symptoms as necrosis is well demarcated at that time. Four surgical techniques can be performed with comparable results regarding mortality: necrosectomy combined with (1) open packing, (2) planned staged relaparotomies with repeated lavage, (3) closed continuous lavage of the retroperitoneum, and (4) closed packing. However, closed continuous lavage of the retroperitoneum, and closed packing seem to be associated with a lower morbidity compared to the other two approaches. Advances in radiologic imaging, new developments of interventional radiology and other minimal access interventions have revolutionized the management of many surgical conditions over the past decades. However, minimal invasive surgery and interventional therapy for infected necrosis should be limited to specific indications in patients who are critically ill and otherwise unfit for conventional surgery. Open surgical debridement is the "gold standard" for treatment of infected pancreatic and peripancreatic necrosis.     

Acute pancreatitis after cardiopulmonary bypass

We have described a spectrum of pancreatic surgery after cardiopulmonary bypass. At one end is a subclinical lesion which was manifested only by elevations in serum isoamylase levels (27 percent of patients) and increased ribonuclease levels (13 percent of patients) in asymptomatic patients followed after cardiac surgery. At the other end is a severe and often lethal necrotizing pancreatitis. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis was found at autopsy in 25 percent of 138 patients who died after cardiac surgery, and it correlated strongly with low output, acute tubular necrosis, and infarction of the liver, spleen, or bowel. It was the principal cause of death in 4 percent of these patients. In addition, 24 percent of 38 nonsurgical patients who died from cardiac failure and hypoperfusion had acute pancreatitis at autopsy, whereas acute pancreatitis was not observed in 55 nonsurgical patients who died without a significant period of low output. Acute pancreatitis was recognized postoperatively in 12 patients (0.2 percent). Three had mild pancreatitis, and all responded well to conservative therapy. In nine patients, fulminant necrotizing pancreatitis developed. Their courses were characterized by significant early postoperative hemodynamic compromise, abdominal distention, ileus, fever, and episodes of late vascular instability associated with hypocalcemia. The diagnosis of pancreatitis was usually missed because of the absence of pain, tenderness and hyperamylasemia. The diagnosis was confirmed at laparotomy in eight patients and at autopsy in one. The only two survivors among the nine with severe cases had aggressive mobilization, debridement, and wide drainage of the necrotic pancreas. We suggest that a mild subclinical injury to the pancreas may occur as a consequence of cardiopulmonary bypass and may progress to severe ischemic necrosis if hypoperfusion follows in the postoperative period, the presentation of necrotizing pancreatitis may be atypical in the cardiac surgical patient and should be considered if nonspecific abdominal symptoms are present, and aggressive debridement and drainage may be the optimal treatment for aggressive forms of this disease.     

急性坏死性胰腺炎的外科干预:时机比技术更重要

目前,围绕急性坏死性胰腺炎的手术和非手术治疗、早期手术还是后期手术、微创干预还是开放手术等问题,仍在探索中不断取得进步并逐步形成共识。进一步探索清除胰腺坏死组织最佳手术时机及手术技术、实施微创与开放相结合的外科干预策略、提高针对胰腺坏死组织延期一次性手术清除的成功率,是降低急性坏死性胰腺炎后期病死率的关键。近20年来,对急性坏死性胰腺炎局部并发症病理转归多样性认识的深化,划时代改变了急性坏死性胰腺炎后期的治疗模式。从20世纪末的早期开腹手术引流减压到计划性多次手术清创,再到延期一次性手术,以及近年来探索实施的创伤递进式手术策略,随着治疗理念的变革,逐步实现了疗效的突破。相较于坏死组织的清除技术,手术时机的选择对治疗成功更具重要意义。根据现有针对急性坏死性胰腺炎循证医学研究结果,鉴于急性坏死性胰腺炎病情的复杂性、个体间的差异性、以及有限的多中心研究结果,目前尚不能确定外科技术对改善预后的优势;而手术时机的正确把握,对提高急性坏死性胰腺炎手术治疗效果的地位不容置疑。笔者回顾性分析其团队收治的1000余例外科治疗急性坏死性胰腺炎患者的临床资料,探讨针对急性坏死性胰腺炎后期局部并发症外科干预时机及技术对改善预后的临床意义。