氟与黄韧带骨化

目的：探讨氟与黄韧带骨化的关系。方法：采用氟离子电极等方法测定１１ 例胸椎黄韧带骨化症（ 包括５ 例氟骨症） 患者血清及黄韧带标本中氟、钙含量,分别选取胸腰椎急性外伤性截瘫及腰椎管狭窄患者为正常及退变对照。结果：氟骨症骨化患者与非氟骨症骨化患者黄韧带中氟、钙含量均显著增高（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 。结论：氟在黄韧带骨化中起重要作用,可能是诱导退变黄韧带进一步骨化的重要诱因。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化患者黄韧带细胞的体外培养及初步鉴定

目的探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化的发病机理。方法2004年3月-2004年12月对8例行后路减压的下胸椎黄韧带骨化患者（男性5例，女性3例，平均年龄55岁）进行术中取材，采用组织块培养法，体外培养下胸椎黄韧带骨化患者非骨化区域的黄韧带细胞，并进行细胞化学，免疫细胞化学等方面研究；同时对7例急性外伤性下胸椎压缩骨折行胸椎后路减压术的患者（男性5例，女性2例，平均年龄28岁）进行术中取材，体外培养青壮年患者的下胸椎黄韧带细胞作为正常对照。结果体外成功地培养出黄韧带细胞15株，其中骨化患者黄韧带细胞8株（OLF1～OLF8），正常黄韧带细胞7株（NLF1～NLF7），黄韧带细胞可以在体外增殖和传代，通常正常黄韧带生长较慢，而骨化患者的黄韧带细胞则生长较快，并且可形成典型的钙结节样结构；80％以上的细胞呈碱性磷酸酶（ALP）强阳性反应；细胞内的ALP活性及其合成的骨钙素（BGP）含量均较正常对照组明显升高；细胞浆有BMP-2与TGF—betal的阳性表达，表明体外培养的下胸椎黄韧带骨化患者非骨化区域的黄韧带细胞呈现典型的成骨细胞表型特征：而正常黄韧带细胞主要为成纤维细胞表型。结论胸椎黄韧带骨化患者的非骨化区域中存在大量具备典型的成骨细胞表型特征的细胞，可能被骨形成蛋白等骨生长因子所调控。     

过量氟化物导致大鼠腰椎黄韧带退变与骨化

[目的]研究氟化物在黄韧带骨化中可能的作用机理。[方法]36只雄性SD大鼠，实验组饮用含NaF（质量分数为1014）蒸馏水，分别于3个月及6个月时，检测骨密度，血清、骨组织标本中Ca、P^3＋、Mg、Zn、Cu、Fe、F^-含量和血清碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性；行大鼠腰段标本X线检查后组织病理观察。[结果]3个月实验组10只大鼠中6只出现氟斑牙：6个月实验组均出现氟斑牙，且大鼠中轴骨骨密度显著增加（P〈0．05）。X线检查，6个月实验组中有4只可见黄韧带嵴状骨化影。病理观察，3个月实验组大鼠黄韧带呈退行性改变；6个月实验组部分黄韧带骨化，骨化类型以膜内骨化为主。[结论]过量氟化物可造成SD大鼠腰椎黄韧带的退变、骨化，在黄韧带的骨化中可能起重要作用。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症

探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化症的诊断,治疗。方法：１９９４年２月－１９９５年１２月手术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症６例,男４例,女２例。年龄３８－５２岁。结果：手术６例随访时间９－１８月,平均１４．５月、皆有不同程度感觉平面下降,下肢肌力恢复１－２级。５例病理反射仍存在。结论;胸椎黄韧带骨化症应及早诊断手术治疗。病程迁延脊髓残留不可逆性损害。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症的诊断与治疗

本文报告１１例胸椎黄韧带骨化症的临床资料，其中５例是氟骨症患者，临床表现及影象学检查均较为严重，且手术治疗效果差，胸椎黄韧带骨化症常表现为较典型的胸椎管狭窄症状，早期症状主要表现为下肢麻木、无力，好发部位为Ｔ９～Ｔ１２，ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ是理想有效的检查手段，治疗目前以后路全椎板切除减压为主。本文就黄韧带骨化的病因进行了探讨     

胸椎黄韧带骨化的临床病因分析

目的 通过对142例胸椎黄韧带骨化症（TOLF）患者临床资料及影像学特点的回顾性研究,从临床的角度探讨该病的不同病因.方法 1989年7月至2005年11月,收治胸椎黄韧带骨化症142例,手术治疗121例.从临床病因学的角度分为三大类型：（1）原发性TOLF（组1,90例）,不合并与黄韧带骨化相关的疾病,且Ca、P、AKP均正常;（2）全身骨化疾病性TOLF（组2,30例）,其中强直性脊柱炎6例,弥漫性特发性骨肥厚症（DISH）3例,氟骨症10例,后纵韧带骨化症（OPLL）11例;（3）脊柱局部病变性TOLF（组3,22例）,其中陈旧性脊柱骨折5例,脊柱结核4例,椎体后缘骨内软骨结节13例.分析各组临床及影像特点,并测量胸椎、胸腰段后凸角,椎体楔变角.按Epstein标准评定手术效果.结果 （1）组1病变类型以连续型居多（67/90,74%）,以局灶型最少（4/90,5%）;组2中,以连续型居多（21/30,70%）,无局灶型病例,发病节数最多（平均每例6.2节）;组3以局灶型多见（18/22,82%）.（2）组1下胸椎及胸腰段最多见（225/486,47%）;组2中病变多累及整个胸椎,12例颈椎、腰椎同时发生OLF;组3骨化部位与原发疾病部位相近.（3）组1 81%（73/90）胸椎曲度无异常,组2 87%（26/30）有异常,组3 82%（18/22）无异常.结论 TOLF由不同病因引起,本研究发现与全身骨化性因素、脊柱的载荷改变、退变等因素有关;应根据病因进行临床分类.     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术治疗

目的探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术治疗效果。方法同顾性分析8例胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者的临床表现、影像学特征和手术治疗效果。结果全部病例经术后随访7个月～8年，手术优良率为75％（6／8）：结论手术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症疗效满意。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化影像学与病理学对照研究

目的 分析胸椎黄韧带骨化的X线片．CT、MRI影像学表现及其病理学特征和发展过程．对照研究其间的对应关系，探讨从影像学手段判断黄韧带骨化程度及发展趋势的依据：方法 24例因胸椎黄韧带骨化而行手术治疗的患者．男18例，女6例；年龄42～76岁，平均57．9岁，所有患者均行后路胸椎管后壁切除减压术，手术所切除的73个骨化节段均进行X线、CT、MRI及病理学分型。将骨化在CT横断面扫描骨窗条件下的形态分为均匀型和不均匀型在MRI T2加权像上将黄韧带骨化的信号与脊髓信号对比，分为无信号．低信号、等信号及高信号。根据骨化的病理组织学形态，将黄韧带骨化分为成熟型与不成熟型，对每例患者的1～2个主要压迫节段的骨化韧带组织切片行TGF-β1的免疫组织化学定位表达．共计27个节段。结果 73个胸椎黄韧带骨化节段的病理组织学形态与CT分型及MRI信号表现的关系为：在CT上18个均匀型骨化节段均为成熟型骨化；55个不均匀型骨化节段中，51个为非成熟型骨化．4个为成熟型骨化，在MRI上22个无信号骨化节段均为成熟型骨化节段；50个低信号骨化节段均为非成熟型骨化节段；1个等信号骨化节段为非成熟型骨化。MRI与病理组织学形态对应关系的一致率为100％．CT与病理组织学形态对应关系的一致率为94.5％。结论 临床上可以将黄韧带骨化的CT及MRI的影像学表现作为判断黄韧带骨化程度及发展趋势的参考依据。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化

胸椎黄韧带骨化李其一１报道自１９８８～１９９６年收治并经手术治疗、病理检查及影像学所见证实的胸椎黄韧带骨化（Ｏｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔａｆｌａｖａ，简称ＯＬＦ）共１２例，结合文献对其临床表现、诊断和治疗进行探讨。１临床资料１．１一般...     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症骨桥形成的特点及其意义

目的　探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者椎体骨桥形成的特点及其意义。方法　分析手术治疗的 5 0例胸椎黄韧带骨化症中骨桥形成 2 8例 (占 5 4 % )的临床表现及影像学资料。结果　①骨桥与黄韧带骨化位置的关系 :骨桥与骨化黄韧带紧邻者 15例 ;其中 ,4例在某些节段可见黄韧带骨化与骨桥发生于同一间隙 ,间隔一个椎间隙的 10例、间隔 2个椎间隙的 1例、间隔 3个椎间隙的 2例。②骨桥形成的节段 :形成于一个椎间隙的 14例、2个椎间隙的 7例、3个椎间隙的 5例、5个和 7个椎间隙的各 1例。③骨桥形成的特点是在椎间形成高密度的连续骨化影。这种表现主要发生在与黄韧带骨化节段相邻的部位。结论　骨桥形成在胸椎黄韧带骨化症中出现是退变的一种表现形式 ;进一步说明胸椎黄韧带骨化是脊柱退变的一部分     

Changes in basic metabolic elements associated with the degeneration and ossification of ligamenta flava

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between levels of basic metabolic elements and degeneration and ossification of the ligamentum flavum (LF). SUBJECTS: Fourteen consecutive patients with degenerative lumbar stenosis, 11 with ossification of the thoracic ligamenta flava, and 11 control subjects. METHODS: The basic elements of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and fluoride (F) in the specimens were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry, the phosphomolybdic blue method, and a fluoride-selected electrode. RESULTS: Ca content and the ratio of Ca/Mg in the LF specimens increased significantly in the sequence of control, degeneration, and ossification groups. Compared with values for the control group, the Zn, Mn, and Mo contents in the ossification and degeneration groups were significantly lower (P < 0.01); in contrast, Cu content was significantly higher (P < 0.01). As to F, its content in the specimens of the ossification group was much higher than those in the degeneration and control groups (P < 0.01); the F content in the ligamenta flava and sera from patients with fluorosis was also significantly higher than in those from patients without fluorosis (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, there were no differences in the F content in serum from patients without fluorosis; however, the F content in ligamenta flava specimens from patients without fluorosis was significantly higher (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: There are trends in the contents of basic metabolic elements in the degeneration and ossification of ligamenta flava. These basic metabolic elements may play an important role in this process.     

Thoracic Myelopathy Secondary to Ossified Ligamentum Flavum

Summary. Summary. Background: Focal ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) forms one of the rare causes of thoracic myelopathy. The lower thoracic spine is most frequently affected and the patients present with initial posterior column disturbances followed by progressively increasing spastic paraparesis. The pathogenesis of OLF has not been conclusively established. Method: Five patients with thoracic myelopathy due to OLF underwent decompressive laminectomy and excision of the ligamentum flavum. Their MRI delineated a linear or beak like excrescence, uniformly hypo-intense on T1 and T2 weighted images, situated posterior to the thecal sac. A comparison between the pre-operative neurological status and the status at follow-up was done using Harsh's myelopathic grading. Finding: Decompressive laminectomy followed by the drilling of the OLF and its excision, occasionally along with the adherent outer layer of the dura, resulted in significant improvement in motor weakness and tingling sensations. However, at the last available follow-up, none of the patients had retained their ability to run briskly (grade I) and all of them had residual spasticity. Interpretation: OLF may significantly contribute to a spatial reduction of the thoracic spinal canal resulting in paraparesis. The T2 weighted sagittal image of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice for screening of the longitudinal extent of the OLF. A rapid neurological improvement occurs following decompressive laminectomy and excision of the OLF. However, the persistence of residual spasticity at follow-up may be due to irreversible changes within the cord by the significant thecal compression and the delay between the onset of initial symptoms and signs and surgical decompression.     

Changes in Basic Metabolic Elements Associated With the Degeneration and Ossification of Ligamenta Flava

Abstract

Objective: To determine the association between levels of basic metabolic elements and degeneration and ossification of the ligamentum flavum (LF).

Subjects: Fourteen consecutive patients with degenerative lumbar stenosis, 11 with ossification of the thoracic ligamenta flava, and 11 control subjects.

Methods: The basic elements of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and fluoride (F) in the specimens were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry, the phosphomolybdic blue method, and a fluoride-selected electrode.

Results: Ca content and the ratio of Ca/Mg in the LF specimens increased significantly in the sequence of control, degeneration, and ossification groups. Compared with values for the control group, the Zn, Mn, and Mo contents in the ossification and degeneration groups were significantly lower (P < 0.01 ); in contrast, Cu content was significantly higher (P < 0.01 ). As to F, its content in the specimens of the ossification group was much higher than those in the degeneration and control groups (P < 0.01); the F content in the ligamenta flava and sera from patients with fluorosis was also significantly higher than in those from patients without fluorosis (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, there were no differences in the F content in serum from patients without fluorosis; however, the F content in ligamenta flava specimens from patients without fluorosis was significantly higher (P < 0.01).

Conclusions: There are trends in the contents of basic metabolic elements in the degeneration and ossification of ligamenta flava. These basic metabolic elements may play an important role in this process.     

颈椎黄韧带叠压症

目的：研究颈椎黄韧带叠压对脊髓压迫和影响。方法：对1994年以来,经后路颈椎管扩大成形术后随访的67例黄韧带叠压症,进行影像学、病理学和临床观察。结果：切除黄韧带、椎管扩大成形术后67例临床症状显著改善,优良率91％。结论：长期屈颈位工作和颈椎间盘等退变,使黄韧带过长、变韧、骨化,尤于颈椎过伸时,引起黄韧带叠压颈脊髓,是本症出现临床症状体征的原因。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症的治疗方法选择

目的研究胸椎黄韧带骨化症（ｏｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔｕｍｆｌａｖｕｍ,ＯＬＦ）诊断与手术治疗的特点。方法采用回顾性研究方法对手术治疗的胸椎ＯＬＦ的病例进行总结分析。结果总计７２例ＯＬＦ,其中局灶型１５例,连续型４１例,跳跃型１６例;３７．５％合并颈椎后纵韧带骨化症（ｏｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｏｓｔｅｒｉｏｒｌｏｎｇｉｔｕｄｉｎａｌｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔ,ＯＰＬＬ）,１９．４％合并胸椎ＯＰＬＬ,９．７％合并胸椎间盘突出,１．４％同时合并颈、胸、腰椎ＯＰＬＬ,９．７％合并腰椎间盘突出。结论上述特点是胸椎ＯＬＦ诊断及选择治疗方法时要特别考虑的因素。“揭盖式”椎管后壁切除减压是治疗本病安全、有效的手术方法。     

Thoracic ossification of ligamentum flavum caused by skeletal fluorosis

Thoracic ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF) caused by skeletal fluorosis is rare. Only six patients had been reported in the English literature. This study reports findings from the first clinical series of this disease. This was a retrospective study of patients with thoracic OLF due to skeletal fluorosis who underwent surgical management at the authors' hospital between 1993 and 2003. Diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis was made based on the epidemic history, clinical symptoms, radiographic findings, and urinalysis. En bloc laminectomy decompression of the involved thoracic levels was performed in all cases. Cervical open door decompression or lumbar laminectomy decompression was performed if relevant stenosis was present. Neurological status was evaluated preoperatively, at the third day postoperatively, and at the end point of follow-up using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scoring system of motor function of the lower extremities. A total of 23 cases were enrolled, 16 (69.6%) males and 7 (30.4%) females, age ranging from 42 to 72 years (mean 54.8 years). All patients came from a high-fluoride area, and 22 (95.7%) had dental fluorosis. Medical imaging showed OLF together with ossification of many ligaments and interosseous membranes, including interosseous membranes of the forearm (18/23 patients 78.3%), leg (14/23 patients 60.9%), and ribs (11/23 patients 47.8%). OLF was classified into five types based on MRI findings: localized (4/23 patients 17.4%), continued (12/23 patients 52.2%), skip (3/23 patients 13.0%), combining with anterior pressure (2/23 patients 8.7%), and combining with cervical and/or lumbar stenosis (2/23 patients, 8.7%). Urinalysis showed a markedly high urinary fluoride level in 14 of 23 patients (60.9%). Patients were followed up for an average duration of 4 years, 5 months. Paired t-test showed that the JOA score was slightly but nonsignificantly increased relative to preoperative measurement 3 days after surgery (P = 0.0829) and significantly increased at the end of follow-up (P = 0.0001). In conclusion, Fluorosis can cause ossification of thoracic ligamentum flavum, as well as other ligaments. Comparing with other OLF series, a larger number of spinal segments were involved. The diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis was made by the epidemic history, clinical symptom, imaging study findings, and urinalysis. En bloc laminectomy decompression was an effective method.     

黄韧带骨化所致胸椎管狭窄症的临床特征

目的 总结黄韧骨化所致胸椎管狭窄症的诊断和治疗特点,探讨有关的发病因素。方法 １９７８～１９９７年手术治疗黄韧带骨化所致胸椎管狭窄症患者３５例,男２１例,女１４例,平均年龄５１岁。发病部位：Ｔ１０～Ｌ１三个椎间盘水平３０例,占８５．７％。重体力劳动者３２例,占９１．４％。有明显诱因者１６例,占４５．７％。３５例患入床症状呈多样化,但感觉定位体片明确：出现锥体吵征者１５例,占４２．９％,未出现者１３     

Using Visual Trepan to Treat Single Segment Ossification of the Ligamentum Flavum Under Endoscopy

This article describes the trepan technique for treating single segment ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) using an endoscope. OLF is the most common cause of thoracic spinal stenosis. The most common surgical procedures involve semi‐lamina or full‐lamina resection and decompression. However, considering the anatomical structure of the thoracic spinal canal and the combination of OLF, traditional surgery has higher risks, more complications, and greater technical requirements. In the past ten years, with the development of endoscopic technology, spinal endoscopy has been increasingly applied for the treatment of intervertebral disc herniation and spinal canal stenosis. The present study demonstrated the effectiveness of visual trepan decompression under spinal endoscopy used for patients with single segment OLF. This surgical procedure had many advantages, including a shorter operation time, minimal trauma, less expenditure, and better functional recovery over the conventional open surgery.