骨髓间充质干细胞复合脱细胞血管基质构建组织工程血管的初步研究

目的：探讨骨髓间充质干细胞复合脱细胞血管基质构建组织工程血管的可行性。方法：采用胰蛋白酶、乙二胺四乙酸和曲拉通X-100对兔主动脉进行脱细胞处理，制备成脱细胞血管基质；体外分离和扩增人骨髓间充质千细胞，并将其作为种子细胞种植于脱细胞血管基质上，复合构建组织工程化人工血管。结果：制备的脱细胞血管基质由胶原、弹力纤维等组成，未见细胞成分残留；体外扩增的人骨髓间充质干细胞种植于脱细胞血管基质上可生长增殖。结论：骨髓间充质干细胞与脱细胞血管基质支架材料复合可成功构建组织工程血管，有望为血管缺损的修复提供一种全新的技术方法和手段。     

组织工程肌腱种子细胞的比较研究

目的 探讨猪肌腱细胞、真皮成纤维细胞、骨髓问充质干细胞中何种细胞最适宜作为体外组织工程化肌腱构建的种子细胞.方法 收集猪肌腱细胞、真皮成纤维细胞及骨髓间充质干细胞,以50×106个细胞密度均匀接种于圆柱状聚羟基乙酸(Polyglycolic acids,PGA)上,按细胞种类分为三组,每组n=3,体外培养,并于1、2、6周取材,进行组织学检测、免疫组化检测、胶原定量测定和大体观察.结果 细胞-PGA复合物体外培养时有细胞外基质产生,六周时肌腱细胞组产生胶原量最多,明显优于真皮成纤维细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞(p＜0.01).免疫组化显示形成的主要为Ⅰ型胶原.结论 体外构建组织工程肌腱时肌腱细胞合成胶原能力最强,在现有条件下是体外构建组织工程肌腱的最佳种子细胞.     

脱细胞血管基质和间充质干细胞构建组织工程血管

目的 探讨利用异种脱细胞血管基质和间充质干细胞体外构建小口径血管移植物的方法.方法 采用去垢剂和胰蛋白酶去除猪髂动脉血管壁的细胞成分,对脱细胞基质进行组织学、力学检测及孔隙率评估.分离培养犬骨髓问充质干细胞,种植到脱细胞基质上,并进一步在搏动性生物反应器内培养,采用HE染色和扫描电镜对构建的组织工程血管进行检测.结果 脱细胞处理后,猪髂动脉的细胞成分完全去除,细胞外基质保存完好,力学强度轻度下降;脱细胞基质的孔隙率为94.9%.间充质干细胞能够种植到脱细胞基质上,在剪切力的作用下细胞基本融合,高度伸长并且其排列与流体的方向一致.结论 小口径血管移植物可以通过将间充质干细胞种植到异种脱细胞血管基质并在搏动性生物反应器内培养的方法进行构建.     

组织工程化骨膜的构建及其在体外的成骨活性检测

[目的]利用兔骨髓间充质干细胞与猪小肠粘膜下层复合构建组织工程骨膜,体外观察其生物学特性并检测成骨活性,为将来体内移植提供实验依据。[方法]以猪小肠粘膜下层基质作为支架材料,与新西兰大白兔骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)或体外成骨诱导培养后的BMSCs,采用沉淀法复合构建两种组织工程化骨膜(M2及M1),用MTT法检测种子细胞在支架材料上的生长情况;扫描电镜(SEM)观察种子细胞在支架材料上的生长、粘附状态;通过ELISA检测碱性磷酸酶活性和骨钙素分泌水平。[结果]种子细胞在SIS上生长良好,M2及M1在含有成骨诱导剂的培养基中培养可分泌一定量骨钙素(11 d达峰值),并表达碱性磷酸酶活性(7 d达峰值)。而且,Ml所分泌骨钙素的量与碱性磷酸酶活性高于M2,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]利用兔骨髓间充质干细胞与猪小肠粘膜下层复合构建组织工程化骨膜能够保持较稳定的生物活性,种子细胞能良好地在支架上附着、生长增殖,并稳定地分泌一定量的骨钙素和碱性磷酸酶,在体外表达较强的成骨活性。     

膨体聚四氟乙烯（ePTFE）内支撑组织工程软骨的构建实验研究

目的：探讨骨髓间充质干细胞和软骨细胞混合培养体外构建ePTFE软骨复合体的可能性。方法：实验组：分离、获取、扩增兔骨髓间充质干细胞和软骨细胞,二者按7：3比例混和,接种到以膨体聚四氟乙烯（ePTFE）为内支撑外裹聚羟基乙酸（PGA）支架上,体外培养8周后,行大体、组织学、Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学和生物化学检测。对照组：利用实验组支架单纯接种骨髓间充质干细胞行体外培养。结果：实验组：体外培养8周后形成形态良好的软骨样组织复合体,组织学可见成熟软骨陷窝、异染基质、Ⅱ型胶原表达阳性。对照组：无软骨形成。结论：兔骨髓间充质干细胞和软骨细胞混合培养,可以在体外构建出特定形状、结构组织学良好的ePTFE软骨复合体。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的分离、培养及表型鉴定

目的 建立大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分离及培养的方法,探讨体外培养骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特性.方法 采用密度梯度离心法结合贴壁筛选法分离纯化大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传代扩增,测定生长曲线,镜下连续观察细胞的形态变化.流式细胞仪鉴定其表面抗原 CD29、CD34、CD44和CD45的表达情况.结果 原代骨髓间充质干细胞呈集落状生长,细胞呈梭形、纺锤形,呈放射状生长,传代后呈均一的成纤维细胞样.骨髓间充质干细胞生长性状相对稳定,1、3、5代细胞生长曲线基本一致.流式细胞仪鉴定表明,骨髓间充质干细胞CD44、CD29表达呈阳性,CD45、CD38表达呈阴性.结论 采用密度梯度离心法结合贴壁培养法能获得纯度较高的骨髓间充质干细胞,并且在体外培养条件下可大量增生,形成形态均一的细胞集落,可以作为组织工程中种子细胞的来源.     

角质形成细胞在脱细胞异种真皮上培养的实验研究

目的 在脱细胞异种(猪)真皮上培养角质形成细胞探讨体外复合皮的构建。方法 取出生24h内的SD大鼠全厚皮肤，采用低温酶消化法和密度梯度离心法分离获得纯角质形成细胞；以不用任何滋养层的角质形成细胞培养作为空白对照组，脱细胞异种真皮作为支架的角质形成细胞培养为实验组，原代培养后行气——液面培养。形态学，常规组织学HE染色观察，免疫组化染色(SABC法)检测复合皮肤中的Pancyrtokeratin和层粘连蛋白(Laminin)。结果 HE染色显示有4层以上的角质形成细胞和基底膜层形成，并有轻度角质化；免疫组化染色显示：Pancytokeratin( )，提示在脱细胞猪真皮上生长的为角质形成细胞；Laminin( )，提示培养的角质形成细胞产生了新的基底膜。结论 体外培养的角质形成细胞能在脱细胞异种真皮上良好生长、存活，并有基底膜形成，在体外成功构建了具有表皮和真皮的复合皮，可以作为一种新的组织工程化皮肤。     

利用人骨髓基质干细胞异位构建组织工程化骨的实验研究

目的 探讨以人骨髓基质干细胞为种子细胞、以部分脱钙骨为支架材料在体内构建组织工程化骨的可行性及其成骨机制。方法 培养、扩增人骨髓基质干细胞，将第4代hBMSCs接种于部分脱钙骨支架上，通过扫描电镜观察其生长和粘附情况，并测量粘附率。于裸鼠皮下植入人骨髓基质干细胞和部分脱钙骨复合物，以无细胞部分脱钙骨作对照。8及12周取材观察。结果 8及12周复合物植入组均见新骨形成，多数骨小梁表面衬有一层成骨细胞样细胞，提示可能存在膜内成骨。单纯部分脱钙骨植入组未见新骨形成。结论 人骨髓基质干细胞与部分脱钙骨复合可以在体内构建组织工程化骨；其成骨机制可能为膜内成骨。     

人骨髓基质干细胞构建组织工程心脏瓣膜的研究

目的探讨人骨髓基质干细胞种植在去细胞猪主动脉瓣叶上体外构建组织工程心脏瓣膜的可行性。方法经1%TritonX100、0.01%胰酶0.02%EDTA、DNaseI及RNaseI处理制备去细胞猪主动脉瓣叶支架,测定瓣叶去细胞前、后的生物力学特性;人骨髓基质干细胞体外分离、培养、扩增后种植在去细胞瓣叶表面,观察细胞生长情况。结果猪主动脉瓣叶去细胞后获得完整无细胞的纤维网状支架,瓣叶去细胞前、后的断裂强度和断裂伸长率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);体外培养的人骨髓基质干细胞(MSCs)在去细胞瓣叶表面形成一层基本连续的细胞层。结论去除细胞成分的猪主动脉瓣叶组织是一种良好的纤维支架,可以用于构建组织工程心脏瓣膜;人骨髓基质干细胞种植在去细胞猪主动脉瓣叶上构建组织工程心脏瓣膜是可行的。     

细胞外基质对大鼠MSCs生物学活性的影响

目的：观察细胞外基质多聚赖氨酸对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）生长特性的影响，以寻求体外培养扩增MSCs更理想的方法。方法：用贴壁法分离获得大鼠MSCs，分别氨酸的培养器皿上，显微镜下观察细胞贴壁速度、生长和形态特点，流式细胞仪分析细胞生长周期。结果：MSCs在用多聚赖氨酸处理过的培养器皿E贴壁、增殖都较普通组快，细胞形态好，细胞活力和长势较普通组活跃。结论：细胞外基质多聚赖氨酸能明显促进MSCs的贴壁和增殖，有助于MSCs的体外扩增培养。     

利用灌注式生物反应器体外构建大段组织工程化骨的实验研究

目的 研究体外利用灌注式生物反应器构建大段组织工程化骨的可行性. 方法把在体外培养扩增的第三代人骨髓基质干细胞与大段多孔β-磷酸三钙(β-TCP)支架复合.将细胞/支架复合体放入灌注式生物反应器中,进行连续灌注培养.28 d后,检测细胞的增殖及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,同时对培养后的细胞/支架复合体进行组织学检测及形态学计量,用以评价体外组织工程化骨的构建.以静态培养作为对照组. 结果培养28 d后,灌注培养组的细胞活性明显高于静态培养组.灌注培养组细胞的ALP活性显著高于静态培养组.静态培养组细胞仅在多孔β-TCP支架周缘增殖,形成的新骨量较少.灌注培养组细胞在整个β-TCP支架内增殖,形成的新骨量较多. 结论利用灌注式生物反应器的灌注培养,可以使人骨髓基质干细胞在大段β-TCP载体内增殖并形成新骨,使体外大段组织工程化骨的构建成为可能.     

脱细胞真皮基质作为Beagle犬骨髓基质细胞移植载体的实验研究

目的探讨脱细胞真皮基质（Acellular dermal matrix,ADM）作为Beagle犬骨髓基质细胞（Bone marrow stromalcells,BMSCs）移植载体的可行性。方法将BMSCs复合到ADM载体上,体外观察ADM与BMSCs的生物相容性：ADM—BMSCs复合物植入裸鼠皮下,以单纯ADM为对照组,分别于术后4周和8周进行大体标本观察及组织学分析。结果体外观察ADM与BMSCs的生物相容性良好。裸鼠皮下植入实验显示,实验组4周后ADM部分降解吸收,BMSCs生长良好,出现新生组织,部分形成类骨样结构;8周后,ADM大部分吸收,形成大量的新生组织和类骨样结构;对照组新生组织形成较少,ADM支架材料降解速度与实验组类似。结论ADM可作为Beagle犬BMSCs的移植载体。     

5-BrdU标记的骨髓间充质干细胞对大鼠创面愈合的作用研究

目的探讨以5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶（5-BrdU）标记的骨髓间充质干细胞（Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells，BMSCs）在大鼠创面愈合中的作用。方法分离培养大鼠BMSCs并用流式细胞仪技术鉴定。在大鼠背部脊柱一侧制作全层皮肤缺损模型，实验组经尾静脉注入经5-BrdU标记的BMSCs，移植细胞数为2×10^7。对照组为5-BrdU标记的BMSC移植的正常大鼠。术后3d、7d、14d、21d、28d分批处死动物，观察移植细胞参与创面愈合的情况。结果流式细胞仪鉴定细胞表达CD29、CD90；CD45表达呈阴性。实验组：经5-BrdU体外标记的BMSCs进行细胞移植14d后，大鼠创面局部及边缘可见5-BrdU标记的阳性细胞聚集，免疫组化染色可见基底层、真皮层、新生血管周围有散在红棕色标记细胞；对照组中未发现明显的聚集现象；抗BrdU／FⅧ、BrdU／波形蛋白免疫双标技术检测结果显示：在创伤部位有部分BMSCs分化为血管内皮细胞和成纤维细胞参与创面愈合。大鼠正常皮肤中未见明显的BMSCs聚集和增殖分化情况。结论经尾静脉注射移植的BMSCs参与皮肤创面愈合。     

荷载角质细胞生长因子纳米微囊组织工程皮肤修复裸鼠皮肤缺损

目的 研究荷载角质细胞生长因子(keratinocyte growth factor,KGF)纳米微囊的新型组织工程皮肤对裸鼠皮肤缺损的修复效果及特点.方法 采用超声乳化一溶剂挥发法及低温干燥法,制备KGF纳米微囊,并构建KGF-脱细胞真皮基质(acellular dermal matrix,ADM);分离培养和鉴定人表皮干细胞群和成纤维细胞;接种表皮干细胞群于KGF-ADM之上,观察其生长情况;将荷载KGF纳米微囊的组织工程皮肤移植于裸鼠皮肤缺损处,以无KGF纳米微囊的组织工程皮肤为空白组,以其自体皮肤移植作对照组.于术后2,6周时分别观察修复区组织学愈合及皮片挛缩情况,并应用抗人角蛋白10及β1-整合素免疫荧光检测修复区表皮和真皮层细胞来源、分化及生长情况.结果 表皮干细胞群在KGF-ADM表面生长良好,粘贴紧密,可见到多角形的终末表皮细胞及小圆形的表皮干细胞,活性良好,有连接成片的趋势,部分形成克隆团块.以荷载KGF纳米微囊组织工程皮肤修复裸鼠皮肤缺损,2、6周时修复效果均优于空白组及对照组,移植的组织工程皮肤边缘可与邻近皮肤完全融合,但存在一定的挛缩.镜下可见修复区组织工程皮肤表皮细胞分层良好,与ADM紧密结合,能产生正常角质层.6周时实验组修复区组织工程皮肤切片免疫荧光检测,基底层仍存有少量β1-整合素阳性的表皮干细胞或短暂扩充细胞.结论 所构建的荷载KGF纳米微囊组织工程皮肤修复裸鼠皮肤缺损的效果,优于无KGF纳米微囊的普通组织工程皮肤及裸鼠自体全厚皮片移植修复效果.     

混合接种法构建组织工程皮肤

目的 探讨混合接种法体外构建复合皮的可行性.方法 在异种猪脱细胞真皮的真皮面接种人成纤维细胞7 d后,将其分两组进行实验.实验组:将表皮细胞按5×105/cm2与成纤维细胞0.2 ×105/cm2混合后接种于表皮面,培养液用K-SFM与成纤维细胞上清的1:1混合液.对照组:仅接种表皮细胞5×105/cm2,培养液用K-SFM.培养1、3周后取材观察其形态变化,并行免疫组化鉴定.结果 培养3周后,实验组可见表皮层连续,细胞层数3～4层,与真皮连接紧密,有表皮突形成;对照组表皮细胞层仅1～2层,且与真皮分离.实验组Laminin强阳性提示基底膜形成充分,并经透射电镜也可观察到完整的基底膜.结论 将表皮细胞与少量成纤维细胞混合接种,可促进表皮细胞在脱细胞真皮上黏附增殖,并有助于基底膜充分形成.     

Development of a tissue-engineered human oral mucosa equivalent based on an acellular allogeneic dermal matrix: A preliminary report of clinical application to burn wounds

Tissue-engineered skin equivalents composed of epidermal and dermal components have been widely investigated for coverage of full-thickness skin defects. We developed a tissue-engineered oral mucosa equivalent based on an acellular allogeneic dermal matrix and investigated its characteristics. We also tried and assessed its preliminary clinical application. Human oral mucosal keratinocytes were separated from a piece of oral mucosa and cultured in a chemically-defined medium. The keratinocytes were seeded on to the acellular allogeneic dermal matrix and cultured. Histologically, the mucosa equivalent had a well-stratified epithelial layer. Immunohistochemical study showed that it was similar to normal oral mucosa. We applied this equivalent in one case with an extensive burn wound. The equivalent was transplanted three weeks after the harvest of the patient's oral mucosa and about 30% of the graft finally survived. We conclude that this new oral mucosa equivalent could become a therapeutic option for the treatment of extensive burns.     

Development of a tissue-engineered human oral mucosa equivalent based on an acellular allogeneic dermal matrix: a preliminary report of clinical application to burn wounds.

Tissue-engineered skin equivalents composed of epidermal and dermal components have been widely investigated for coverage of full-thickness skin defects. We developed a tissue-engineered oral mucosa equivalent based on an acellular allogeneic dermal matrix and investigated its characteristics. We also tried and assessed its preliminary clinical application. Human oral mucosal keratinocytes were separated from a piece of oral mucosa and cultured in a chemically-defined medium. The keratinocytes were seeded on to the acellular allogeneic dermal matrix and cultured. Histologically, the mucosa equivalent had a well-stratified epithelial layer. Immunohistochemical study showed that it was similar to normal oral mucosa. We applied this equivalent in one case with an extensive burn wound. The equivalent was transplanted three weeks after the harvest of the patient's oral mucosa and about 30% of the graft finally survived. We conclude that this new oral mucosa equivalent could become a therapeutic option for the treatment of extensive burns.     

Off-the-shelf acellular fetal skin scaffold as a novel alternative to buccal mucosa graft: the development and characterization of human tissue-engineered fetal matrix in rabbit model of hypospadiasis

Aim

In this study, we aimed to develop a novel alternative to buccal mucosal graft from the acellular human fetal skin to manage hypospadias in a rabbit model. We optimized the decellularization protocol to develop and characterize the human tissue-engineered fetal dermal matrix as an “off-the-shelf” natural biomaterial.

Material and Methods

Human fetal skin was obtained at 16–19 weeks gestational age with respect to a signed informed consent from parents under the university ethical committee approval. The dissected full-thickness fetal skin tissues were placed into SDS and Triton X-100 in different dosages to achieve the optimum decellularization protocol. Histopathology of the acellular fetal matrix was assessed by Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) and DAPI staining to confirm the removal of all cell materials, Masson’s trichrome staining for collagen evaluation, DNA quantification for confirmation of DNA content, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for evaluation of scaffold microstructure. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was used to detect specific dermal markers, namely vimentin, type I collagen, cytokeratin (CK)19. The prepared dermal scaffolds were then grafted on the 8 rabbit models of hypospadias. The rabbits underwent evaluations at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months postoperatively.

Results

H&E, Masson’s trichrome, DAPI staining, and SEM confirmed the significant removal of cells; meanwhile, the ECM was completely preserved. At the time of biopsy, after 2, 4, and 6 months, no evidence of inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis, or rejection was observed. The grafted dermal scaffolds appeared histologically and anatomically normal. It was observed that the scaffolds were recellularized by circulating CD 34?+?bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) inside the body, implicating the body as a natural bioreactor.

Conclusion

The application of acellular fetal skin (AFS) is a safe and feasible method that can decrease surgical time in a complex hypospadias reconstruction. Moreover, AFS demonstrated excellent angiogenesis characteristics and migration of the stem cells to the scaffold observed during the course of treatment. Novel natural AFS scaffold without cell seeding is an excellent alternative to buccal mucosal graft; hence, it can overcome the limitations concerning the graft size and prevent the creation of wounds in oral mucosal tissue.

     

PKH26标记法在组织工程神经种子细胞体内示踪中的应用

目的 探讨PKH26标记骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的效果及其应用于组织工程神经种子细胞体内示踪实验的可行性.方法 取Wistar大鼠股骨和胫骨的骨髓,用全骨髓贴壁的方法分离、培养BMSCs.用PKH26荧光染料进行标记,荧光显微镜下观察标记效果,流式细胞仪检测荧光标记率,MTT法测定细胞的活性,体外成脂和成骨诱导鉴定细胞的分化能力,并与未标记细胞进行比较;使用显微注射的方法将BMSCs植入去细胞神经支架内制备成组织工程神经,于体外培养3 d、5 d、7 d、14 d,行组织切片,观察BMSCs在支架内存活、迁移的情况.另外,将体外构建组织工程神经桥接Wistar大鼠坐骨神经15 mm的缺损,于术后1周、4周、6周、8周取出移植物,行组织切片观察植入的BMSCs在支架内的存活情况.结果 PKH26能有效地标记BMSCs,标记率达95%以上,标记后细胞活性及诱导成骨成脂分化能力与未标记细胞无明显差异.在体外培养的环境下,BMSCs能在去细胞神经支架里粘附生长,并沿着支架迁移;在体内外周围神经再生的微环境下,BMSCs可存活8周以上.结论 PKH26荧光染料标记法是一种有效的标记BMSCs的方法,可用于组织工程神经种子细胞体内示踪的研究.     

Abdominal hernia repair with a decellularized dermal scaffold seeded with autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Surgeons usually use synthetic polymer meshes for abdominal wall hernia repair. However, synthetic polymer meshes exhibit a lack of growth and related complications. In this study, we produced a tissue-engineered patch for abdominal hernia repair. Autologous bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated and proliferated in vitro; decellularized dermal scaffolds (DSs) were prepared using enzymatic process; and then BMSCs were seeded onto the DSs for the construction of tissue-engineered patches. Under general anesthesia, rabbits underwent creation of abdominal wall defects and which were repaired with BMSC-seeded DSs, acellular DSs, and skin sutures only, respectively. Animals were sacrificed after 2 months for assessing the histological and gross examination. Abdominal hernias were absent in animals repaired with cell-seeded group, and abdominal hernias or bulges appeared in all animals repaired with acellular group. All the animals that were not repaired died within 10 days. The cell-seeded implants were thicker and indicated good angiogenesis compared with that of the acellular implants, both in histological and gross examination. The tissue-engineered patches prepared with BMSCs seeding on DSs can be used for abdominal wall hernia repair.