椎动脉三维CT血管成像的应用及临床意义

目的：探讨椎动脉型颈椎病患者椎动脉三维CT血管成像的影像学特征及其临床意义。方法：86例拟诊为椎动脉型颈椎病患者接受椎动脉三维CT血管成像(three-dimensional CT angiographic imaging,3D-CTA)检查，重建椎动脉和颈椎骨及颅内椎-基底动脉，在CTA上观察椎动脉的外形、行经及与颈椎骨的关系。结果：86例患者的椎动脉CTA重建图像中血管先天畸形15例，血管硬化21例，骨质增生或纤维组织增生致血管局部受压38例，血管闭塞1例，血管瘤1例；椎动脉正常10例。先天畸形中发育异常9例，表现为整条血管纤细，直径小于2．5mm；走行异常6例。血管硬化表现为血管壁粗糙、不规则、粗细不均匀、钙化等。结论：CTA诊断椎动脉先天畸形和血管硬化有独到之处，椎动脉先天畸形和血管硬化是椎动脉型颈椎病发病的重要因素之一。     

椎基底动脉三维CT血管造影对颈性眩晕椎动脉寰枕段形态学改变的观察

目的:探索颈性眩晕的椎动脉寰枕段(V3段)血管形态病理学改变.方法:1999年6月至2011年11月,采用椎-基底动脉CT血管造影三维重建技术(3D-CTA)对1 680例颈性眩晕患者的血管形态影像进行回顾性分析,观察其椎动脉V3段血管形态病理学改变情况.其中男783例,女897例;年龄22～70岁,平均52.8岁,所有病例经多普勒检查显示椎基底动脉流速加快或减慢.结果:1 680例颈性眩晕患者在V1-V4段有3 360支血管被检测,血管异常支数有2 778支,其中V1段有829支,V2段有421支,V3段有328支,V4段有1 190支.颈性眩晕患者椎动脉V3段血管形态病理学有椎动脉血管痉挛(232支)、椎动脉血管缺如(37支)、椎动脉血管出孔异常(31支)、椎动脉血管局限性狭窄4种改变.结论:颈性眩晕的椎动脉V3段存在4种血管形态病理学改变,可以以3D-CTA检查结果来判断预后并采取适当的治疗方法.     

椎动脉型颈椎病的血管造影表现及其临床意义

目的探讨椎动脉型颈椎病（VCS）的血管造影表现及其临床意义。方法对76例VCS患者行椎动脉造影检查，观察椎动脉的走行、管径、是否存在狭窄及狭窄的部位等。结果76例患者中，67例有异常血管造影表现，包括；①椎动脉V2、V3段外压性狭窄50例；②椎动脉单纯硬化性狭窄10例；③椎动脉纡曲63例；④椎动脉走行异常8例；⑤椎动脉细小或缺如21例。结论VCS的血管造影表现非常复杂，椎动脉V2、V3段的受压、纡曲是诊断VCS的最主要依据。在此基础上，还应综合考虑患者椎-基底动脉系统的代偿机能，同时结合患者的病史、临床症状和体格检查，方能做出较为准确的诊断。     

椎动脉性眩晕的血管形态学变化及分型研究

目的：探讨椎动脉供血不足所致眩晕的血管形态学改变及分型。方法：对86例颈性眩晕患者，通过彩色经颅多普勒（TCD）检测有椎动脉血流速改变的82例，再作三维CT椎动脉血管造影（3D-CTA）检查，观察椎动脉形态学改变及其相邻组织的关系。结果：椎动脉形态学改变呈多样性，并与相邻组织的关系密切。结论：根据椎动脉形态学改变及与相邻组织的关系，可分为：增生压迫型、不规则狭窄型、阻塞型、纤细型、走行异常型及纤维束带牵拉型。     

支架成形术治疗颅内血管狭窄的安全性及短期疗效分析

目的　评价血管内支架成形术治疗颅内动脉狭窄的安全性及短期疗效。方法　对 4 6例患者 5 0处颅内动脉狭窄病变行血管内支架成形术 ,其中基底动脉狭窄 16处 ,椎动脉颅内段狭窄12处 ,颈内动脉颅内段狭窄 13处 ,大脑中动脉狭窄 9处。结果　 5 0处狭窄中有 4 9处成功地进行了支架成形术 (98% ) ,动脉狭窄程度从治疗前的 (72 4± 12 3) %降为 (10 6± 7 8) %。本组患者无手术死亡及缺血性脑卒中 ;4例出现和操作有关的并发症 ,其中 1例发生近端颅外段颈内动脉夹层 ,1例微导丝引起颅内出血 ,2例穿刺部位出现皮下血肿。 37例患者临床随访超过 6个月 (平均 8 5个月 ) ,无缺血性脑卒中发生。结论　血管内支架成形术治疗颅内动脉狭窄的成功率高 ,具有一定的安全性 ,但长期疗效有待于进一步随访     

3D-CTA在破裂动脉瘤诊断及指导治疗中的价值

目的:探讨3D计算机断层血管造影术(3D-CTA)在破裂脑动脉瘤诊治中的临床应用价值。方法:选取2012年9月—2017年6月采用介入手术治疗的47例颅内动脉瘤破裂出血患者作为研究对象,所有患者在手术前均接受了3D-CTA检查、数字剪影血管造影(DSA)检查,以DSA检查结果作为金标准,计算3D-CTA诊断颅内动脉瘤的符合率;并对47例患者的介入栓塞治疗效果进行临床评价。结果:47例颅内动脉瘤破裂出血患者,经DSA检查共发现51处动脉瘤,其中破裂出血47个,4个未破裂;3D-CTA检查共计发现动脉瘤48个,其中对大脑中动脉瘤、小脑后下动脉动脉瘤、脉络膜前动脉瘤、A1～A3段动脉瘤、椎动脉动脉瘤的检出率与DSA检查结果的符合率均达到100%;漏诊前交通动脉瘤、后交通动脉瘤、床突段动脉瘤各1个,与DSA检查结果的诊断符合率分别为94.74%、93.33%、66.67%;3D-CTA诊断动脉瘤的结果与DSA的结果整体符合率为94.12%;47例患者均成功实施手术,术后进行动脉瘤栓塞效果评价,其中达到0级标准43个、达到1级标准8个;出现脑梗死2例,术中破裂出血2例;术后28 d及术后3个月两组患者的mRS分级情况良好,术后28 d及术后3个月的预后良好率分别为72.34%、85.11%。结论:3D-CTA在破裂脑动脉瘤诊断中与DSA具有极高的符合率,因其具有检测时间短、无创等优势,在临床指导动脉瘤诊断及介入治疗中具有重要价值。     

中等程度冠状动脉狭窄的血管内超声特点与治疗决策选择

目的　应用血管内超声 (IVUS)观察冠状动脉造影中等程度冠状动脉狭窄的血管内超声特点 ,选择治疗决策。方法　应用血管内超声仪检查 3 8例血管造影狭窄程度 40 %～ 60 %患者的 43处冠状动脉病变 ;测量管腔以及血管直径和面积。结果　 43处病变中 ,脂质斑块为 3 0处 ,纤维、钙化、混合斑块分别为 4、2、5处 ,2处未发现明显病变或仅轻度内膜增生 ;其中 4处可见明显血栓影。 41处粥样硬化斑块中偏心斑块 3 6处 ( 87.8% ) ,向心斑块 5处 ( 12 .2 % )。 3 0处脂质斑块大部分可见薄的纤维帽 ,其中 5处 ( 16.7% )明显的纤维帽不完整。病变血管直径狭窄百分比 ( 4 0 .73± 13 .2 1) % ;面积狭窄百分比 ( 5 6.75± 12 .68) %。对IVUS示面积狭窄 >5 0 %的 2 5处、<5 0 %的 1处 ( 60 .5 % )且有典型临床症状的病变行进一步介入治疗 ,对IVUS示面积狭窄 <5 0 %的 17处 ( 3 9.5 % )病变未行进一步介入治疗。结论　IVUS可进一步明确血管造影中等程度冠状动脉病变的性质、严重性和稳定性 ,指导进一步的治疗     

枢椎椎弓根与枢椎段椎动脉对C_(2)椎弓根螺钉植入的影响北大核心CSCD

目的 通过对头颈部CT血管造影检查的原始数据进行测量,了解枢椎椎弓根和枢椎段椎动脉(intra-axial vertebral artery,IAVA)走行对C_(2)椎弓根螺钉植入的影响。方法 纳入2020年1月—6月116例(232侧)行头颈部CT血管造影检查的患者,测量枢椎椎弓根参数,包括椎弓根直径(D)、椎弓峡部高度(H)、峡部厚度(T)。以通过冠状位C3横突孔中心的垂线为参考线,定义IAVA偏移方向,将其分为外侧偏移(L)、垂直进入(N)和内侧偏移(M);以通过冠状位C_(2)横突孔出口的水平线为参考线,定义IAVA骑跨程度,将其分为横突孔下方(B)、两者之间(W)和上方(A)。计算椎弓根狭窄、椎动脉高跨的发生率和不同IAVA走行类型的占比及其相互关系;通过Mimics 19.0软件模拟C_(2)椎弓根螺钉植入,分析椎弓根狭窄、椎动脉高跨、IAVA分型及椎动脉损伤之间的相互关系。结果枢椎椎弓根狭窄发生率为33.6%(78/232),椎动脉高跨发生率为35.3%(82/232)。根据偏移方向和骑跨程度将IAVA走行分为9型,其中N-W型(29.3%)最多,其次为L-W型(19.0%)和L-B型(12.9%),共占60.9%。模拟C_(2)椎弓根螺钉植入椎动脉损伤发生率为35.3%(82/232)。椎弓根狭窄和椎动脉高跨者模拟C_(2)椎弓根螺钉植钉,椎动脉损伤率均高于无椎弓根狭窄和无椎动脉高跨者(P<0.001)。椎弓根狭窄、椎动脉高跨及椎动脉损伤在IAVA各型中发生率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001),均以M-A型最多。结论 椎动脉损伤多发于椎弓根狭窄和/或椎动脉高跨和/或IAVA M-A型患者中;术前头颈部CT血管造影检查具有临床指导意义。     

短暂性脑缺血发作与脑动脉狭窄的脑血管造影研究

目的探讨TIA与颅内外血管狭窄的关系,研究DSA对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)血管病变的诊断价值。方法选择符合TIA诊断标准的患者54例行颈部血管B超、经颅多普勒(TCD)、心脏超声以及DSA检查,观察TIA患者颈内动脉和椎动脉颅内、外血管有无狭窄及粥样硬化斑块。结果54例患者中发现46例有血管狭窄,其中颈总动脉狭窄2例,颈内动脉狭窄13例,大脑中动脉狭窄5例,锁骨下动脉狭窄3例,椎动脉狭窄18例,基底动脉狭窄5例。狭窄部位斑块31例。其中大动脉狭窄性TIA 36例,栓塞性TIA 13例,腔隙性TIA 3例,血管痉挛性TIA 2例。结论TIA患者大多存在颅内外动脉狭窄及粥样硬化斑块,颅内外动脉狭窄程度及粥样硬化斑块稳定性决定TIA类型。     

三维CT血管造影在枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤术前评估中的意义

枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤一直是公认的颅内最复杂的病变之一.随着影像技术的发展,三维CT血管造影(three-dimensional computer angiography,3D-CTA)在颅内肿瘤切除术前评估中起到重要作用[1].结合我院2004年1月至2012年10月共5例枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤患者的手术情况,介绍3D-CTA检查在该区脑膜瘤术前、术中所能提供的有价值信息.     

颈性眩晕的椎动脉形态学改变及其对血流速的影响

目的：观察颈性眩晕患者椎动脉的形态学改变及其对血流速的影响。方法：对84例颈性眩晕患者168支椎动脉进行TCD检测和3D-CTA检查结果进行比较。结果：168支椎动脉中有形态学异常改变的126支，异常率为75％。有形态学改变的126支椎动脉，TCD检测有血流速异常的111支，检出率为88．1％。椎动脉形态改变依次为椎动脉不规则狭窄，椎动脉纤细，骨质增生压迫，椎动脉走行异常，纤维束带牵拉椎动脉移位，骨质畸形压迫，椎动脉闭塞不显示。结论：与TCD检测结果比较显示，椎动脉不规则狭窄，椎动脉纤细，闭塞不显示，TCD检测以低流速表现为主；骨性因素压迫椎动脉，椎动脉走行异常，其血流速呈双相性表现。     

The Efficacy of CT angiography using the IVR-CT/angio system for surgical treatment of spinal hemangioblastoma

We performed 3D-CT angiography (3D-CTA) with contrast injection to a feeding artery through a selectively introduced catheter into the intercostal artery in a patient with spinal hemangioblastoma. It revealed a relative three-dimensional (3D) anatomy between a tumor body, feeding arteries, draining veins, and surrounding vertebrae with superior resolution to 3D-CTA with intravenous contrast injection. This observation was used for preoperative planning facilitating tumor removal, through reconstructed 3D fly-through animation providing intraoperative identification and obliteration of feeding arteries. This examination was carried out without difficulty by utilizing IVR-CT/angio system (IVR: interventional radiology) which combines angiographic and CT equipment with a single fluoroscopy table, because it does not require a room-to-room transfer of the patient with the catheter left cannulated. DSA detection for any spinal lesions, neoplastic or vascular ones, is always better assisted by 3D-CTA with the IVR-CT/angio system (IVR-CTA).     

Saphenous vein graft to the distal vertebral artery between C-1 and C-2 using a lateral-anterior approach. Technical note.

The authors present a modified surgical procedure for extracranial vertebral artery reconstruction. The use of the proposed technique results in access to the V3 segment of the vertebral artery between the C-1 and C-2 vertebrae through the retrojugular space without requiring bone rongeuring. A saphenous vein bypass graft was placed between the common carotid artery and the V3 segment of the vertebral artery in three patients with bilateral occlusive lesions of the proximal vertebral arteries.     

Clinical usefulness of multi-planar reconstruction images of three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography for internal carotid artery aneurysms

The usefulness of multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) images of three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography (3D-CTA) for the diagnosis of internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms is described. Eleven unruptured ICA aneurysms including six cases of IC-cavernous aneurysm, two cases of IC-ophthalmic artery aneurysm, two cases of IC-posterior communicating artery aneurysm and one cases of IC-anterior choroidal artery aneurysm, were examined by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), digital subtraction angiography (DSA), 3D-CTA and its MPR images. 3D-CTA and DSA were useful to identify the aneurysmal neck in small aneurysms, but it was difficult to identify the aneurysmal neck in small aneurysms by 3D-CTA-MPR images. DSA and MRA were not useful for identifying the aneurysmal neck in aneurysms more than 10 mm in diameter, as a precise viewing of the neck could not be found due to their large size. For large aneurysms, neither was 3D-CTA useful for identifying the aneurysmal neck when their large size and surrounding bony structures overlapped the aneurysmal neck. On the other hand, 3D-CTA-MPR was very useful for identifying the aneurysmal neck without overlapping by surrounding bony structures. 3D-CTA-MPR images clearly visualized the calcification of the wall. 3D-CTA-MPR images are obtained from 3D-CTA source images without any additional stress to the patients, and they are more useful for the diagnosis as well as demonstration of the aneurysmal neck particularly in more than large aneurysms.     

Perimedullary arteriovenous fistula at the craniocervical junction - case report -

Perimedullary arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) at the craniocervical junction are uncommon, and are often fed by the anterior spinal artery, with only a few cases fed by the intradural vertebral artery (VA). A 55-year-old man presented with a case of perimedullary AVF fed by the VA at the craniocervical junction manifesting as subarachnoid hemorrhage. Left vertebral angiography demonstrated an AVF supplied by branches from the VA. Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography (3D-CTA) revealed that the feeding arteries originated from the VA at the intradural position. Two feeding arteries were coagulated and dissected, followed by coagulation of a small feeder. The draining veins became discolored and shrank. 3D-CTA performed 2 months after the operation revealed disappearance of the AVF. Open surgery was successfully performed for the almost perimedullary AVF at the craniocervical junction, and is considered to be preferable for the treatment of this disease.     

Persistent primitive proatlantal intersegmental artery (PPPIA) presenting with cerebral infarction

A case of persistent primitive proatlantal intersegmental artery (PPPIA) is reported. A 65-year-old male with treated hypertension was admitted to our clinic complaining of dysarthria and hemiparesis of sudden onset two days after the ictus. CT revealed spotty low-density lesions in the left corona radiata and bilateral thalami with bilateral watershed infarction. MRI findings were also compatible with cerebral infarction. Left common carotid angiography demonstrated a large anastomosis between the external carotid artery and the vertebral artery at the proatlantal region. Neither of the vertebral arteries were visualized on digital subtraction aortography. All the blood circulation of the vertebro-basilar system was through this anastomotic artery (PPPIA). A flow study revealed hypoperfusion in the territory of the left middle cerebral artery on 133Xe SPECT. Bone window CT of cervical vertebrae revealed hypoplasia of the left transverse foramen in C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 vertebrae. This case is very suggestive of an anaplasia or hypoplasia of the vertebral arteries. The etiology of his left frontal infarction seemed to be a blood-stealing phenomenon of long standing, from the anterior to the posterior circulation through the PPPIA.     

Detection of the venous system of the skull base using three-dimensional CT angiography (3D-CTA): utility of the subtemporal approach

Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography (3D-CTA) was compared with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for the delineation of the skull base venous system in presurgical planning of the subtemporal approach in 201 sides of 109 patients. The axial stereoscopic images and multi-projection images were used in 3D-CTA, and the anteroposterior views and lateral views were used in DSA. DSA showed that the vein of Labbe (VL) was the most common venous flow on the lateral or basal surface of the temporal lobe, whereas 3D-CTA demonstrated that the involvement of the temporo-basal vein (TBV) was equal to that of VL in frequency. 3D-CTA showed that the VL flowed into the transverse sinus (TS) on 132 sides, the sigmoid sinus-TS junction on 29 sides, and the lateral tentorial sinus (LTS) on 40 sides. DSA showed that the VL flowed into the TS on 157 sides and into the LTS only on 5 sides. DSA showed that the TBV flowed into the TS on 37 sides but axial 3D-CTA showed that the TBV flowed into the LTS on 48 sides. This inconsistency reflects the difficulty in confirming and identifying these veins on the anteroposterior view of DSA, due to the overlapping of veins and poor delineation. Axial stereo and multi-projection images of 3D-CTA provided practical images of the deep veins of the skull base venous system and showed the relative anatomical relationships of the arteries and bony structures. This information can specify the venous inflow point, and help to determine the direction of approach and working space, and also help to identify intraoperative landmarks for the subtemporal approach. Presurgical examination of the deep venous system with 3D-CTA may help to minimize unexpected injury to veins and venous infarction.     

Detection of the venous system of the skull base using three-dimensional CT angiography (3D-CTA): utility of the pterional and anterior temporal approaches

Three-dimensional CT angiography (3D-CTA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were compared as means for imaging the skull base venous system. 3D-CTA and DSA were performed on 209 sides of 109 patients to visualize the superficial Sylvian vein (SSV), deep middle cerebral vein (DMCV), and basal vein of Rosenthal (BVR). 3D-CTA clearly visualized the SSV, especially when it coursed along the middle cranial fossa, and flowed into the transverse sinus. However, 3D-CTA could not confirm the point of flow into the sphenoparietal sinus (SPS), cavernous sinus (CS), or pterygoid plexus. 3D-CTA was superior to DSA for delineating the flow of the insular vein or DMCV into the SPS, CS or BVR. The flow of the DMCV passed through the uncal vein into the SPS or CS in more than 60% of the cases, but into the BVR in only a few cases. The flow of the BVR passed into great vein of Galen in about half of the cases, and into the CS through the DMCV in almost all the others. The 3D-CTA provided excellent delineation of veins and their stereoscopic anatomical relationships with the bone structure or the arteries and it must be useful for landmarking and kind of venous treatment during operation. 3D-CTA is potentially a powerful means for operative planning of the pterional and anterior temporal approaches.     

椎动脉CT血管造影在颈椎肿瘤患者中的应用及临床意义

目的:探讨椎动脉CT血管造影(CTA)在颈椎肿瘤患者中的应用及临床意义.方法:自2007年1月至2009年4月,对肿瘤累及一侧或双侧横突、椎间孔,与椎动脉关系密切的27例患者实施椎动脉CTA,男12例,女15例.年龄7～69岁,平均39.3岁.累及C1或C2者12例,累及下颈椎者15例.结果:1例多骨型纤维异常增殖症患者右侧椎动脉第二段自右侧C5横突孔进入.肿瘤累及右侧椎动脉者10例,累及左侧椎动脉者11例,累及双侧椎动脉者6例.未受累椎动脉通畅.14例患者的肿瘤包绕17支椎动脉,其中11例的14支受累椎动脉直径变细;8例患者肿瘤推挤10支椎动脉,其中6例8支受累椎动脉直径变细;5例肿瘤仅邻近椎动脉,未对椎动脉产生影响.椎动脉第一段受累者4例.第二段受累者10例,第三段受累者9例,同时累及第二和第三段者4例.根据肿瘤的性质实施姑息性切除、经瘤刮除或边缘切除,术中2例累及椎动脉第二、三段的脊索瘤患者一侧椎动脉破裂,行椎动脉结扎,术后无神经功能损害.结论:颈椎肿瘤常累及椎动脉,术前椎动脉CTA能够了解椎动脉与肿瘤和相邻骨结构的关系.评估受累椎动脉及对侧椎动脉通畅情况,指导术中暴露和处理受累椎动脉,避免术前椎动脉栓塞和术中预防性椎动脉结扎带来的潜在风险.