人工髋关节置换治疗高龄非稳定性股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨人工髋关节置换治疗高龄非稳定性股骨转子间骨折的疗效.方法 23例高龄非稳定性股骨转子间骨折患者,6例行全髋关节置换,17例行人工双极股骨头置换.所有病例均使用人工加长柄型骨水泥假体.结果 23例均获随访,时间6～36个月,未发现假体松动、脱位、下沉及感染,髋关节功能接近伤前水平,基本能生活自理,其中3例类风湿性关节炎患者术后关节功能较术前明显改善.结论 人工髋关节置换治疗高龄非稳定性股骨转子间骨折是一种效果确切的治疗方法,可早期下地锻炼,减少并发症和病死率,提高老年人的生存质量.     

手术治疗高龄不稳定股骨转子间骨折疗效观察

目的探讨采用骨水泥加长柄人工股骨头置换治疗高龄患者不稳定股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法对24例高龄不稳定股骨转子间骨折患者采用加长柄骨水泥人工股骨头置换治疗。结果 24例获随访,时间8~20个月。术后髋关节功能按Harris评分评定:优良率87.5%(21/24)。患者术后无切口感染、假体脱位及假体松动等并发症。结论骨水泥加长柄人工股骨头置换治疗高龄不稳定股骨转子间骨折,术后早期下床活动及负重功能锻炼,减少术后并发症,促进髋关节功能良好恢复,但应严格掌握适应证。     

骨水泥加长柄髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨骨水泥加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法对32例高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折患者采用经髋关节外侧切口前方入路骨水泥加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗。结果 30例获得随访,时间18～36个月。按Harris评分标准进行功能评定:优10例,良16例,可3例,差1例,优良率为86.7%。无人工关节脱位、假体关节感染、假体松动、下沉、钢丝断裂等并发症发生。结论骨水泥加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折安全、有效。     

骨水泥型人工股骨头置换治疗老年不稳定股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨人工股骨头置换治疗老年不稳定股骨转子间骨折的临床效果。方法对17例老年不稳定股骨转子间骨折患者行骨水泥型股骨头置换及转子间重建,术后早期进行功能锻炼。结果手术时间55～95 min,术中出血量100～500 ml。1例术后出现下肢静脉血栓。17例均获随访,时间8～21个月。末次随访髋关节功能Harris评分:优8例,良6例,可2例,差1例。结论应用骨水泥人工股骨头置换治疗不稳定股骨转子间骨折,可缩短患者卧床时间,减少并发症发生;早期进行患髋功能锻炼,有利于康复,且疗效可靠。     

骨水泥型人工股骨头置换治疗高龄不稳定转子间骨折

目的探讨高龄不稳定股骨转子间骨折行骨水泥型人工股骨头置换的近期疗效。方法对21例高龄股骨转子间骨折患者采用骨水泥型人工股骨头置换治疗。根据Harris评分和X线评估临床效果。结果 21例均获随访,时间12～36(24±3)个月。患者髋关节功能均恢复良好,未发现髋内翻、感染、松动、脱位者;1例下肢深静脉血栓形成,经保守治疗后好转。Harris髋关节功能评分由术前的27分±6分提高至术后1年的90分±2分,其中优9例,良10例,中2例。结论人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折,术后可早期负重,提高生活质量,近期疗效满意。     

下肢

股骨近端髓内钉与动力髋螺钉治疗老年股骨转子间及转子下骨折的比较研究；多孔减压加金葡液注入治疗早期股骨头坏死；80岁以上股骨颈骨折患者人工股骨头置换手术后生活质量评价；加压空心螺钉内固定与人工髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的疗效比较；PFN和DHS治疗股骨转子间骨折的生物力学研究及临床疗效观察；关节镜下应用带血管蒂骨瓣转移治疗股骨头缺血性坏死；股骨颈完全疲劳骨折三例临床分析；特制股骨假体置换治疗老年粗隆部不稳定骨折；90岁以上非稳定性股骨转子间骨折患者人工股骨头置换术；     

高龄股骨转子间骨折人工股骨头置换

目的通过一组病例的回顾性分析，对人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的疗效进行评价并探讨其适应证。方法于1994年至2002年对收治的16例股骨转子间骨折的患者进行了人工股骨头置换治疗。男性4例，女性12例，年龄82～91岁，平均86岁。2例为内固定失败骨不愈合病例，其余14例为新鲜骨折，假体均为骨水泥型。随访时间3～8a，平均5a。结果1例术后1a因肺心病死亡，2例假体下沉，轻至中度髋痛，其余在随访期无行走时疼痛，生活自理，无髋臼磨损及假体脱位病例。结论人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折是可取的。     

髋关节置换术治疗股骨转子间骨折内固定失败

 目的 回顾性分析采用髋关节置换术治疗股骨转子间骨折内固定失败的临床效果。方法2004年7月至2006年6月,采用髋关节置换术治疗32例股骨转子间骨折内固定失败患者,男24例,女8例;行关节置换时的年龄为57～81,平均71岁;从骨折到行关节置换的时间为5～70个月,平均40个月。骨折内固定方式包括：滑动髋螺钉15例,髓内钉10例,钢板5例,多枚螺钉2例。失败原因：拉力螺钉切出股骨头8例,骨折不愈合9例,股骨头缺血性坏死7例,创伤性关节炎8例。采用全髋关节置换术28例（全部为生物型髋臼）,双极人工股骨头置换术4例。骨水泥型股骨柄12例,非骨水泥型股骨柄20例。标准股骨假体25例,长柄股骨假体7例。结果术后28例患者获得随访,随访时间4～6年,平均5年。28例患者术前H arris评分平均37分（32～45分）,末次随访时平均88分（84～95分）;优6例,良14例,可7例,差1例。末次随访时X线片显示假体位置正常,髋臼平均外展角为44°（42°～48°）,髋臼假体无松动。根据Harris标准评价骨水泥型股骨假体固定,1例为A级,9例为C级。根据Engh等标准评价非骨水泥型股骨假体的固定,18例均评价为骨长入。3例髋关节术后6个月复查时发现异位骨化,BrookerⅡ级2例,Ⅲ级1例。结论髋关节置换术是老年患者股骨转子间骨折内固定治疗失败后的一种有效挽救选择。     

非骨水泥型假体人工股骨头置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折

目的探讨非骨水泥型假体人工股骨头置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的疗效与注意事项。方法回顾性分析自2016-01—2019-12采用非骨水泥型假体人工股骨头置换术治疗的71例老年股骨颈骨折,末次随访时采用髋关节功能Harris评分评定疗效,观察并发症发生情况。结果 71例均获得随访,随访时间平均18(12～36)个月。所有患者均在术后2周内下床不负重行走,无髋关节脱位倾向。术后4周所有患者步态恢复正常。末次随访时髋关节功能Harris评分为(86.36±9.67)分,较术前明显改善。术后3例出现肺部感染,对症治疗后痊愈;2例发生股骨假体远端股骨干骨折,采用切开复位内固定手术治疗。结论非骨水泥型假体人工股骨头置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折手术时间缩短,术中出血量减少,可避免出现骨水泥植入综合征,降低手术风险。非骨水泥型假体置入后依靠骨组织长入使骨与假体表面形成紧密的生物固定,进而实现良好的骨传导,但是需要注意防范早期假体松动与假体周围骨折。     

髋关节置换术治疗老年髋部骨折内固定失败

目的 评价采用髋关节置换术治疗老年髋部骨折内固定失败的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2003年7月至2011年6月,采用髋关节置换术治疗老年髋部骨折内固定失败并获得完整随访资料者22例,男12例,女10例;行髋关节置换术的年龄为65～82岁,平均72岁;从骨折到行髋关节置换的时间为8～71个月,平均41个月.骨折内固定方法是多枚螺钉12例,滑动髋螺钉6例,股骨近端髓内钉2例,股骨近端钢板2例.失败原因是拉力螺钉切出股骨头7例,骨折不愈合6例,股骨头缺血性坏死5例,创伤性骨关节炎4例.术前患髋Harris评分平均37分(32～45分),采用非骨水泥型全髋置换l1例,骨水泥型全髋置换4例,非骨水泥型半髋置换4例,骨水泥型半髋置换3例.标准柄股骨假体1 5例,长柄股骨假体7例.结果 22例均获随访,随访时间1～5年,平均2.5年.末次随访时Harris评分平均88分(84～95分),优7例,良11例,可3例,差1例,优良率81.8％.无假体松动和下沉.结论 髋关节置换术是治疗老年髋部骨折内固定失败后的一种有效挽救关节功能的选择.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.