人精原干细胞的体外培养及其功能鉴定

目的:通过应用多种培养条件下的生殖细胞共培养体系,寻求人精原干细胞(SSC)长期体外生存和扩增的优化途径。方法:应用磁式分选所获得的α6+Thy-1+c-k it-细胞,分别以STO、MEF、Sertoli细胞为饲养层,于DMEM/F12、DMEM或DMEM-SF培养液条件下短期培养,然后选择胎儿Sertoli细胞作为共培养体系,在32℃、5%CO2、DMEM/F12(含10%胎牛血清)培养条件下,分别观察成人和胎儿生殖细胞的长期培养结果。并应用免疫组化技术和SSC移植技术对培养细胞进行初步生物学特性和功能鉴定。结果:在短期培养中,α6+Thy-1+c-k it-细胞在存在饲养层时,可在DMEM和DMEM/F12培养液中稳定生存,1周内存活率可达90%。长期培养条件下,α6+Thy-1+c-k it-细胞逐渐与Sertoli细胞形成紧密的贴附或镶嵌关系,呈单个、成对、短链状或小团簇状;胎儿SSC与成人类似,部分以圆球形散在分布于Sertoli细胞表面,并常可观察到明显的成对或短链状细胞,部分呈有突起的长梭形扁平细胞,与Sertoli细胞相互形成紧密连接;经反复传代3个月,仍可观察到稳定存在的圆球形SSC贴附于Ser-toli细胞表面。由PKH26标记的α6+Thy-1+c-k it-细胞在移植后2个月可迁移至裸鼠生精小管基膜,表现为单个或成对的细胞。生精小管内荧光细胞计数显示α6+Thy-1+c-k it-细胞在体外培养2、4周后仍然保留54.9%和9.2%的SSC。结论:该培养系统的进一步优化将有利于体外产生大量SSC,并有助于进一步深入了解SSC的生物学特性和男性生精功能障碍的治疗。     

人精原干细胞的磁式分选和功能鉴定

目的 :目前对人睾丸内精原干细胞 (SSC)的生物学本质特性尚缺乏深入研究。本研究旨在寻求人SSC的特异性表面标志以及对其进行有效分选和功能鉴定的合理方法。　方法 :应用α6、β1 整合素、Thy 1 (CD90 )和c kit作为人SSC标志 ,利用免疫磁珠分选技术对成人睾丸单细胞悬液进行多参数复合分选 ,并利用流式细胞仪对分选后细胞的光散射特性和DNA倍体特性进行检测 ;将人分选后生殖细胞进行显微注射移植 ,观察人SSC在裸鼠睾丸内克隆形成的数量及其精子发生的可能性 ,对上述分选后人SSC进行功能性评价。　结果 :分选后α+ 6Thy 1 + c kit-和 β+ 1 Thy 1 + c kit-细胞均为大小、形态特征较为均一的细胞亚群 ,分别占分离细胞总数的 2 %～ 3%和 0 .5 %～ 1 %。其光散射特性分析显示均为明显低侧向散射特征。DNA倍体分析显示明显DNA倍体组成改变 ,合成期和四倍体细胞消失 ,仅有单倍体、二倍体和减数分裂期细胞 ,α+ 6Thy 1 + c kit-细胞群中 ,二倍体细胞数提高至该细胞群的5 1 .2 %。功能性评价结果表明 ,分选后α+ 6Thy 1 + c kit-细胞中干细胞浓度富积约 4 0倍 ,β+ 1 Thy 1 + c kit-细胞中干细胞浓度富积约 2 0倍。　结论 :α6,β1 整合素和Thy 1可作为阳性标志用于人SSC的分选。应用上述标志的复合免疫磁珠分?     

胚胎干细胞标志CD31、SSEA-1在小鼠胚胎发育和成体组织中表达的初步研究

目的观察胚胎干细胞表面标志CD31、SSEA-1在小鼠胚胎发育过程中不同阶段的表达及在新生鼠、成体骨髓、睾丸中的表达情况,为进一步利用它们作为分子标志从胚胎及成体组织中分离多潜能性干细胞奠定基础。方法本实验选用129/SV系小鼠。孕10.5天、14.5天、18.5天的胚胎各取3例,新生鼠、6周龄成年鼠骨髓、成体睾丸各取3例,0.3%胶原酶消化获得单细胞悬液,经抗体染色标记后,通过流式细胞仪分析CD31、SSEA-1的表达情况。结果胚胎第10.5天、14.5天、18.5天和新生鼠中均有CD31、SSEA-1的表达,阳性细胞量随胚胎发育呈下降趋势。成年鼠骨髓和睾丸组织中也有CD31、SSEA-1阳性细胞存在,含量低于胚胎中的数量。结论 CD31、SSEA-1在小鼠个体发育过程以及成体组织中都有不同程度的表达,阳性细胞比率随个体发育而降低。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞对雄性生殖系统的修复作用

目的:探讨大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)在无精子症大鼠模型中对睾丸内环境的修复能力。方法:将同种异体BMSCs移植入无精子症模型大鼠睾丸生精小管中,注射后30 d HE染色观察生精小管细胞组成和结构,免疫组化检测CD44、CD106和c-kit表达情况。结果:与正常大鼠相比,20 mg/kg白消安组中大鼠附睾中精子数量明显减少(P0.01)。分离得到的BMSCs表达CD44和CD106,而不表达c-kit。BMSCs注射移植30 d后,HE染色显示移植组生精小管内形成新的细胞,部分细胞表达CD106,部分细胞表达生殖细胞表面标记c-kit。结论:BMSCs在移植组无精子症大鼠生精小管中能够分化为生殖细胞,对受损的不育大鼠生精小管进行修复。     

Nanos2在雄性生殖系统内的研究进展

Nanos2是Nanos基因家族成员之一,编码一种进化保守的RNA结合蛋白,其表达在胚胎期雄性原始生殖细胞(PGCs)和睾丸的精原干细胞(SSCs)内,是一种雄性生殖细胞特异性基因。胚胎发育期间,Nanos2能促进雄性PGCs发育并抑制其进入减数分裂;精子生成过程中,Nanos2可抑制睾丸SSCs分化进而维持SSC池稳定。敲除Nanos2基因能导致雄性小鼠生殖细胞的消失和不育,而睾丸Nanos2基因过表达则会引起生精小管内SSCs的累积。此外,Nanos2还参与特定RNAs的降解,并且可能与某些雄性生殖系统疾病相关。本文就近年来Nanos2在雄性生殖系统内的研究进展现予以综述。     

皮肤干细胞在胎皮中分布的免疫组织化学研究

目的 采用免疫组织化学方法研究不同时期胚胎皮肤中的干细胞，分析皮肤干细胞的形态、分布特点及发育过程中在胎儿皮肤中的迁徙、增殖分化特征，探讨皮肤干细胞与皮肤发生发育的关系。方法 不同发育时期胎儿皮肤，取材、固定、制成石蜡切片，SP法检测整合素-β1、角蛋白19（K19）、K14、K10和PCNA的表达。结果 胚胎发育期可见整合素-β1阳性的细胞在基底层散在分布。随胎龄增加，整合素-β1表达减弱，表达范围减小。同时，胚胎发育的不同阶段K19均在表皮基底层强烈表达。表皮分层期后，K14阳性细胞从基底层向上延伸至亚基底层。而K10作为表皮终末分化细胞的标志，主要分布在表皮的中层和外层。此外，在毛囊发育过程中，胎皮表皮嵴的细胞相互聚集成团，形成毛囊初级原基，表达整合素-β1、K19、K14及PCNA为阳性。随着毛囊的形成、成熟，皮肤干细胞主要聚集在与表皮相延续的外根鞘、毛囊隆突部及毛母质，表达整合素-β1、K19、K14和PCNA为阳性。结论 （1）皮肤的发生、发育与角蛋白的程序性改变密切相关；（2）毛囊的发生、发育受到毛乳头的诱导作用。毛囊成熟期后，皮肤干细胞主要迁移至与表皮相延续的外根鞘、毛囊隆突部及毛母质等处。此外，还发现毛乳头及其周围组织内分布着单核样细胞表达整合素-β1、K19和K14为阳性。     

小鼠睾丸消化细胞异体移植重构生精小管的研究

目的:采用免疫缺陷小鼠作为受体,通过对小鼠睾丸消化细胞异位移植后不同时期移植物的研究,观察生精小管重构、生精细胞归巢及精子发生情况。方法:取新生ICR小鼠的睾丸消化成单细胞悬液,将其与Matrigel基质胶混匀后移植于雄性裸鼠背部皮下,术后裸鼠行去势。移植后分别于4、6、8、10周处死5只裸鼠,计算移植成功率,取移植物测量直径,并进行HE染色和免疫组化检测,观察生精小管的重构、生精细胞归巢及精子发生情况。结果:20只受体鼠接受睾丸消化细胞移植后全部存活。睾丸消化细胞移植后10周内可见明显隆起的包块,包块直径由第4周的(3.91±0.71)mm增加到(6.69±0.50)mm,移植物表面有血管生成。对移植物石蜡切片进行HE染色可见生精小管样结构,部分生精小管管腔内可见由精原细胞发育至精子细胞的各级生殖细胞,未见明显精子产生。对8周移植物进行免疫组化观察,可见生殖细胞标志物Mvh、支持细胞标志物Gata4和间质细胞标志物P450Scc表达。结论:新生小鼠睾丸消化细胞移植于裸鼠背部皮下后可重构生精小管,为研究睾丸组织工程及睾丸发育和精子发生过程中睾丸各组成细胞之间的相互作用提供了理想的研究模型。     

人诱导性多潜能干细胞向表皮样干细胞分化的实验研究

目的 探讨人诱导性多潜能干细胞( iPSC)向表皮样干细胞分化的可能性.方法 (1)以经过灭活处理的小鼠胚胎Fb株作为滋养层,将人iPSC株接种于其上,加入胚胎干细胞完全培养液培养,Ⅳ型胶原酶消化法传代,倒置相差显微镜下观察人iPSC形态及生长状况并行碱性磷酸酶(AKP)染色.以胚胎干细胞不完全培养液悬浮培养iPSC,观察拟胚体形成能力.(2)将人iPSC接种于铺有人羊膜的6孔培养板培养,设为诱导组;另于未铺羊膜的6孔培养板上培养iPSC,作为对照组.观察2组iPSC形态,免疫细胞化学染色法检测整合素β1和细胞角蛋白19( CK19)表达.结果 (1)人iPSC在胚胎干细胞完全培养液中呈典型的干细胞克隆状生长,边界清楚,增殖旺盛;AKP染色阳性.iPSC在无滋养层条件下悬浮培养可形成拟胚体.(2)诱导组iPSC经培养4d后形成干细胞克隆,部分细胞整合素β1和CK19表达阳性.对照组细胞大量死亡,未见整合素β1和CK19表达.结论 人iPSC在羊膜诱导下可定向分化为表皮样干细胞,有望成为皮肤组织工程新的种子细胞.     

分层共同培养诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向表皮细胞分化的研究

目的 探讨体外联合HaCaT细胞共同培养诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)向表皮细胞分化的可行性.方法 用聚碳酸酯细胞插入板分层后联合共同培养HaCaT细胞与MSCs,观察培养3、6、9d后的细胞形态,进行角蛋白(CK-19、CK-10)、整合素(α6、β1)染色并用流式细胞仪统计细胞阳性率.结果 共同培养后细胞形态变化明显,共培养3、6d后表皮细胞标志物CK-19、α6整合素、β1整合素免疫荧光染色阳性,细胞阳性率分别为9.3％、8.2％、11.5％和21.7％、34.1％、39.6％,CK10表达呈阴性;共培养9d后CK-19、α6整合素、β1整合素、表达较前减少,阳性率为12.2％、18.6％、16.3％,CK1O出现阳性表达,细胞阳性率为10.7％.结论 分层联合HaCaT细胞共同培养可以诱导骨髓干细胞向表皮细胞进行分化.     

附睾分泌蛋白2β1在青春期雄性大鼠睾丸和附睾中的表达

目的:探讨附睾分泌蛋白2(HE2/EP2)的一种异构体———HE2β1在青春期雄性大鼠睾丸和附睾中的表达及其意义。方法:应用免疫组化SP法检测15只青春期SD大鼠睾丸和附睾组织中HE2β1的定位及其表达情况。结果:HE2β1在青春期大鼠睾丸和附睾组织中均有表达。在附睾中,HE2β1主要表达于附睾管上皮主细胞胞质内,而在亮细胞、晕细胞及基细胞内未见阳性表达;其表达水平在附睾头部远段较弱,在体部近、中段及尾部较强,而在附睾始段未见阳性表达。在睾丸生精小管中,部分精原细胞核及支持细胞核均可见明显的棕褐色的阳性颗粒,其他生精细胞以及间质细胞均为阴性。结论:HE2β1在青春期雄性大鼠的睾丸和附睾上皮中均有表达,其定位及表达水平具有区域特异性和细胞特异性,提示其在大鼠精子发生、成熟及附睾上皮天然抗感染机制中发挥重要的作用。     

Specific localization of the basigin protein in human testes from normal adults, normal juveniles, and patients with azoospermia

Basigin is a transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Specific localization of the protein in normal human testes, from those of a 2-year-old boy to those of a 50-year-old man, and in testes with Sertoli cell only syndrome and germ cell arrest, is reported. Basigin localization was determined using an immunohistochemical technique with an antibody against human basigin. In the normal adult testes, basigin was detected at the periphery of both spermatocytes older than zygotene and round spermatids. In the juvenile testes, it was expressed in accordance with the appearance of pachytene spermatocytes. In this study, pachytene spermatocytes were detected in an 11-year-old boy. Basigin was not expressed in immature testes with germ cells younger than pachytene spermatocytes, namely in testes from boys aged 2-9 years. In testes from adult patients with Sertoli cell only syndrome, basigin was expressed at the periphery of Sertoli cells, but localization was confined to the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubule. In testes with germ cell arrest, the protein was expressed on germ cells from pachytene spermatocytes to step 2 spermatids, where present. The results show that in the normal human testes basigin is expressed with the onset of spermatocyte differentiation. Because human basigin is expressed in adult testes with Sertoli cell only syndrome, the protein seems to be synthesized in Sertoli cells and expression continues after these cells dedifferentiate in the seminiferous epithelium.     

Localization of integrin β1, α1, α5 and α9 subunits in the rat testis

Very late activation ( VLA, β₁; α₁; α₅, α₉) integrins were studied by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry in the testes of sexually mature rats. All integrin subunits were present in membrane fractions of homogenized testes. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the anti β₁ antibody recognized peritubular cells and the basement membrane of blood vessels. Immunoreactivity was also demonstrated in the lamina propria, basement membrane, and the basal cytoplasm of Sertoli cells. In elongating spermatids, β₁ integrin was localized to the acrosome. The α₁ subunit was expressed in peritubular cells and in the lamina propria. In the adluminal compartment, round spermatids were stained diffusely for the α₁ subunit. Immunoreactivity for α₁ integrin was found additionally in the acrosomes of elongating spermatids shortly before their release into the seminiferous tubule lumen. The α₅ subunit was expressed in the acrosomes of elongating spermatids as well as in their distal cytoplasm during stages III–VI; the cytoplasmic lobes of elongate spermatids and/or residual bodies also appeared to be immunostained in seminiferous tubules at stages VII–VIII. The α9 subunit was immunolocalized only in the basement membrane and in peritubular cells. These data suggest that integrins are involved in spermatogenesis, in particular in the process of spermatid maturation.     

新生小鼠睾丸组织和作为异种移植物的人类胎儿睾丸组织在免疫缺陷小鼠中的发育情况(英文)

目的:采用同种和异种睾丸组织移植的方法,研究新生小鼠睾丸组织及人类未成熟睾丸组织异种移植物在免疫缺陷小鼠体内发育不同时期生精细胞的组成和基因表达情况中生精细胞的发育情况。方法:以免疫缺陷小鼠为受体,新生小鼠睾丸组织和人类未成熟睾丸组织为供体,分别进行同种和异种移植。通过对移植物的组织形态学观察和分子生物学检测,对各个时期同种移植物中的生精细胞组成及其特异性基因的表达情况进行评估并与末受损小鼠的情况相比较;对人睾丸组织异种移植物的存活及其生精细胞在异体异位的发育情况进行探讨。结果:新生小鼠睾丸组织在成年雄性去势免疫缺陷小鼠体内的发育状况在移植开始的一个阶段与在体睾丸组织的发育情况基本相同,各级生精细胞的出现及其基因表达均与在体睾丸组织中相类似,而移植7-8星期后生精小管发生退化现象。人未成熟睾丸组织在受体中存活并且进一步生长;组织学观察还发现,生精细胞的发育速度与在体相比具有加速的倾向。结论:新生小鼠睾丸组织同种移植物的发育与在体情况基本相同,而人类未成熟睾丸组织异种移植物的发育与正常生理状态相比较呈现出加速的倾向。     

人胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层支持人精原干细胞的生长

目的:探讨人精原干细胞分离、纯化及以人胚胎成纤维细胞为饲养层培养的方法和条件。方法:利用两步酶法和Percoll不连续密度离心法分离、纯化人精原干细胞,在人胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层上培养;用免疫组织化学方法检测精原干细胞表面标志SSEA-1和OCT4;检测精原干细胞克隆碱性磷酸酶活性;逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测精原干细胞相关基因的表达。结果:精原干细胞在人胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层上可以存活并增殖形成集落。集落未分化标志检测显示SSEA-l、OCT4呈阳性,碱性磷酸酶活性呈强阳性,并表达精原干细胞相关基因。结论:人胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层可以支持人精原干细胞的生长。     

Development of bovine fetal testis tissue after ectopic xenografting in mice

Testis tissue xenografting represents a versatile model to study testis biology, and to preserve fertility in immature animals. To evaluate whether bovine fetal testes can mature when grafted into mouse hosts, small fragments of testes from midgestation (125 to 145 days of gestation) bovine fetuses were grafted ectopically into immunodeficient castrated male mice. At grafting, donor tissue displayed the typical seminiferous cords composed of gonocytes and primitive Sertoli cells. At 5 or 10 months after grafting, weight of the seminal vesicles in recipient mice was indicative of production of bioactive testosterone by xenografts. Xenografts showed similar development regardless of donor age. At 5 months, tubule formation occurred but germ cell differentiation had not proceeded beyond the spermatogonia stage. At 10 months, an increase in tubule size was evident and pachytene spermatocytes were observed as the most advanced type of germ cells in the xenografts of 2 donors. The number of tubules with germ cells was reduced in xenografts compared to donor tissue, but at 10 months the number of germ cells per tubule was higher than in donors. Germ cell proliferation was similar in donor tissue and xenografts. However, Sertoli cells showed a higher proliferation rate in xenografts collected at 5 months than in donor fetal testes and xenografts collected at 10 months. Sertoli cells in xenografts showed a progressive but incomplete loss of expression of Müllerian inhibiting substance and weak androgen receptor expression, indicating an incomplete Sertoli cell maturation. In conclusion, fetal testis tissue developed partially, qualitatively similar to pubertal testes in situ.     

Expression of the integrin subunits alpha 5, alpha 6 and beta 1 in the testes of the common marmoset

Integrin subunits alpha 5, alpha 6 and beta 1 were localized in the testis of pre-pubertal or adult non-human primates (Callithrix jacchus) by immunofluorescence staining and in situ hybridization. In animals of all ages subunits alpha 5 and beta 1 were localized in cells of the lamina propria of the seminiferous epithelium. In prepubertal animals, the integrin subunits alpha 5, alpha 6, as well as beta 1, were distributed all over the plasma membrane of Sertoli cells. In adult animals the integrin subunits were confined to those plasma membrane regions of Sertoli cells which are assigned to the basal compartment, including the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules. Protein expression of integrin subunits alpha 6 and beta 1 was most pronounced in tubular stages in which elongated spermatids were not yet present in the adluminal compartment of the epithelium, suggesting that these integrin subunits are particularly essential at certain developmental stages of spermatogenesis. Non-radioactive in situ hybridization revealed that the mRNA for integrin subunits alpha 5, alpha 6 and beta 1 was expressed by Sertoli cells. In situ hybridization, together with immunofluorescence data, shows that these integrin subunits were exclusively synthesized in Sertoli cells. As to functional aspects, it is concluded that during primate spermatogenesis. Sertoli cell integrins may be involved in both cell matrix as well as cell-cell interactions, particularly during early spermatogenesis.     

Seminiferous tubule degeneration in human cryptorchid testes

Two types of degenerating seminiferous tubules were found in cryptorchid testes with Sertoli cell hyperplasia of children and adults: 1) tubules with central degeneration, and 2) tubules with total degeneration. Central degeneration begins with degenerative changes in germ cells that accumulate in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. Some Sertoli cells may also be affected. Degenerated cells finally disappear, and the remaining tubule is composed of only a cuboidal epithelium, which consists mainly of Sertoli cells and occasional germ cells surrounding a wide lumen. Total degeneration is principally seen in tubules with severe germinal hypoplasia. All the seminiferous epithelium cells degenerate and lose their characteristic distribution, forming a disorganized Sertoli cell nodule surrounded by a thickened basement membrane. Lastly, Sertoli cells disintegrate, and the seminiferous epithelium disappears. Tubular degeneration might be related to the thickening of the basement membrane, which hinders metabolic interchange between the seminiferous epithelium and the interstitium.     

On the Postnatal Development of the Terminal Segment of the Seminiferous Tubules in Normal and Germ Cell Depleted Rat Testes

The development of the terminal segment of the seminiferous tubules was studied in 5 to 50 days old normal rats. At the age of 5, 10, and 15 days the terminal segment contained fewer gonocytes or spermatogonia than did the corresponding seminiferous tubule. The differentiation of the terminal segment was obvious at 20 days of age due to the high number of germ cells in the seminiferous tubules, where the epithelium became stratified at this stage. The blood-testis barrier in the terminal segment was chiefly established between 15 and 20 days of age as revealed by the lanthanum tracer technique.
To study the effect of the germ cells on the differentiation, the germ cell depleted testes of prenatally irradiated rats were also studied. The modified Sertoli cells of the terminal segment were more vacoulated and had fewer lipid droplets and inter-Sertoli cell junctions than did the Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules. The ultrastructure of the modified Sertoli cells of the terminal segment was similar in adult normal and adult SCO (Sertoli cell only) rats. The amount of lipid droplets in the Sertoli cells of SCO rats showed considerable variation among different tubular cross-sections within one testis.