上颈椎不稳前路内固定方式的选择

目的:探讨上颈椎不稳前路内固定手术方式的选择及治疗效果。方法:自2000年3月至2010年9月,采用寰枢椎前路内固定手术治疗上颈椎不稳83例,男59例,女24例;年龄20～68岁,平均42岁。其中齿状突螺钉内固定36例,寰枢椎前路经关节螺钉内固定16例,C2,3前路钢板内固定23例,齿状突螺钉联合寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定5例,齿状突螺钉联合C2,3钢板内固定2例,寰枢椎经关节螺钉联合C2,3钢板内固定1例。结果:1例颈脊髓完全损伤患者,行寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定,术后1个月死于肺部感染。其余病例获得随访,时间8个月～3年,平均15个月。无椎动脉及脊髓损伤,所有病例寰枢椎获得稳定。36例齿状突螺钉内固定及5例齿状突联合寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定者,未植骨,齿状突骨性愈合。寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定病例:1例并发肺部感染死亡;1例齿状突ⅡC型粉碎性骨折并寰枢关节前脱位,齿状突及植骨未骨性愈合,但寰枢关节纤维连接无不稳定表现;1例寰枢椎陈旧性前脱位Ⅰ期前路寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定,Ⅱ期后路Brooks钢丝内固定后路植骨,寰枢椎骨性融合。其他病例均植骨并获骨性融合。结论:上颈椎不稳患者,根据不同的骨折及不稳类型,选择相应的前路内固定,可取得较好疗效。     

成人新鲜Ⅱ型、浅Ⅲ型齿状突骨折手术治疗效果分析

目的 :探讨颈前路齿状突螺钉内固定术和颈后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨融合术治疗成人新鲜Ⅱ型、浅Ⅲ型齿状突骨折的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析我院2010年3月~2016年3月手术治疗的成人新鲜齿状突骨折23例,根据Anderson-D′Alonzo分型,Ⅱ型17例,浅Ⅲ型6例,男15例,女8例,年龄15~68岁(41.2±15.1岁)。患者入院时均有颈部疼痛、颈部活动受限;其中5例有不同程度脊髓神经损伤表现,术前JOA评分10~14分(12.8±1.6分)。13例齿状突骨折无移位或牵引后复位良好的Ⅱa型、Ⅱb型、浅Ⅲ型患者行颈前路齿状突螺钉内固定术,8例牵引后复位不理想及2例Ⅱc型齿状突骨折患者行颈后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨融合术。结果:术后23例患者均未出现血管、食道损伤及脊髓神经损伤加重等并发症。术后23例患者随访8~30个月(18.0±6.4个月)。5例合并脊髓损伤患者术后半年JOA评分14~17分(16.3±1.3分),平均改善率为83.3%。术后影像学复查寰枢椎对应关系良好,内固定无松动、断裂。术后1例前路齿状突螺钉内固定患者随访至8个月时骨折端尚未愈合,其余12例齿状突螺钉内固定均骨性愈合。10例寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨患者植骨均获得骨性融合。结论:颈前路齿状突螺钉内固定和颈后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨融合术治疗成人新鲜Ⅱ型、浅Ⅲ型齿状突骨折,固定牢固,愈合率高,具有良好的临床疗效。     

Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨Ⅱ型齿状突骨折行手术治疗的疗效.方法 对12例Ⅱ型齿状突骨折分别采用前路空心螺钉内固定术和寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定术.结果 本组获3～24个月的随访,内固定均无松动,骨折均愈合和植骨融合.结论 前路空心螺钉内固定术适合治疗齿状突骨折ⅡB型,寰枢椎椎弓根钉适合ⅡC型.     

经皮前路枢椎齿状突螺钉内固定术的并发症分析

目的 :分析经皮前路齿状突螺钉内固定术治疗枢椎齿状突骨折的并发症及相关防治措施。方法 :2006年6月~2013年12月共收治新鲜枢椎齿状突骨折患者122例,其中男79例,女43例,年龄28~73岁(45.6±14.8岁)。根据Anderson-D′Alonzo分型,Ⅱ型88例,浅Ⅲ型34例。均采用经皮颈椎前路枢椎齿状突螺钉内固定术。记录手术时间,术中出血量,螺钉松动及断裂,医源性血管、神经及食管损伤和切口感染等情况。术后及随访时行颈椎正侧位、开口位X线片及CT检查评估螺钉位置和骨折愈合情况,并记录并发症处理措施。结果:皮肤切口长约0.8~1cm,手术时间40.7±12.2min,术中出血量20ml。术中未发生咽后壁、食管、血管和重要神经等邻近组织损伤。共21例患者出现相关并发症,其中3例在置入螺钉过程中产生枢椎前方骨折,1例术中再置入1枚螺钉行双螺钉固定,另2例术后予Halo-Vest架固定治疗后齿状突骨折骨性愈合;1例术后骨折端分离过大,再次行内窥镜下骨折端植骨术而愈合;1例骨折端轻度移位,术后予以支具固定后骨性愈合;9例螺钉钉尾留置过长,但未出现临床症状;1例术后2d出现喉上神经麻痹,经营养神经治疗后恢复正常;1例切口感染,经抗感染治疗后痊愈;2例分别在术后2个月、3个月出现螺钉脱出,均予翻修,1例行前路寰枢关节融合内固定术,另1例行后路寰枢关节融合内固定术;3例纤维连接,齿状突骨折处无移位,内固定无松动,无需佩戴颈围和二次手术。结论:经皮前路齿状突螺钉内固定术是一种方便、安全、微创的手术方式,术后并发症多数经处理后预后良好,整体翻修率低。     

齿状突骨折经皮前路螺钉内固定术的适应证与疗效分析

[目的]探讨齿状骨折经皮前路螺钉内固定术的适应证和临床疗效.[方法]齿状突骨折19例,Ⅱ型骨折16例,Ⅲ型骨折3例.伴寰椎前脱位10例,后脱位4例,无移位5例.有寰枢椎脱位者术前先行颅骨牵引复位,X线片显示复位满意后,行经皮前路螺钉内固定术.[结果]19例患者术中、术后X线片显示齿状突骨折复位满意、稳定.术后平均随访18.5个月,骨性愈合15例,不愈合2例,延迟愈合2例.[结论]经皮前路螺钉内固定治疗齿状突骨折具有微创、内固定牢靠、早期活动等优点,适应证选择是临床疗效的关键.     

创伤性寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗策略

目的探讨创伤性寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗方式,指导选择安全稳定可靠的术式。方法29例创伤性寰枢椎不稳的病例,男22例,女7例;年龄16~52岁,平均32岁。齿状突骨折19例中,Ander-sonⅡ型16例,浅Ⅲ型3例;另外,寰椎横韧带损伤6例,陈旧性寰枢关节旋转性脱位1例,HangmanⅠ型骨折合并齿状突骨折1例,寰椎骨折合并寰椎横韧带损伤1例,齿状突骨折合并单侧枢椎上关节骨折1例。根据不同的损伤部位选择相应的手术方法,其中前路单枚齿状突螺钉固定10例,后路Magerl螺钉固定6例,Magerl联合Gallie5例,Magerl联合Brooks双钛缆固定2例,Magerl联合Apofix椎板夹固定2例,寰枢椎侧块钉板固定4例。19例后路手术中11例采用C1、C2椎板间颗粒状植骨,8例未行植骨融合。结果随访时间6个月~5年,平均18个月。术中未出现椎动脉或脊髓损伤等严重并发症,无内固定断裂。1例术后出现舌下神经麻痹,2周后缓解。10例前路齿状突螺钉固定中9例获得骨性愈合,1例齿状突螺钉固定发生松动,枢椎前方皮质破裂,取出齿状突螺钉,改行后路Magerl Gallie法固定,获得骨性融合。19例后路手术中8例未做融合的病例获骨折愈合,其中6例行内固定取出,基本恢复头颈旋转功能,其余11例均获得骨性融合。结论新鲜齿状突骨折不适于前路齿状突螺钉固定时,后路C1、C2椎弓根钉板暂时固定,可保留寰枢旋转功能。寰枢椎椎弓根钉板系统在生物力学稳定及适应证方面有一定的优势。     

寰枢椎后路融合术治疗陈旧性枢椎齿状突骨折12例

目的：报告陈旧性枢椎齿状突骨折引起寰枢椎不稳的治疗。方法：采用寰枢椎后路植骨融合钢丝固定术。结果：经上述方法治疗的12例,随访3－36个月,11例同骨性愈合,1例纤维愈合,计优8例,良2例,进步2例。结论：寰枢椎后路融合钢丝固定术是治疗陈旧性枢椎齿状突骨折简单、有效的方法。     

寰枢椎内固定对陈旧齿状突骨折的作用

目的:观察陈旧齿状突骨折患者在后路寰枢椎坚强内固定融合术后骨折端的变化,探索采用寰枢椎非融合内固定治疗齿状突骨折、尤其是新鲜骨折的可行性。方法:对我院2001年2月~2012年8月采取后路寰枢椎固定融合术治疗的82例陈旧性齿状突骨折患者手术前后的影像资料进行回顾性分析。其中2005年1月~2012年8月42例有完整的术前、术后CT资料可供分析骨折端变化的患者作为研究对象,伤后手术时间3~8周5例、8周以上~36周30例、36周以上7例,40例选择经寰椎侧块-枢椎椎弓根内固定、寰椎后弓枢椎椎板间植骨融合术,2例选择经寰枢侧块关节螺钉固定融合术,术后随访时间截至寰枢间植骨融合为止。结果:所有患者寰枢椎间后方植骨发生融合,其中30例齿状突骨折也发生愈合,4例疑似愈合,8例未愈合。齿状突骨折端愈合时间:28例发生于术后4个月,1例发生于术后6个月,1例发生于术后9个月。结论:对陈旧齿状突骨折患者经后路寰枢椎间内固定可为齿状突骨折愈合提供可靠的稳定性,为采用非融合寰枢椎内固定治疗齿状突骨折尤其是新鲜骨折提供了可靠的临床依据。     

齿状突骨折合并寰枢椎不稳术式的选择及疗效观察

目的 探讨齿状突骨折合并寰枢椎不稳的手术方式选择及疗效. 方法 对2002年1月至2011年12月收治的54例齿状突骨折合并寰枢椎不稳患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,男39例,女15例;年龄18 ～55岁,平均36岁;陈旧性齿状突骨折5例,新鲜齿状突骨折49例;齿状突骨折按Anderson-D'Alonzon分型:Ⅱ型30例,Ⅲ型24例;合并寰椎前脱位12例,寰椎后脱位12例,无明显脱位30例;术前神经功能按美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)分级:B级2例,C级5例,D级16例,E级31例.其中30例患者行前路齿状突空心螺钉内固定术(A组),8例患者行前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定术(B组),16例患者行后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术(C组). 结果 术中无椎动脉、脊髓损伤发生,术后寰椎脱位患者均获得良好复位.所有患者术后获6～24个月(平均16个月)随访.A组2例患者术后6个月复查示骨折不愈合,A组其他患者和B、C组所有患者均在术后3～4个月骨折愈合.无螺钉松动、断钉、退钉发生.所有患者术后6个月神经功能按ASIA分级:C级2例,D级6例,E级46例. 结论 上述三种手术方式均是治疗齿状突骨折合并寰枢椎不稳的有效方法.临床根据患者具体病情首选前路齿状突空心螺钉内固定治疗,此方法不合适时可考虑行前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定术或后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术等寰枢椎融合术.     

齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位的个性化手术治疗

目的 评价个性化手术治疗齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位的临床应用效果.方法 回顾性分析采用不同手术方式治疗20例齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位.采用前路中空螺钉内固定8例;后路经椎弓根螺钉行寰枢椎内固定12例.结果 随访时间6～24个月,平均13个月,全部骨性愈合,未出现内固定物断裂,无延迟愈合和骨不连,脊髓神经功能全部恢复到E级.前...     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.