应重视青少年特发性脊柱侧凸术前分型对手术的指导作用

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)是发生于脊柱冠状面、矢状面及水平面的复杂三维畸形,多发生在年龄10岁以上至发育成熟前。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的PUMC分型及其手术融合范围的选择

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）是指发生在10岁以上至发育成熟前的青少年的一种原因不明的脊柱畸形,发生率约占青少年人口的2％～3％。由于脊柱侧凸、扭曲,胸廓变形,直接影响患者的身体外形、心肺功能及生活质量,严重危害青少年的身心健康,甚至会引起影响患者就业等社会问题。早期对AIS进行干预治疗,有可能较好地改善患者的脊柱畸形。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的治疗

随着对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescentidiopathicscoliosis,AIS)自然病程的进一步认识和材料科学的发展,新的治疗方法、治疗技术不断出现,总体上可分为支具治疗和手术治疗两大类。目前AIS的治疗原则仍然是早期发现、早期治疗、适时手术矫正,防止侧凸继续进展。本文通过复习文献,就目前AIS的治疗现状作一简要的回顾和展望。1支具治疗AIS的支具治疗起源于20世纪30~40年代,至今仍然是AIS标准的保守治疗方法。鉴于80年代有人怀疑支具治疗的效果,SRS进行了多中心的随机观测,比较了支具治疗、电刺激及对照组对侧凸矫正和控制的疗效,Nach…     

特发性脊柱侧凸的分型与手术治疗进展

在不同类型的脊柱侧凸中，特发性脊柱侧凸畸形最为常见，近40年来随着脊柱内固定器械的改进、分型方法的完善、麻醉技术的提高和术中诱发电位的监测及三维概念的引进等，使得特发性脊柱侧凸的外科治疗取得了迅速的发展。现就特发性脊柱侧凸的分型和外科治疗综述如下。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸治疗研究进展

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)是指脊柱的一个或数个节段在冠状面上偏离身体中线向侧方弯曲形成一个弧度(国际脊柱侧凸研究学会,Scoliosis Research Society,SRS,认为Cobb角＞10°),通常还伴有脊柱的旋转和矢状面上后凸或前凸的增加或减少的一种脊柱结构性三维畸形.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的手术治疗

特发性脊柱侧凸是青少年常见的畸形之一,严重危害其身心健康.几十年来,特发性脊柱侧凸的手术技术已经从单一平面和单一节段的矫正发展到多平面和多节段的矫正,矫正效果也有明显提高.本文从手术人路及手术方法人手,综述了青少年特发性脊柱侧凸手术治疗的发展历程及目前应用较广泛的手术方式.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的治疗进展

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)是指年龄在10¹8岁,冠状面上Cobb角>10°伴有椎体的旋转而无其他器质性病变的一种常见病。该疾病能够导致身体外观畸形、疼痛,甚至心肺功能受损,严重影响了患者的身心健康及生活质量。在治疗上,对于轻中度的AIS患者常用定期观察、支具等保守治疗方法,能够有效的延缓侧凸的进展;对于保守治疗无效,达到手术阈值的AIS患者,则建议手术治疗,目前较为常用的手术方法是以椎弓根螺钉内固定系统为代表的后路椎体融合术,往往能够达到较好的临床疗效。近年来,由于物理治疗性脊柱侧凸特异性运动(PSSE)疗法安全有效,越来越受欢迎。目前对于AIS患者治疗的具体适应证正逐渐完善,治疗理念与技术在不断更新,临床疗效也不断得到改善。本文将从保守治疗和手术治疗两方面展开,主要阐述常用的治疗方法在临床上的进展和应用以及所面临的问题,为临床治疗的选择提供参考。     

Cheneau支具治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸

目的探讨Cheneau支具治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的临床效果.方法我们分析了1998年5月～2000年12月共38例特发性脊柱侧凸患者,均给予了Cheneau支具治疗.结果经平均15个月随访(5～30个月),除1例因中止治疗使角度加大而改行手术外,其余患者均得到不同程度的改善,平均矫正12°(-6～24°),无明显并发症.结论我们认为对于Risser征为0,侧凸角度>20°的特发性侧凸患者应尽早行支具治疗.     

应重视青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的早期支具治疗

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)是最常见的脊柱畸形之一,常在青春发育前期发病,在整个发育期快速进展至青春发育结束,在成年期则缓慢进展或停止进展。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸手术治疗进展

特发性脊柱侧凸（idiopathic scoliosis,IS）是一种原因不明的最常见的脊柱畸形。根据其发病年龄又分婴儿型（0～3岁）、少儿型（4～10岁）及青少年型（10岁后）。其中青少年型最常见,约占青少年人口的2%～3%,占整个脊柱侧凸发病率的80%,严重危害着青少年的健康。青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolecent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）发病机理及发展过程非常复杂,表现形式多种多样。轻度的畸形可以通过支具等保守方法治疗,而对于畸形较重、畸形发展较快或支具治疗不能控制的患者,必须针对脊柱畸形的特点采用相应的手术治疗。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸与神经源性脊柱侧凸患者椎体和椎间盘的楔形变及其临床意义

目的:观察青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)与神经源性脊柱侧凸(neurological scoliosis,NS)患者的椎体和椎间盘的楔形变情况,探讨其临床意义。方法:对35例AIS患者和31例NS患者(继发于Chiari畸形)应用Cobb法测量胸椎和腰椎每个侧凸范围内顶椎及其上、下各两个椎体和相应椎间盘的楔变角,计算其占整个侧凸角度的百分比(楔变率),得出侧凸范围内5个椎体的平均楔变率和4个椎间盘的平均楔变率。应用SPSS10.0统计软件进行统计分析,组间比较采用单因素方差分析。结果:相同病因、相同侧凸部位、相同Cobb角分组情况下,椎体与椎间盘的楔变率存在显著性差异(P0.05)。相同病因、相同侧凸部位,Cobb角60°组的椎体楔变率和椎间盘楔变率与Cobb角≥60°组比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。相同侧凸部位、相同Cobb角分组,AIS组椎体和椎间盘的楔变率分别与NS组比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:AIS与NS患者椎体与椎间盘的相对楔形变方式相同,AIS患者的椎体楔形变可能是继发的。在治疗脊柱侧凸时,即便是较小角度的脊柱侧凸,都应该考虑到其存在椎体和椎间盘的楔形变。     

The etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

The etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the most common form of scoliosis, is unclear. Researchers with divergent perspectives have tried to better define this etiology. Genetics, growth hormone secretion, connective tissue structure, muscle structure, vestibular dysfunction, melatonin secretion, and platelet microstructure are major areas of focus. In this article, we review the literature in these areas and present the consensus on proposed hypotheses. Studies that simplify the etiology to a single factor have been inconclusive or unsuccessful. Most likely, the etiology is multifactorial, and reported associations are links in pathogenesis rather than etiologic factors. Research is needed to better define the role of all factors in AIS development.     

The development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

There are many conflicting actiological theories for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. We present a simple new model of scoliosis and a mechanism by which it is initiated and progresses. This mechanism provides a final common pathway for the multiple aetiological factors. A simple model of the spine, incorporating its fundamental mechanical features, was constructed. The model consisted of interconnected anterior compression and posterior tension columns. It allowed normal spinal movements, with flexion limited by the posterior column and rotation centred around the anterior column. It also allowed deformities to develop. The ends of the model were fixed in the position of the vertebrae they represented. Overgrowth of the anterior column relative to the posterior column caused the model to take up the shape of an idiopathic scoliosis. The greater the overgrowth, the more marked the deformity. Normally anterior and posterior column growth are coupled. During the growth spurt the thoracic kyphosis flattens indicating that anterior growth temporarily exceeds posterior growth. If this overgrowth is marked a scoliosis will develop, as demonstrated by the model. Once this occurs the coupling is lost, anterior growth further outstrips posterior growth and the deformity progresses. Not all scolioses worsen, as the tendency to progress is balanced by neuromuscular factors and remodelling. Factors that increase the growth rate, induce asymmetry or decrease the inherent stability of the spine all encourage the development and progression of a scoliosis. This explains the complex biomechanics of scoliosis and provides a final common pathway by which the multiple aetiological factors can induce idiopathic scoliosis. It has important implications for the understanding and treatment of this condition.     

Anterior surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Anterior open scoliosis surgery using the dual rod system is a safe and rather effective procedure for the correction of scoliosis (50–60 %). Thoracic hypokyphosis and rib hump correction with open anterior rather than posterior instrumentation appear to be the better approaches, although the latter is somewhat controversial with current posterior vertebral column derotation devices. In patients with Risser grade 0, hyperkyphosis and adding-on may occur with anterior thoracic spine instrumentation. Anterior thoracoscopic instrumentation provides a similar correction (65 %) with good cosmetic outcomes, but it is associated with a rather high risk of instrumentation (pull-out, pseudoarthrosis) and pulmonary complications. Approximately 80 % of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) curves of >70° have restrictive lung disease or smaller than normal lung volumes. AIS patients undergoing anterior thoracotomy or anteroposterior surgery will demonstrate a significant decrease in percentage of predicted lung volumes during follow-up. The thoracoabdominal approach and thoracoscopic approach without thoracoplasty do not produce similar changes in detrimental lung volume. In patients with severe AIS (>90°), posterior-only surgery with TPS provides similar radiographic correction of the deformity (44 %) with better pulmonary function outcomes than anteroposterior surgery. Vascular spinal cord malfunction after segmental vessel ligation during anterior scoliosis surgery has been reported. Based on the current literature, the main indication for open anterior scoliosis instrumentation is Lenke 5C thoracolumbar or lumbar AIS curve with anterior instrumentation typically between T11 and L3.     

Melatonin and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Scoliosis seen in the chicken after pinealectomy resembles adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in man. It has been suggested that in both species, deficiency of the pineal hormone, melatonin, is responsible for this phenomenon. In nine patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and in ten age- and gender-matched controls, the circadian levels of serum melatonin and the excretion of urinary 6-hydroxy-melatonin-sulphate, the principal metabolite of melatonin, were determined. There were no statistically significant differences in the secretion of serum melatonin or the excretion of urinary 6-hydroxy-melatonin-sulphate between the patients and the control group. The hypothesis of melatonin deficiency as a causative factor in the aetiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis cannot be supported by our data.     

Anterior instrumentation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Thirty-two patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis underwent anterior fusion with rigid single rod (third generation instrumentation) and titanium mesh cages. The mean follow-up was 31 (24-45) months and the mean age was 14.9 years. There were 8 patients with King type I, 10 with type II, 6 with type III, 4 with type IV and 4 with lumbar curves. Titanium mesh cages were used in all the lumbar procedures and at the cranial and caudal ends of the instrumented area in thoracic cases. All the patients were immobilized in an orthosis for 3-6 months postoperatively. Mean preoperative primary coronal Cobb angle of 56 degrees was improved to 8.6 degrees. Average correction rate was 84%. Sagittal balance was restored with a mean thoracic kyphosis of 28 degrees and a mean lumbar lordosis of 38 degrees. Spontaneous secondary curve decompensation did not occur and postoperative thoracolumbar junctional kyphosis was not seen. One case had to be revised due to proximal screw pull out and loss of correction.     

School screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Two school examination schemes for scoliosis were compared in a defined population of 13,757 children. During the first period, there was no screening program. During the second period, all children in grades 4-8 were examined yearly by forward-bending tests. Brace treatments were started in 0.39%. The two periods did not differ significantly with respect to frequency of children regularly observed for scoliosis by orthopedic surgeons, frequency of brace treatment, age at detection, or mean scoliotic curve at the start of treatment. A single forward-bending test in grade 4 appears to be sufficient for detection of scoliosis requiring treatment.