小剂量纳洛酮对术后舒芬太尼自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）的作用

目的：探讨小剂量纳洛酮对舒芬太尼术后PCIA镇痛的作用。方法：对ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期全麻腹部手术患者60例术后行PCIA，随机分为两组，每组30例，SF组（舒芬太尼组）镇痛泵配方为舒芬太尼50μg、氟哌利多2mg加盐水稀释至100mL，NSF组（纳洛酮-舒芬太尼组）在SF组基础上加纳洛酮0．05μg／（kg．h）（按40h计算）.结果：NSF组在术后4、8、12h的时间段内VAS评分较SF组有显著性差异（P〈0．05）.8、12h的时间段内PCIA有效按压次数／实际按压次数比，NSF组显著高于SF组。（P〈0．05）。术后24h内NSF组镇静评分显著高于SF组.（P〈0．05）恶心，呕吐及排气对同两组无差异。结论：小剂量纳洛酮可增强舒芬太尼PCIA镇痛效果.     

氟比洛芬酯复合不同剂量舒芬太尼用于胃肠外科患者术后静脉自控镇痛效果比较

目的观察氟比洛芬酯复合不同剂量舒芬太尼在胃肠手术患者静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)中的效果和安全性。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期行胃肠外科手术患者100例,术后行PCIA,背景剂量2 ml/h,按压剂量2 ml/次,负荷量2 ml,锁定时间15 min,药液量100 ml分别含舒芬太尼150μg(A组)、舒芬太尼50μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(B组)、舒芬太尼100μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(C组)、舒芬太尼150μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(D组)。观察并记录术后即刻(T0)、2 h(T1)、4 h(T2)、12h(T3)、24 h(T4)患者镇痛评分(VAS)、Ramsay镇静评分、PCIA泵按压次数及不良反应。结果 C、D组在T2~T4时VAS评分和PCIA泵按压次数明显低于A、B组(P<0.05),T1~T3时B、C组Ramsay评分显著低于A、D组(P<0.05)。术后24 h内A、D组恶心的发生率明显高于B、C组(P<0.05)。结论氟比洛芬酯200 mg复合舒芬太尼100μg/ml静脉自控镇痛可为胃肠外科患者术后提供良好的镇痛效果且不良反应少。     

胃肠术后氟比洛酚酯复合不同剂量舒芬太尼静脉自控镇痛效果观察

目的观察胃肠术后氟比洛酚酯复合不同剂量舒芬太尼静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)效果和安全性。方法择期行胃肠手术的120例患者,均采用静脉全身麻醉,术后行PCIA。按照镇痛泵药液种类及舒芬太尼用药剂量的不同平均分为四组:A组舒芬太尼150μg。B组舒芬太尼50μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg。C组舒芬太尼100μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg。D组舒芬太尼150μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg。观察并记录术后即刻(T0)、2 h(T1)、4 h(T2)、12 h(T3)、24 h(T4)患者的视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Ramsay镇静评分、PCIA泵按压次数及不良反应。结果 T2~T4时刻C、D组VAS评分和PCIA泵按压次数明显低于A、B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。T1~T3时B、C组Ramsay评分显著低于A、D组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后24 h内A、D组恶心的发生率明显高于B、C组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论氟比洛芬酯200 mg复合舒芬太尼100μg PCIA可为胃肠术后患者提供良好的镇痛效果且不良反应发生率较低。     

子宫切除术后不同浓度舒芬太尼混合左旋布比卡因病人硬膜外自控镇痛的效果

目的 评价不同浓度舒芬太尼与左旋布比卡因混合用于经腹子宫切除术后病人硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）的效果。方法 择期经腹行子宫切除术病人90例，年龄41～64岁，ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级，随机分为3组（n=30）：Ⅰ组（舒芬太尼0．4μg／ml配伍0．2％左旋布比卡因）、Ⅱ组（舒芬太尼0．5μg／ml配伍0．2％左旋布比卡因）、Ⅲ组（舒芬太尼0．6μg／ml配伍0．2％左旋布比卡因）。均采用LCP模式给药，负荷剂量5ml，持续剂量1ml／h，单次给药剂量2ml，锁定时间10min，全程镇痛24h。观察和记录病人PCA泵开启时和开启后4、8、16、20、24hMAP、HR、视觉模拟法（VAS）评分、Ramsay评分、总按压次数／实际有效进药次数（D1／D2）比值及术后恶心、呕吐等不良反应发生情况。结果 与Ⅰ组比较，Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组PCA泵开启后8、12hVAS评分降低（P〈0．05）；3组术后镇痛期间未按压的例数Ⅰ组最少，Ⅲ组最多（P〈0．05）；3组按压次数〉9次的例数Ⅲ组最少（P〈0．05）；D1／D2比值Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组。Ⅰ组有4例需硬膜外追加吗啡，Ⅰ组发生低血压1例，Ⅱ组发生头晕1例。3组均未发生恶心、呕吐、呼吸抑制等不良反应。结论 舒芬太尼0．6μg/ml与0．2％左旋布比卡因混合用于经腹子宫切除术后PCEA效果满意，且不良反应发生率低。     

老年患者全髋置换术后舒芬太尼静脉和硬膜外自控镇痛的可行性

目的 观察老年患者全髋置换术后舒芬太尼静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）和硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）的安全性和有效性。方法 择期硬膜外麻醉下全髋置换术后老年患者50例，ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级，年龄65—96岁，随机分为2组（n=25），舒芬太尼PCIA组和舒芬太尼PCEA组。应用Graseby9500电子镇痛泵，PCIA组和PCEA组药物配伍相同，即舒芬太尼250μg＋氟哌利多5mg混合液100ml，两组PCA均采用负荷量-持续背景量-PCA量模式：负荷剂量5μg，背景剂量1μg／h。PCA追加剂量2．5μg，锁定时间3min。患者术后自觉疼痛时（VAS评分〉0）进行镇痛，记录给负荷剂量后0、4、8、20、24和48h时舒芬太尼累积用量、按压次数（D1）、实进次数（D2）、血压（BP）、心率（HR）、呼吸频率（RR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、VAS评分、Ramsay评分、不良反应和治疗措施。计算术后第2天舒芬太尼累积用量。结果PCIA组术后第1天舒芬太尼累积用量、D1和D2多于PCEA组（P〈0．01）。两组镇痛期间VAS评分、术后第2天舒芬太尼累积用量、不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），Ramsay评分均为2分（P〉0．05）。结论 老年患者全髋簧换术后舒芬太尼PCIA与PCEA均安全有效，舒芬太尼PCIA用量较PCEA多。     

地佐辛复合舒芬太尼用于术后镇痛的协同作用

目的：评价地佐辛复合舒芬太尼用于术后镇痛的协同作用。方法：选择80例择期腹部手术患者,随机分为：S组：舒芬太尼2μg/kg与昂丹斯琼8mg,加入到生理盐水注射液至100mL;D组：舒芬太尼1μg/kg、地佐辛0.4mg/kg与昂丹斯琼8mg,加入到生理盐水注射液至100mL。选择负荷剂量加维持剂量接微泵连续给药方式行静脉镇痛,持续给药速度为2mL/h,单次PCA剂量为lmL,锁定时间15min。结果：两组的镇痛评分、镇静评分、各时段按压次数和有效按压次数比较无差异,总体满意率亦无显著差异性,恶心呕吐、尿潴留等不良反应发生率亦无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论：地佐辛与舒芬太尼用于术后静脉自控镇痛,其协同作用良好。     

舒芬太尼在术后病人自控硬膜外镇痛的应用

目的比较不同浓度的舒芬太尼与罗比卡因复合应用于术后病人自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）中的镇痛效果及相关不良反应.方法36例择期全子宫切除术后的病人随机双盲均分为三组,术后硬膜外镇痛分别使用0.3 μg/ml（A组）、0.4 μg/ml（B组）和0.5 μg/ml（C组）的舒芬太尼复合0.125%罗比卡因.镇痛泵设定持续输注背景剂量2 ml/h,PCA量每次3 ml,锁定时间30 min.分别于术后4、8、20、24、48 h观察病人的视觉模拟评分（VAS评分）、镇痛药的使用剂量、PCA的按压次数及不良反应.结果随着舒芬太尼浓度的增加,VAS评分、镇痛药用量、PCA按压次数逐渐下降,PCA按压次数比逐渐上升,术后4、8 h A组的VAS评分高于B组和C组（P〈0.05或0.01）,术后20 h A组的VAS评分高于C组（P〈0.01）.术后4 h A组的镇痛药用量及PCA按压次数高于C组（P〈0.05）.A组术后镇静、恶心、呕吐及皮肤瘙痒发生率低于C组（P〈0.05）.结论舒芬太尼与罗比卡因复合应用于术后病人PCEA中的镇痛效果明确,不良反应发生率低.0.4 μg/ml舒芬太尼与0.125%罗比卡因相配伍在获得满意镇痛效果的同时,引起相对少的不良反应,更适合在临床应用中推广.     

氟比洛芬酯联合不同剂量舒芬太尼用于改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术后镇痛

目的探讨氟比洛芬酯联合不同剂量舒芬太尼用于改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术后患者自控静脉镇痛(patientcontrolled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)的效果。方法选择2012年11月~2015年6月择期改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术60例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,按照入院时间顺序均分为4组,术后使用PCIA,背景剂量2 ml/h,按压剂量2 ml/次,负荷量2 ml,锁定时间15min,药液量100 ml。4组分别为舒芬太尼3.0μg/h(A组)、舒芬太尼3.0μg/h+氟比洛芬酯4.0 mg/h(B组)、舒芬太尼2.0μg/h+氟比洛芬酯4.0 mg/h(C组)、舒芬太尼1.0μg/h+氟比洛芬酯4.0 mg/h(D组)。记录术后2 h(T1)、6 h(T2)、12 h(T3)、24 h(T4)、48 h(T5)患者疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和Ramsay镇静评分,术后48 h内PCIA泵按压次数及不良反应。结果 D组T1、T2时点VAS评分高于其他3组(P0.05),镇静评分低于其他3组(P0.05)。48 h内D组按压次数多于其他3组(P0.05)。结论氟比洛芬酯4.0 mg/h复合舒芬太尼2.0μg/h静脉自控镇痛可为改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术后提供良好的镇痛效果,不良反应少。     

舒芬太尼不同自控剂量对儿科术后镇痛有效性和安全性的比较

目的比较1~7岁患儿术后使用舒芬太尼行患者自控静脉镇痛(patients control intravenous analgesia,PCIA)时不同自控给药剂量的有效性和安全性。方法全身麻醉下行择期手术的患儿术后使用舒芬太尼行PCIA,舒芬太尼总量为2μg/kg,使用0.9%氯化钠稀释至100 ml,背景剂量为2 ml/h,即舒芬太尼0.04μg·kg^(−1)·h^(−1),锁定时间为15 min。采用随机数字表法将患儿分为PCIA1组(术后镇痛泵单次按压的舒芬太尼剂量为0.02μg/kg)和PCIA2组(术后镇痛泵单次按压的舒芬太尼剂量为0.01μg/kg)。分别在术后0.5 h(T_(0.5))、术后1 h(T_(1))、术后2 h(T_(2))、术后6 h(T_(6))、术后12 h(T_(12))、术后24 h(T_(24))、术后48 h(T_(48))记录患者FLACC(Face、Legs、Activity、Cry、Consolability)镇痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分、实际按压次数、有效按压次数、追加药量。记录患者恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、过度镇静和呼吸抑制等不良反应发生情况。结果PCIA1组T_(0.5)、T_(1)、T_(2)时FLACC镇痛评分低于PCIA2组(P<0.05),Ramsay镇静评分高于PCIA2组(P<0.05),镇静适度的人数比例高于PCIA2组(P<0.05);PCIA1组总按压有效率和追加总药量大于PCIA2组(P<0.05),T_(0.5)时按压有效率和T_(1)、T_(2)时实际按压次数小于PCIA2组(P<0.05),PCIA1组T_(1)2、T_(2)4时追加药物量大于PCIA2组(P<0.05);两组患儿不良反应发生情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对1~7岁择期手术患儿使用PCIA持续泵注舒芬太尼0.04μg·kg^(−1)·h^(−1)时,0.02μg/kg单次自控给药剂量较0.01μg/kg镇痛镇静效果更佳,并不增加不良反应发生率。     

氟比洛芬酯复合舒芬太尼用于老年患者术后镇痛的效果

目的 探讨氟比洛芬酯复合舒芬太尼用于老年患者术后镇痛的安全性和有效性,并找出合适的用药方法.方法 行择期上腹部手术患者60例,年龄65～85岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为四组.A组:术毕缝皮时静注氟比洛芬酯50 mg,术后PCA镇痛液中含舒芬太尼100 μg.B组:术后PCA镇痛液中含氟比洛芬酯150 mg,舒芬太尼75 μg.C组:术毕缝皮时静注氟比洛芬酯50 mg,术后PCA镇痛液中含氟比洛芬酯150 mg,舒芬太尼50 μg.D组:术毕缝皮时不给予氟比洛芬酯,术后PCA镇痛液中含舒芬太尼100 μg.分别记录苏醒后、术后4、8、12、24 h VAS评分,Ramsay镇静评分,术后不同时点PCA泵按压次数、实际有效按压次数,术后24 h舒芬太尼累积用量以及不良反应,记录苏醒时间、拔管时有无躁动、咽痛.结果 与A、C组比较,T0～T2时B、D组VAS评分明显升高(P<0.05).与B、C组比较,T1、T2时A、D组Ramsay评分明显升高(P<0.05).与A、C组比较,B、D组PCA实际、有效按压次数明显增多(P<0.05).与C组比较,术后24 h内A、B、D组舒芬太尼用量明显增多(P<0.05).结论 老年患者行上腹部手术术毕缝皮时静注氟比洛芬酯50 mg,术后PCA镇痛液中含氟比洛芬酯1.50 mg/ml、舒芬太尼0.50 μg/ml,术后镇痛效果好,不良反应少.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.