经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石的并发症防治

目的 探讨经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石的并发症防治措施.方法 本组634例,男325例,女309例.年龄6～81岁,平均44岁.KUB测量结石最大径1.5～7.2 cm,平均3.3 cm.超声波示344例545侧无肾积水,290例402侧合并肾积水,集合系统分离1.0～4.2 cm.在超声波引导下穿刺并扩张建立F14～F24经皮肾通道,在F20.8肾镜或F8/9.8输尿管肾镜下采用气压弹道联合超声组合式碎石清石系统,Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期粉碎结石并主动吸出体外.结果 Ⅰ期手术单侧结石清除时间5～260 min,平均41 min.术中失血约 20～400 ml,平均60 ml.单发输尿管上段结石及肾单发结石Ⅰ期手术单侧结石取净率98.2%;肾铸形或多发结石及肾结石合并输尿管上段结石Ⅰ期手术单侧结石取净率70.4%,总的Ⅰ期手术单侧结石取净率77.0%.无严重感染.6例(9.4‰)术后出现严重出血,1例行肾动脉超选栓塞止血后好转,4例经保守止血治疗好转,1例(1.5‰)行患肾切除.218侧肾盂、肾盏内残留结石,残留结石最大径0.2～2 cm.20侧多发的或位于肾盂的最大径＞1 cm的残留结石,于Ⅰ期手术后7～10 d行Ⅱ期手术清石; 78侧术后1个月行体外冲击波碎石1～4次,28例残余结石排净,其余50例部分排石或未排石,残余结石未引起上尿路梗阻,未行进一步处理;另114侧残留结石均位于肾盏,最大径均＜1 cm,未行进一步处理.术后肾功能及肾积水情况较术前改善.302例出院后获随访2～36个月,平均8.8个月,均无严重出血及感染,12例结石复发或残留结石明显增大并引起肾积水,再次行径皮肾镜取石术.结论 经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术治疗肾及输尿管上段结石具有微创、高效、安全和技术难度低的特点,应重视其并发症的防治.     

经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗儿童肾结石

目的 探讨经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗儿童肾结石的安全性和疗效.方法 肾结石患儿44例.男28例,女16例.年龄7～14岁,平均11岁.单侧肾结石39例,双侧肾结石5例.右侧26例、左侧23例,共49侧.44例患儿中有代谢异常者19例(43.2%)、尿路解剖异常15例(34.1%)、尿路感染14例(31.8%).输尿管镜下患侧输尿管逆行留置4～6 F输尿管导管,生理盐水充盈肾盂,B超引导下穿刺目标肾盏建立经皮肾通道,气压弹道联合超声碎石.术后X线摄片和B超检查结石排出情况.结果 44例均一期成功建立皮肾通道.一次取净结石36侧(73.5%),经2次取净结石9侧.结石清除率91.8%(45/49).经2次取石仍有结石残留者经体外冲击波碎石治疗清除结石2例2侧,因出血较多改开放手术取石2侧.手术时间52～132 min,平均79min.2例术中分别输血400和800 ml.无气胸、腹腔脏器损伤等严重并发症发生.37例随访3～18个月,患儿肾功能平稳或较术前改善,肾积水均未加重,未发生远期并发症.结论 经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术处理小儿肾结石创伤小、安全高效.     

盏颈切开术治疗肾内型肾盂复杂肾结石

目的　探讨盏颈切开取石术治疗肾内型肾盂复杂肾结石的疗效。　方法　对 5 2例肾内型肾盂复杂肾结石合并上盏和 (或 )下盏重度肾积水患者行经盏颈切开取石术。其中男 38例 ,女 14例 ,平均年龄 4 3岁。结石平均直径 4 .2cm。　结果　结石一次取净 4 4例 ,残余结石 8例 ,采用输尿管镜经肾造瘘瘘道行气压弹道碎石、取石 ,4例结石取净 ,4例仍有残余结石 ,行ESWL术。术中均未输血 ,术后无继发出血。 2 4例获随访 ,术后 6个月至 4年KUB加IVU复查 ,手术侧肾积水减少 ,无肾盂肾盏狭窄及结石复发。　结论　盏颈切开取石术具有术中出血少 ,肾集合系统破坏小 ,肾功能受损轻和术后并发症少等优点。适用于肾内型肾盂复杂性肾结石并发上盏和 (或 )下盏重度肾积水的治疗。     

标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石临床经验

目的 总结本院应用EMS三代超声气压弹道碎石清石系统治疗上尿路结石418例的临床经验.方法 回顾分析2005年1月至2014年6月经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)应用EMS第三代碎石清石系统治疗上尿路结石418例患者的临床资料.92例上段输尿管结石,132例单发肾结石,152例多发肾结石,42例鹿角形结石,结石大小为1.0cm× 1.4cm ～ 3.5cm×8.7cm,平均2.4cm×3.5cm.314例有肾积水,92例肾功能不全,采用标准通道经皮肾镜取石术.结果 418例手术过程均顺利,299例单通道取石,97例双通道取石;22例3通道取石.一期结石清除率为84.69％.手术时间25 ～ 210min,平均86(25 ～ 210) min.肾造瘘管留置时间平均3d.53例结石残留者46例行体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗.术后因出血行超声选择性肾动脉栓塞术3例.术后发热37例,感染性休克3例,随访1 ～ 24个月,89例肾功能异常者66例术后Scr恢复正常,19例有不同程度好转.结论 经皮肾镜取石术是治疗上尿路结石的有效方法,创伤小,结石取净率高,安全可靠,值得临床推广.     

腹腔镜下肾窦内肾盂切开取石术疗效分析

目的 报告腹腔镜下肾窦内肾盂切开取石术的初步临床经验。方法 经腹腔途径腹腔镜下施行肾窦内肾盂切开取石术治疗肾结石19例，21侧；同期处理其他上尿路疾病9例。男14例，女5例。年龄16～67岁，平均41岁。结石直径1．2～3．5cm。结石位于右侧11例，左侧6例，双侧2例。合并输尿管结石5例，其中双侧输尿管多发性结石同侧石街形成1例；肾盂息肉2例，其中致巨大肾积水1例；开放性输尿管切开取石术后狭窄伴巨大肾积水1例；妊娠期肾盂结石致巨大肾积水时放置双J管内引流术后1例。12例13侧曾行体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）治疗失败，1例曾行微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）取石不净。结果 手术均获成功。手术时间75～240min，平均115min。术中出血量30～100m1．平均50ml。术后漏尿者1例，5d后自愈。术后住院时间5～9d，平均6d。留置双J管4～6周。随访3～36个月，KUB及IVU显示除1例肾下盏残留1枚0．7cm结石外，余无结石残留，肾盂出口输尿管无狭窄，双肾输尿管均显影。结论 腹腔镜下肾窦内肾盂切开取石术是治疗肾结石可选择的一种微创手术，且可同期处理上尿路合并症，可部分替代开放性手术。     

B超引导下标准通道经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗复杂性肾结石

目的评价B超引导下建立标准穿刺通道经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术（PCNL）治疗复杂肾结石的疗效。方法自2006年12月-2009年1月治疗123例128侧肾结石患者,B超引导下建立标准经皮肾穿刺通道,行经皮肾镜下气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术。结果123例患者128侧患肾均Ⅰ期成功建立经皮肾通道,其中3例患者同侧患肾工期建立2个经皮肾通道,1例建立经皮肾通道过程中出血,留置肾造瘘管后改Ⅱ期手术。123例128侧患肾1次取净结石116例,结石清除率90．63％。3例结石残留者1周后再次行PCNL碎石清石术,6例患者有直径小于1cm结石残留,术后行体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）治疗,3例微小结石残留患者予以排石治疗。6例患者出现菌血症,1例患者出现腹膜后血肿,予以对症处理后均治愈出院。所有病例均随访1～24个月,无结石复发。结论B超引导下建立标准穿刺通道行经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石术治疗肾结石具有高效、耗时短、安全等特点,值得临床推广应用。     

经皮肾镜超声气压弹道碎石联合钬激光内切开治疗肾输尿管上段结石伴狭窄

目的:探讨经皮肾镜超声气压弹道碎石联合钬激光内切开治疗肾输尿管上段结石伴狭窄的安全性及疗效。方法:对31例患者采用标准通道经皮肾镜超声气压弹道碎石联合钬激光内切开治疗。31例患者为医源性输尿管上段狭窄伴结石23例,先天性肾盂输尿管交界处狭窄伴结石8例;并发输尿管上段结石11例,肾结石20例。结果:31例无一例中转开放,平均手术时间(62.6±8.6)min,恢复进食时间(32±6)h,下床活动时间(3.2±1.2)d。合并输尿管结石患者均予结石取净,肾结石患者2例下盏残留8mm结石,结石取净率为93.5%(29/31)。术后并发症4例,并发症发生率12.9%,术后并发出血1例,予超选择肾动脉栓塞止血治愈,感染2例,予敏感抗菌素控制,双J管移位1例,予输尿管下调整位置。术后3～6个月复查,肾积水改善总有效率87.1%(27/31),4例肾积水无明显变化。随访6～36个月,2例出现腰部酸胀、积水加重症状,予逆行输尿管镜下钬激光内切开+球囊扩张后好转,1例反复感染肾积水加重予肾切除。结论:经皮肾镜超声气压弹道碎石联合钬激光内切开治疗肾输尿管上段结石伴狭窄结石清除率高、创伤小、手术安全有效。     

单通道经皮肾镜取石术结合输尿管软镜治疗鹿角状肾结石

目的:探讨单通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石结合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗鹿角状肾结石的手术效果.方法:单通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石结合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗鹿角状肾结石96例.结石大小2.9cm×3.4 cm～3.8 cm×5.5 cm,平均3.5 cm×4.2 cm.结果:96例均采用单通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石结合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石,一期手术平均手术时间为118 min;结石清除率为82.3%(79/96),二期手术平均手术时间为55 min,结石总清除率92.7%(89/96).7例患者残留结石,大小0.3～1.0 cm,其中5例术后1个月接受ES-WL治疗.术后随访7例残留结石患者2～6个月,结石清除5例.结论:单通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石结合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗鹿角状肾结石具有手术时间短、结石清除率高、创伤小、并发症少、周围脏器损伤风险小等优点,可作为鹿角状肾结石的治疗方法.     

B超定位经皮肾镜治疗肾及输尿管上段结石940例临床分析

目的：探讨B超定位下经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声波碎石清石术治疗复杂肾结石及输尿管上段结石的临床治疗结果及远期疗效。方法：选取2005年7月～2008年11月在我科采用B超定位下经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声波碎石清石术的940例结石患者其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：患者双肾结石210例,单侧肾结石730例,其中并发患侧输尿管结石124例;一期碎石成功1060例次,需二期碎石156例次。结论：用B超定位经皮肾镜弹道联合超声碎石清石术治疗肾脏复杂结石及输尿管上段结石具有较高疗效,可被视为治疗该种疾病的“金标准”。     

斜卧截石位在经皮肾镜取石术中的临床研究

目的 探讨斜卧截石位经皮肾镜取石术( percutaneous nephrolithotripsy,PCNL)治疗肾结石的安全性及有效性. 方法 采用斜卧截石位行PCNL术治疗肾结石患者75例,结石位于左侧40例,右侧35例.67例为肾盂肾盏多发结石,8例为铸型结石,结石最大径平均18.6( 15 ～65 mm).合并输尿管结石27例,结石平均最大径约12.2(9～15) mm.该体位将患侧肩部及臀部分别用沙袋垫高,使患侧向上倾斜45°,患侧下肢内收屈曲抬高置于脚架;健侧下肢屈曲置于外展的水平板上.摆放完成后患者整体成一斜卧截石位.均采用全身麻醉,B超引导下穿刺肾盂或目标肾盏成功后,依次扩张通道至F18,用钬激光碎石. 结果 本组75例患者手术均成功,无一例中转开放手术.平均手术时间(90.4 ±35.6) min.术中出血平均( 130.2±12.6) ml,均未输血.术后7例发热,予抗感染治疗后治愈,无肾盂穿孔、输尿管损伤、胸腹腔脏器损伤、败血症、休克等并发症.术后2～5d拔除肾造瘘管,术后4周拔除双J管.术后平均住院7 d.肾结石Ⅰ期取净率为93.3％.术后复查KUB,5例残留肾结石,1周后行Ⅱ期PCNL手术取净结石2例,1月后行ESWL治疗3例,结石完全清除.27例输尿管结石均Ⅰ期取净.术后75例均随访3个月,彩超复查结石排净,无明显结石残留. 结论 斜卧截石位下PCNL安全有效,患者耐受性好.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.