U形外固定架结合闭合手法复位治疗跟骨骨折的护理

目的 探讨"U"形外固定架结合闭合手法复位治疗跟骨骨折的护理方法.方法 对39例(43足)跟骨骨折患者采用"U"形外固定架结合闭合手法复位治疗并实施有效护理,包括心理护理,保持外固定架固定效果,预防钉道感染,加强患肢护理、疼痛护理、营养支持及功能锻炼等.结果 本组患者40足跟骨骨折得到复位,足弓及跟骨高度恢复正常,跟骨横径得到矫正,Bohler角为15°～40°.无1例发生跟骨高度丢失、骨感染、骨坏死及骨不连.功能评定优20足,良20足,差3足;优良率为93.0%.结论 "U"形外固定架结合闭合手法复位治疗跟骨骨折效果明显,科学的护理是其保证.     

闭合复位U型外固定架固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的　探讨跟骨骨折更为简便、有效的治疗方法。方法　采用闭合手法复位U型外固定架固定治疗各种类型的跟骨骨折 10 5例 (111足 )。结果　术后跟骨高度及宽度都得到不同程度地恢复 ,B hler角 15°～ 4 5°,得到随访 96例 (10 2足 )随访结果 :Kerr评分 10 0～ 90分 6 0例 ;90～ 80分 30例 ;80分以下 6例。结论　U型外固定架治疗跟骨骨折效果确实 ,操作简便 ,创伤小 ,价格低廉 ,是治疗跟骨骨折较好的一种微创方法。     

切开复位克氏针结合跟骨重建钢板内固定＋植骨术治疗跟骨骨折

目的探讨切开复位克氏针结合跟骨重建钢板内固定植骨术治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法对38例（38足）SandersⅢ型、Ⅳ型跟骨骨折均采用切开复位克氏针结合跟骨重建钢板内固定＋植骨术治疗,术中克氏针维持塌陷的关节面复位,跟骨外侧缘放置重建钢板和植骨,术后测量Bhler角和Gissane角,评价跟骨骨折的复位情况。结果患者均无感染和皮肤坏死,复查X线片提示Bhler角和Gissane角分别为24°～42°和98°～137°,骨折均达骨性愈合,愈合时间10～16（13±3）周,按Maryland足部评分系统评价术后功能：优26足,良10足,差2足,优良率94.7%。结论采用切开复位克氏针结合跟骨重建钢板内固定＋植骨术治疗SandersⅢ型、Ⅳ型跟骨骨折手术方法简单,疗效满意。     

经皮斯氏针撬拨复位外固定架治疗粉碎性跟骨骨折

目的探讨经皮斯氏针撬拨复位外固定架治疗粉碎性跟骨骨折的疗效。方法采用经皮斯氏针撬拨复位外固定架治疗32例（37足）粉碎性跟骨骨折患者。结果骨折均获解剖复位。32例均获随访,时间2～12个月。Btihler角术前为-22°～26°（8、5°±12．3°）,拆除外固定架后为24°～35°（28．4°±6．2°）;Gissane角术前为136°～168°（155．2°±9．4°）,拆除外固定架后为108°～142°（127．6°±17．7°）;差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。根据美国足踝骨科协会（AOFAS）踝-后足评分系统进行评分：优27足,良6足,可4足,优良率为89．20％。无伤口感染,斯氏针及外固定针无断裂、松动、滑脱。3例发生创伤性关节炎,经药物治疗后症状缓解。结论经皮斯氏针撬拨复位外固定架治疗粉碎性跟骨骨折能够达到解剖复位,术后并发症少,疗效确切。     

跟骨丘部植骨重建距下关节融合治疗跟骨关节内陈旧骨折

目的探讨跟骨丘部自体骨植骨重建距下关节融合术治疗陈旧性跟骨关节内骨折的手术方法及适应证. 方法 2000年7月～2003年10月,对11例跟骨陈旧性骨折患者行自体髂骨植骨丘部重建距下关节融合的方法进行治疗.其中男9例,女2例,年龄21～48岁;均为单侧足.跟骨外侧改良L形切口,全部取髂骨植骨重建跟骨丘部高度,髂骨块平均为3.0 cm×2.5 cm×1.8 cm,跟骨外膨的外侧壁均切除. 结果 11例获随访3～18个月,平均11.5个月.重建丘部骨10～12周愈合,术后8周部分负重,平均13.2周完全负重行走.根据张铁良跟骨关节内骨折评分标准:优4例,良5例,可2例.X线片示Bhler角、跟骨宽度以及跟骨丘部高度基本恢复正常. 结论自体髂骨植骨、跟骨丘部高度重建及距下关节融合术是治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折的一种有效方法,可矫正跟骨畸形,并恢复外形及功能.     

闭合复位经皮固定可吸收螺钉治疗跟骨骨折

目的探讨闭合复位经皮可吸收螺钉固定治疗跟骨骨折的效果。方法采用闭合复位经皮可吸收螺钉固定治疗21例跟骨骨折患者共25足。结果21例均获随访,时间12—27个月。切口均一期愈合,无感染及皮肤坏死等并发症;患者骨折均获愈合。Btihler角和Gissane角分别由术前7．35°±13．20°、132．20°±15．10°,恢复至末次随访时的28．80°±11．20°、121．70°±10．10°,跟骨宽度均恢复正常。按Maryland足部功能评分系统评定：优20足,良2足,可3足,优良率为22／25。结论闭合复位经皮可吸收螺钉固定治疗跟骨骨折,手术创伤小、无需二次取内置物,短期疗效满意。     

V形截骨联合距下关节融合术治疗StephensⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的 探讨跟骨V形截骨联合距下关节融合术治疗StephensⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折畸形愈合的疗效。方法 回顾分析2017年1月—2021年12月采用跟骨V形截骨联合距下关节融合术治疗的24例严重跟骨骨折畸形愈合患者临床资料。男20例，女4例；年龄33～60岁，平均42.8岁。跟骨骨折保守治疗失败19例，手术治疗失败5例。跟骨骨折畸形愈合Stephens分型：Ⅱ型14例，Ⅲ型10例。术前跟骨B?hler角4.0°～13.5°，平均8.6°；Gissane角100°～152°，平均119.3°。受伤至该次手术时间6～14个月，平均9.7个月。术前及末次随访时采用美国矫形足踝协会（AOFAS）踝与后足评分及疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）评价疗效；观察骨愈合情况并记录愈合时间，并测量距跟高度、距骨倾斜角、跟骨倾斜角、跟骨宽度及后足力线角。结果 术后3例出现切口皮缘坏死，经换药及口服抗生素治疗后痊愈。其余切口均Ⅰ期愈合。24例患者均获随访，随访时间12～23个月，平均17.1个月。患者足部形态均恢复良好，穿鞋恢复至伤前尺码，无前踝撞击存在。所有患者均获骨性愈合，愈合时间12～18周，平均14.1周。末次随...     

“/\”形小切口钢板螺栓加压内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的 探讨跟部外侧“/\”形小切口钢板螺栓加压内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的方法及疗效.方法 回顾性分析2010年8月至2011年11月手术治疗并获得随访的130例(140足)跟骨关节内骨折患者资料,男117例(127足),女13例(13足);年龄17～73岁,平均42.3岁.按Sanders分型:Ⅱ型49足,Ⅲ型75足,Ⅳ型16足.手术采用跟部外侧“/\”形小切口,即跟腱前缘直切口和跗骨窦斜切口,使用跟骨解剖钢板螺栓加压固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折.手术前、后摄跟骨轴位、侧位X线片和跟骨CT扫描,测量跟骨B(o)hler角、Gissane角、内翻角、距下关节面骨折移位距离、跟骨高度、中点宽度、长度.根据Maryland足部评分及AOFAS踝-后足评分评价疗效.结果 130例患者均获得随访,随访时间15～31个月,平均20个月;术后平均出血量(194.24±104.17) ml,无一例发生切口皮缘坏死及伤口感染.骨折愈合时间45～86 d,平均(54.51±20.38)d.手术前、后B(o)hler角分别为6.27°±11.81°、27.21°±8.28°,Gissane角分别为108.36°±21.77°、117.47°±12.93°,跟骨中点宽度为(47.35±5.85) mm、(35.96±4.14) mm,高度为(39.79±5.85) mm、(47.64±3.83) mm,长度为(78.30±5.81) mm、(79.41±5.30) mm.Maryland足部评分为42～100分,优71足,良59足,可7足,差3足,优良率92.86％(130/140).AOFAS踝-后足评分为45～100分,优76足,良58足,可5足,差1足,优良率95.71％.术后12足踝关节内外翻活动较健侧受限5°～8°,其中3足于术后1年发生距下关节创伤性关节炎.结论 外侧“/\”形小切口钢板螺栓加压内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折可显著减少伤口并发症,恢复跟骨解剖形态和距下关节面平整,促进骨折早期愈合.     

撬拨复位空心钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的探讨微创撬拨复位空心螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折的疗效。方法2008年8月至2010年3月,应用透视下微创撬拨复位空心螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折15例16足,按Sander骨折分型,Ⅱ型9足,Ⅲ型6足,Ⅳ型1足。结果手术均成功,术后Bohler角恢复到20°～40°,平均（32．2±7．1）°。Gissane角恢复到100°～130°,平均（120．2±7．7）°,跟骨宽度均恢复正常。切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无切口感染及皮肤坏死等并发症。15例均获得随访,随访时间6～26个月,平均18个月,骨折均愈合。按Marylandt评分,优8例,良5例,可2例,差1例,优良率81．25％。结论采用撬拨复位空心螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折,可获得良好的复位和可靠的固定,是一种经济有效、易于推广的微创治疗方法。     

保留距下关节的跟骨截骨矫形术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的以保留距下关节的跟骨截骨矫形术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合,并探讨其适应证及优缺点。方法1998年11月至2003年5月,对伤后1～9个月,共24例(26足)跟骨骨折畸形愈合采用保留距下关节的跟骨截骨矫形术进行治疗。患者平均年龄32.6岁(28～42岁)。患者术前均摄跟骨侧位、轴位及足斜位X线片,并行CT三维重建检查。骨折按Sanders分型,Ⅱ型13足(Ⅱb9足,Ⅱc4足),Ⅲ型13足(Ⅲac8足,Ⅲab5足)。选择跟骨外侧改良“L”形切口,用骨刀切除外膨的跟骨外侧壁,然后将后关节面骨折块向上、向后撬起复位后关节面。跟骨内骨缺损处采用自体骨植骨,其中髂骨植骨19足,劈下的跟骨外侧壁植骨7足。最后以钢板螺钉固定。结果21足术后获得9～22个月(平均14.5个月)随访。所有患者术后均未发生切口感染、螺钉断裂及跟骨内翻等并发症。截骨植骨处愈合时间平均为11.2周(10.5～13.3周)。按Maryland足部评分标准评价术后功能,优8足,良10足,可3足,优良率为86%。术后X线检查见Bhler角、Gissane角、距骨倾斜角、跟骨宽度及丘部高度的恢复接近正常。结论保留距下关节的跟骨截骨矫形术是治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合的有效方法之一,具有跟骨畸形矫正明显、后足外形及功能恢复满意等优点。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Development of Selective Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Apheresis System: Immobilized Polyanion as LDL-Specific Adsorption for LDL Apheresis System

Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is widely recognized as one of the major risk factors for developing coronary heart diseases. Despite intensive development of LDL-lowering drugs, there still exist those patients with refractory hyperlipidemia whose plasma LDL levels are not sufficiently lowered by drugs. LDL apheresis, direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is thought to be the most promising treatment for such refractory patients. Various techniques, such as the use of an im-munoadsorbent utilizing an anti-LDL antibody, have been used in an attempt to achieve the selective removal of LDL. However, none were widely used because of complications, poor selectivity, and so forth. To establish a safe and effective LDL apheresis system, we chose a synthetic affinity adsorbent as the LDL-removing device. Synthetic polyanion compounds were used as the affinity ligands for LDL adsorbent to simulate the anion-rich sequence of LDL binding sites in the human LDL receptor. Among various polyanion compounds, those polyanions with sulfate or sulfonate groups and hydrophilic backbone were found to have strong affinity for LDL. In contrast, polyanions with carboxyl groups showed poor affinity. Dextran sulfate (DS) was selected as the affinity ligand of LDL adsorbent for its high affinity and low toxicity. The influence of its charge density and molecular weight on its affinity for LDL was suitable. The affinity rapidly increased as the charge density increased, then, reached a constant value. Little affinity was found for either the DS monomer (glucose sulfate) or DS with a molecular weight higher than 10⁴ daltons whereas DS with molecular weights in the midrange showed strong affinity. DS with a midrange molecular weight was immobilized on cellulose hard gel to give LDL adsorbent clinical application. The adsorbent demonstrated an excellent selectivity for LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro. Adsorption of high-density lipoprotein and major plasma proteins was almost negligible. Additional study of the LDL-binding mechanism revealed that DS directly interacts with positively charged sites on LDL, which demonstrates that the nature of the interaction is the same as that of LDL receptor. An LDL adsorption column (Liposorber) packed with an LDL adsorbent and polysulfone hollow-fiber plasma separator (Sulflux) was developed as an efficient LDL apheresis system. Clinical investigation proved that this system is capable of intensively lowering the plasma LDL level without affecting major plasma components.     

Artificial organs 2010: a year in review

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.     

Avaliação do clube de revista de anestesiologia por meio de mudanças semânticas

Background and objectives

The interactive approach of a journal club has been described in the medical education literature. The aim of this investigation is to present an assessment of journal club as a tool to address the question whether residents read more and critically.

Methods

This study reports the performance of medical residents in anesthesiology from the Clinics Hospital – University of São Paulo Medical School. All medical residents were invited to answer five questions derived from discussed papers. The answer sheet consisted of an affirmative statement with a Likert type scale (totally disagree–disagree–not sure–agree–totally agree), each related to one of the chosen articles. The results were evaluated by means of item analysis – difficulty index and discrimination power.

Results

Residents filled one hundred and seventy three evaluations in the months of December 2011 (n = 51), July 2012 (n = 66) and December 2012 (n = 56). The first exam presented all items with straight statement, second and third exams presented mixed items. Separating “totally agree” from “agree” increased the difficulty indices, but did not improve the discrimination power.

Conclusions

The use of a journal club assessment with straight and inverted statements and by means of five points scale for agreement has been shown to increase its item difficulty and discrimination power. This may reflect involvement either with the reading or the discussion during the journal meeting.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Soluble TNFα Receptors Are Increased in Chronic Renal Insufficiency and Hemodialysis and Inhibit Neutrophil Priming by TNFα

Abstract: The oxidative burst of neutrophils from azotemic patients is refractory to priming by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Soluble TNFα binding proteins (TNFR) accumulate in the plasma of azotemic patients. To test the hypothesis that these increased sTNFR concentrations inhibit TNFa priming of oxidative burst activity, we measured plasma sTNFR concentrations in nondialyzed azotemic patients, hemodialysis patients, and normal subjects, and determined TNFa priming of fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated superoxide production in neutrophils incubated in plasma with differing levels of sTNFR. These sTNFR concentrations increased significantly as creatinine clearance decreased and were significantly greater in hemodialysis patients than could be accounted for by loss of renal function alone. TNFα primed superoxide production by normal neutrophils in normal plasma, but this effect was significantly reduced in plasma with increased concentrations of sTNFR. Neutrophils from azotemic and hemodialysis patients were refractory to priming by TNFα in autologous plasma, and incubation in normal plasma only partially corrected this defect. We conclude that sTNFR accumulate as a result of the loss of renal function and hemodialysis and inhibit TNFα priming of neutrophils in azotemic and hemodialysis patients, but that these cells also have an intrinsic functional defect.