美国内分泌外科医师协会《继发性和三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进外科处理指南》解读

继发性和三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进是慢性肾脏病患者，特别是终末期肾脏病患者常见的并发症。外科手术是重要的治疗方式之一。美国内分泌外科医师协会《继发性和三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进外科处理指南》是首部循证肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进和三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的外科手术指南。该指南由继发性和三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进领域的10位专家推荐形成指南，强调为患者提供循证个性化的外科手术治疗。笔者就外科手术指征、影像学检查、术前和围手术期护理、围手术期的相关评估和处理、术中甲状旁腺激素监测等内容进行了解读。     

2022年《美国内分泌外科医师学会继发性和三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症外科治疗指南》解读

肾源性甲状旁腺功能亢进症是慢性肾病病人常见的并发症。2022年9月美国内分泌外科医师学会和美国肾脏病学会发布了首部继发性和三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症外科治疗指南,基于循证医学证据对继发性和三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的病因、临床诊断、内科治疗、手术治疗比较及围手术期管理等提出了50项推荐意见,为继发性和三发性甲状旁腺功能亢症的标准外科治疗提供参考。相较于国内专家共识,该指南对三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的手术原则展开了更详细的指导建议。     

低钙透析联合1,25(OH)2D3及碳酸钙治疗维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进

本文主要研究低钙透析联合1，25（OH）2D3及碳酸钙治疗维持性血液透析（MHD）患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（SHPT）的有效性和安全性。本文主要研究低钙透析联合1，25（OH）2D3及碳酸钙治疗维持性血液透析（MHD）患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（SHPT）的有效性和安全性。     

甲状旁腺解剖及手术探查要点

随着对于甲状旁腺疾病尤其是原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（primary hyperparathyroidism,PHPT）和继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT）认识的增加,重视血清钙的变化,相关辅助检查筛查疾病技术水平的提高,越来越多的甲状旁腺疾病被临床所发现.甲状旁腺切除术（parathyroidectomy,PTx）对于PHPT和难治性SHPT的患者是最有效的治疗方式.目前,对于一般性PTx的手术技术要点,大多数临床医生都已经掌握.然而对于异位甲状旁腺、复发性甲状旁腺疾病或甲状腺再次手术治疗的PTx还存在技术上的不足.我们认为通过熟悉甲状旁腺组织胚胎学发育过程、形态特点和掌握甲状旁腺及相关血管解剖要点能够在术中更好地显露甲状旁腺,同时结合相关定位技术及运用手术探查技巧将会使患者在低并发症发生率的基础上获益最大.     

慢性肾衰竭患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进外科治疗进展

随着透析技术的进步,慢性肾衰竭患者的生存时间逐渐延长,但影响患者生活质量甚至严重威胁患者生命的许多并发症也随之出现.继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)是血液透析患者的常见并发症之一,并且有一定的发病率和病死率,特征性表现主要有:低钙、高磷和高甲状旁腺激素.大多数患者可以通过药物治疗而痊愈,然而,药物治疗并不是都能很好地调节甲状旁腺功能的紊乱,部分患者需要外科干预.本文对慢性肾衰竭血透患者SHPT外科治疗的现状做一综述.     

三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症诊治进展

甲状旁腺功能亢进(hyperparathyriodism,HPT)依据其发病原因不同可分为3种类型:原发性、继发性、三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进。一些患者在长期的继发性甲旁亢(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)的基础上,因甲状旁腺受到长期持久的刺激,增生的腺体有了自主功能,发展成能自主性的分泌甲状旁腺素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)的结节,称之为三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(tertiary hyperparathyroidism,THPT)。以往国内对于三发性甲旁亢的报道相对较少见,可能与临床医生的认识及经验不足有关。随着国内外肾移植病例的增多,其发病率也呈现逐渐增加的趋势。THPT是影响慢性肾衰竭患者死亡率和生活质量的严重并发症,故加深对THPT的认识,规范内科药物治疗,严格把握手术指征,选择个体化手术方案尤为重要。     

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继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（SHPT）是指由低血钙、低血镁或高血磷长期刺激引起的甲状旁腺增生肥大，甲状旁腺素（PTH）过度分泌，钙磷代谢紊乱。SHPT主要见于慢性。肾功能衰竭（CRF）者。研究发现，依赖透析的CRF病人几乎都存在一定程度的SHPT。SHPT相关的代谢紊乱不仅会引起全身性骨病，增加终末期肾病（ESRD）病人的发病率和病死率，还会导致软组织及血管钙化、冠心病、尿毒症、小动脉钙化病，增加病人心血管疾病的发病率及病死率。     

三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进外科诊治的进展

三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进常发生于肾衰竭肾移植后,治疗以手术为主.笔者主要综述三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床病理特征、手术适应证、手术方式的选择及术中甲状旁腺激素测定的应用价值.     

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科治疗

继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)是由于各种原因引起机体低血钙或高血磷,长期刺激甲状旁腺分泌过量的甲状旁腺素而导致的一种临床综合征。当药物及一般治疗效果不佳时就进展成为难治性SHPT,此时通过手术或局部介入性治疗可获得良好疗效。笔者从手术治疗和局部介入治疗方面探讨外科治疗SHPT疗效,并讨论分析这些治疗方法的前景。     

持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进相关因素分析

目的 探讨持续性非卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)的患病率及相关因素.方法 分析2011年7月至2012年1月在本院腹膜透析中心规律随访的CAPD患者数据库资料.所有患者根据全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)分为甲状旁腺功能亢进组及甲状旁腺功能非亢进组.通过Logistic回归分析SHPT的相关影响因素.结果 共纳入639例患者,SHPT的患病率为46.95％.Logistic多因素回归分析结果显示,低血红蛋白、低血钙、高血磷、高碱性磷酸酶、高血肌酐、高标准化蛋白分解代谢率(nPCR)及低钙透析液是SHPT的独立影响因素.结论 CAPD患者中SHPT患病率较高,钙磷代谢异常、高蛋白饮食、肾性贫血及低钙透析液是影响SHPT发生的独立因素.     

Clinical status of Sagliker syndrome: a case report and literature review

In a 53-year-old woman, Sagliker syndrome developed during 22 years of treatment with intermittent hemodialysis as a result of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) complicating end-stage renal disease. She failed medical managements and lost her renal graft just after the kidney transplantation due to acute rejection. Although surgical parathyroidectomy was effective, the parathyroid hormone level became extremely high again due to recurrent hyperparathyroidism. It is possible that such patient could survive long-term with dialysis, but prevention of severe SHPT is the most important.     

Local ethanol injection for the treatment of deltoid parathyroid cell hyperplasia

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a serious complication in dialysis patients and is routinely managed with medical therapy. Refractory disease is usually treated either surgically or by local ethanol injection into the parathyroid glands. Total parathyroidectomy with deltoid implant can be successful; however, recurrent, resistant disease is not uncommon. Local ethanol injection was applied to the deltoid autoimplant of a patient with recurrent, resistant SHPT, which had not been resolved with surgical treatment. Serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels subsequently decreased from 1,400 to 219 pg/dl and remained stable for the next 6 months. To our knowledge, this procedure has not been previously described in the literature. Local injection of ethanol may represent an interesting alternative to surgery for the treatment of deltoid parathyroid cell hyperplasia in patients in which surgical treatment is not an option.     

Medical and surgical treatment for secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism.

Prevention and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in patients on chronic maintenance hemodialysis and of tertiary hyperparathyroidism (THPT) in patients after kidney transplantation is a challenge for the nephrologist and for the surgeon. Indication and results of medical and surgical therapy for SHPT and THPT have remained under discussion during the last decades. This review resumes the current medical and surgical strategies for patients with SHPT and THPT.     

Diseases of the parathyroid gland in chronic kidney disease

During the past few years, remarkable advances have been made in the understanding and the management of parathyroid diseases in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). One of the important insights is the identification of fibroblastic growth factor 23, which has greatly reshaped our understanding of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). The recent introduction of calcimimetic cinacalcet hydrochloride has led to a major breakthrough in the management of SHPT. Recognition of circulating molecular forms of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is also a major milestone in the accurate assessment of parathyroid function in CKD. Primary hyperparathyroidism should also be considered in patients with CKD, because it can cause various renal manifestations and can also occur as a sporadic disease in these patients. Hypoparathyroidism is occasionally seen in dialysis patients in the setting of diabetes mellitus and malnutrition–inflammation complex syndrome, as well as after parathyroidectomy for advanced SHPT. For patients with adynamic bone disease due to hypoparathyroidism and/or skeletal resistance to PTH, teriparatide, a PTH analog, may have potential for improving bone metabolism and reducing the risk of fracture. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on diseases of the parathyroid gland in CKD patients, with a particular focus on recent work in the field.     

Treatment with Calcimimetic (Cinacalcet) Alters Epoetin Dosage Requirements in Dialysis Patients: Preliminary Report

Abstract

Background: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), known complication of chronic renal failure, in addition to effects on bone and cardiovascular systems, is associated with reduced response to erythropoietin (EPO). Calcimimetics such as cinacalcet are the latest generation of drugs used in the treatment of SHPT. Few studies have evaluated the effect of cinacalcet on anemia associated with SHPT in dialysis patients, while no study has compared this cinacalcet effect with that of vitamin D analogs such as paricalcitol. Patients and methods: Using a retrospective chart-based review of dialysis patients’ records to identify patients being treated with either cinacalcet or paricalcitol alone, matched for the same EPO treatment, which had been followed for 1 year, we have evaluated the effect of cinacalcet on anemia compared to that of paricalcitol. Results: Ten patient records were found that fit the criteria, five treated with cinacalcet (Group 1) and five treated with paricalcitol (Group 2), all treated with the same dose of darbepoetin. Darbepoetin dosage was the only parameter that significantly changed between groups, decreasing in Group 1 (?33%, p = 0.009) while remaining unchanged in Group 2. PTH-level reduction, which was significant versus baseline in both groups, although not statistically different between groups, was higher with cinacalcet. Conclusion: The combination of lower EPO dose in cinacalcet-treated patients compared with paricalcitol-treated patients, along with good SHPT control is a novel information and might have considerable benefits in dialysis patients not only preventing bone (fractures) and cardiovascular system (calcifications) damages but also in terms of cost savings via a reduction of EPO dosage.     

Paricalcitol versus calcitriol treatment for hyperparathyroidism in pediatric hemodialysis patients

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) remains a treatment dilemma in pediatric dialysis patients. Recent experience with paricalcitol (P), a vitamin D analogue, in adults with SHPT has shown equal efficacy and improved survival compared to traditional treatment with calcitriol (C). We present our experience with (C) compared to (P) treatment in our pediatric dialysis patients with SHPT. Twenty-one patients (mean age 11.5±5 years) with SHPT (intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) averaging 1,228±496 pg/ml) were studied. Seventeen received (C) followed by (P); while an additional four were treated with either (C=1) or (P=3) alone. After 26±8 weeks, average percent (%) decrease in iPTH was similar with (C) and (P) (−60.4±34% versus −65.4±28%, respectively; p=0.6). In the (P) group, the effective dose in children was greater than in adult trials based on kilogram weight. Episodes of hypercalcemia between the treatment groups were not different. However, episodes of elevated calcium × phosphorus product (Ca×P)≥70 mg²/dl² occurred more frequently in the (C) group (odds ratio=1.5; p=0.01). Paricalcitol appears to be safe and effective in pediatric patients. Data suggest that dosing should be gauged according to degree of SHPT. This should serve as impetus for future pharmacokinetic studies in pediatric dialysis patients.     

慢性肾衰竭患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进外科治疗进展

随着透析技术的进步,慢性肾衰竭患者的生存时间逐渐延长,但影响患者生活质量甚至严重威胁患者生命的许多并发症也随之出现.继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)是血液透析患者的常见并发症之一,并且有一定的发病率和病死率,特征性表现主要有:低钙、高磷和高甲状旁腺激素.大多数患者可以通过药物治疗而痊愈,然而,药物治疗并不是都能很好地调节甲状旁腺功能的紊乱,部分患者需要外科干预.本文对慢性肾衰竭血透患者SHPT外科治疗的现状做一综述.

Abstract：

With the development of the dialysis technology,the survival time of patients with chronic renal failure is prolonged,while more complications which affect the quality of life or even threat the life of patients are followed.Secondary hyperparathyroidism(SHPT)with a certain incidence and mortality is one of the common complications,and its main characteristic performances ale hyperphosphatemia,hypocalcemia and high level of parathyroid hormone.Most patients Can be cured by the treatment of medicine while surgical treatment is still required by some cases in which the disorder of the parathyroid function can not be well regulated through medicine treatment.The purpose of this paper is to make a review of the recent studies of surgical treatment in patients with SHPT.     

Survival after Parathyroidectomy in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease and Severe Hyperparathyroidism

Background Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) are at high risk of mortality. Whether an increased risk of death persists after a parathyroidectomy (PTX) is not clearly established. Subjects and methods The survival of 40 patients with ESRD and SHPT who underwent PTX was compared with that of 664 ESRD patients. Results From first dialysis, a lower mortality rate was found in the group of patients who underwent PTX than in the nonoperated ESRD group (hazard ratio: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.14–0.37). The patients who underwent PTX were younger, had a longer time on dialysis, and had a higher prevalence of kidney transplantation. The mean number of comorbidities was lower (Charlson score 4.2 ± 2.1 versus 6.4 ± 2.9, p < 0.001). Then, we randomly selected two matched controls for each PTX case (80 controls, 40 PTX) who had at least an equivalent mean duration of dialysis between the first dialysis and PTX of the PTX group. In a univariate model, there was a trend for PTX being associated with prolonged survival. The mortality was higher both among those at an advanced age and those with a high Charlson score. Adjustments for these covariates made the effect of PTX no more significant. Conclusions The risk of death of patients with severe SHPT leading to PTX differed from that of nonoperated subjects. The apparent differences in survival may be related to the number and severity of associated comorbidities. ESRD patients who undergo PTX may represent a subset of healthier subjects.     

Calcimimetics versus parathyroidectomy: What is preferable?

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is common among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). SHPT is associated with high-turnover bone disease, interstitial and vascular calcifications, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The pharmacological management of SHPT has progressed in recent years. The introduction of targeted therapies, such as selective vitamin D receptors activators and calcium-sensing receptor modulators, offers an increased opportunity to adequately control elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH), especially in patients with chronic kidney disease under dialysis treatment. Calcimimetic medications such as cinacalcet negatively feedback on the parathyroid glands and do not have the consequences of calcium augmentation. However, there are no randomised, prospective data that demonstrate improved quality of life, improvement in anemia, reduction in phosphate binders, reduction in use of vitamin D analogs, or reduction in mortality. Literature supports cinacalcet therapy to improve patient outcomes, especially with regard to vascular calcifications and presumably the very lethal condition of calciphylaxis. However, cinacalcet is administered orally and has been associated with gastrointestinal intolerance along with hypocalcemia. In addition, poor adherence has been observed among dialysis patients self-administering oral cinacalcet. On the other hand, successful surgical parathyroidectomy (sPTX) can yield a dramatic reduction in PTH level and clinical symptoms. The advanced pharmacological treatments of SHPT often obviate parathyroidectomy; however, some researchers have reported that sPTX may be more cost-effective than cinacalcet in some patients with ESRD and suffering uncontrolled SHPT.