含不同脂肪乳剂的肠外营养对肝移植大鼠肝脏功能的影响

目的研究含不同脂肪乳剂的肠外营养(TPN)对肝移植大鼠肝脏功能的影响。方法建立肝移植大鼠模型，按照提供的能源不同分为单糖(GLU)、脂肪乳剂MCT／LCT、LCT、STG4个组，实验期为7d，记录实验期内动物死亡情况，于TPN后第1、4、7d收集标本，检测AKBR(动脉血酮体比值)、血ALT、AST、血TBIL。以正常和肝移植大鼠作为对照。结果单糖组7d动物死亡率显著高于脂肪乳剂组(50％vs0％)。与脂肪乳组相比，单糖组动物7d内血清ALT和AST水平降低缓慢、TBIL水平持续显著升高，AKBR水平在TPN后1d恢复并稳定于较高水平，但于7d时显著降低。在1、4d时STG组动物血清ALT降低较MCT／LCT TPN组及LCT TPN组更为显著，MCT／LCT TPN组血清ALT水平低于LCT TPN组。结论单糖TPN加重移植肝脏功能损害，动物死亡率增高，含脂肪乳的TPN能促进移植肝功能恢复。在减轻移植肝功能损害方面的优越性，依次为STG、MCT／LCT和LCT。     

含不同脂肪乳剂的肠外营养对肝移植大鼠肝脏功能的影响

目的　研究含不同脂肪乳剂的肠外营养 (TPN)对肝移植大鼠肝脏功能的影响。方法　建立肝移植大鼠模型 ,按照提供的能源不同分为单糖 (GLU )、脂肪乳剂MCT/LCT、LCT、STG 4个组 ,实验期为 7d ,记录实验期内动物死亡情况 ,于TPN后第 1、4、7d收集标本 ,检测AKBR(动脉血酮体比值 )、血ALT、AST、血TBIL。以正常和肝移植大鼠作为对照。结果　单糖组 7d动物死亡率显著高于脂肪乳剂组 (5 0 %vs0 % )。与脂肪乳组相比 ,单糖组动物 7d内血清ALT和AST水平降低缓慢、TBIL水平持续显著升高 ,AKBR水平在TPN后 1d恢复并稳定于较高水平 ,但于 7d时显著降低。在 1、4d时STG组动物血清ALT降低较MCT/LCTTPN组及LCTTPN组更为显著 ,MCT/LCTTPN组血清ALT水平低于LCTTPN组。结论　单糖TPN加重移植肝脏功能损害 ,动物死亡率增高 ,含脂肪乳的TPN能促进移植肝功能恢复。在减轻移植肝功能损害方面的优越性 ,依次为STG、MCT/LCT和LCT。     

中、长链脂肪乳剂对肝硬变门脉高压术后脂蛋白、肝功能及胆红素代谢的影响

选择肝硬变门脉高压病人15例，随机分为两组：长链脂肪乳剂组（n＝8，简称LCT组），中／长链脂肪乳剂组（n＝7，简称MCT组）。两组供氮每天每千克体重0．15～0．2g，非蛋白质热卡为每天每千克体重20～25kcal。LCT组脂肪能源由20％－Intralipid提供，MCT组由20％－LiPofundinMCT／LCT提供。糖脂供能比为2：1。在术前、术后1、4、7天，测定肝、肾功能及胆红素血脂代谢变化。结果表明，术后第1天胆红素明显升高，但MCT组胆红素随后显著下降，I－CT组下降速度慢于MCT组，PM0.05，两组对肝脏功能无明显影响。整个实验过程中甘油三酯无明显变化。提示门脉高压术后PN使用LCT或MCT／LCT乳剂基本上是安全有效的。MCT／LCT乳剂显示出更好的优越性。     

肝移植术后早期脂肪乳剂支持治疗对移植肝功能影响的临床研究

目的研究含脂肪乳剂的肠外营养(TPN)对肝移植受体肝脏功能的影响。方法选择2001年9月～2004年6月期间在我所肝移植中心住院行肝移植手术治疗的患者，取符合标准的30例作为研究对象，随机分组，进行前瞻性的f临床研究。肝移植术后6h开始给予单糖或脂肪乳剂和单糖联合功能的TPN(分别为Glu对照组和MCT／LCT组)，TPN期为7d，期间严格禁食。于TPN后第1、4、7、10、30、90及180天收集标本，检测血ALT、AST、GGT、TBil及DBil。结果TPN支持后MCT／LCT和Glu组ALT、AST、GGT、TBil及DBil水平均呈现下降趋势，与单糖组相比，脂肪乳组降低迅速。结论含脂肪乳的TPN较单糖TPN更有利于促进移植肝早期功能恢复。     

不同碳链脂肪乳剂对肝脏外科患者脂肪及肝脏能量代谢的影响

目的 观察两种不同碳链脂肪乳剂对肝脏外科患者术后脂肪及肝脏能量代谢的影响。方法 选择肝脏外科患者25例,随机分为2组;给予肠外营养,长链脂肪乳剂组（LCT组）12例,中／长链脂肪乳剂组（MCT组）13例。LCT组脂肪乳剂为20％英脱利匹特（Intralipid),MCT组为２０％为保肪宁（Lipofundin),连续观察１周。在术前,术后１d、7d作脂肪廓清实验（IVFTT）,并测定血及尿液中肉毒碱（CNT）以及动脉血酮体浓度及比率（AKBR）的变化。结果 MCT组清除率为LCT组的1倍,半衰期为LCT组的1／2;术后血CNT明显升高,尿排出减少,术后7d时,LCT组血CNT高于NCT组,尿CNT低于MCT组,P＜0．05;血AKBR术后1d明显下降,随后MCT组逐渐回升,在术后7d时,MCT组明显高于LCT组,P＜0．01。结论 MCT组体内清除迅速,对CNT依赖较小,并对肝脏能量代谢有保护作用。提示MCT乳剂可能是肝脏外科患者更为理想的脂肪能源。     

肝移植术后早期脂肪乳剂支持治疗对移植肝功能影响的临床研究

目的　研究含脂肪乳剂的肠外营养 (TPN)对肝移植受体肝脏功能的影响。方法　选择2 0 0 1年 9月～ 2 0 0 4年 6月期间在我所肝移植中心住院行肝移植手术治疗的患者 ,取符合标准的 30例作为研究对象 ,随机分组 ,进行前瞻性的临床研究。肝移植术后 6h开始给予单糖或脂肪乳剂和单糖联合功能的TPN(分别为Glu对照组和MCT/LCT组 ) ,TPN期为 7d ,期间严格禁食。于TPN后第 1、4、7、10、30、90及 180天收集标本 ,检测血ALT、AST、GGT、TBil及DBil。结果　TPN支持后MCT/LCT和Glu组ALT、AST、GGT、TBil及DBil水平均呈现下降趋势 ,与单糖组相比 ,脂肪乳组降低迅速。结论　含脂肪乳的TPN较单糖TPN更有利于促进移植肝早期功能恢复     

不同脂肪组份营养支持对肝移植受者蛋白质代谢的影响

目的 比较肝移植术后给予含中/长链混合脂肪乳剂(MCT/LCT)与只含长链脂肪乳剂(LCT)的肠内和胃肠外营养制剂对受者蛋白质代谢的影响.方法 将86例肝移植受者随机分为4组:MCT/LCT组(22例).经肠内饲以含MCT/LCT的肠内营养制剂(商品名:瑞高);LCT组(22例),经肠内饲以只含LCT的肠内营养制剂(商品名:能全力);全合一组(22例),经中心静脉给予全合一静脉营养制剂(商品名:卡文);对照组(20例),未给予正规营养支持.前三组受者术后10 d内的日平均热卡、脂肪及蛋白摄入量差异均无统计学意义.分别检测各组受者术前1天、术后第1、4、7和10天蛋白质的代谢情况,观察指标包括血清转铁蛋白、前白蛋白、尿-3甲基组氨酸排m及术后1～7 d氮平衡.结果 肝移植后机体蛋白分解增加,血清蛋白水平下降;MCT/LCT组和LCT组受者血清转铁蛋白和前白蛋白水平明显高于全合一组和对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01).而M(MCT/LCT组又明显高于LCT组(P<0.05),全合一组明显高于对照组(P<0.01);MCT/LCT组和LCT组受者尿-3甲基组氨酸排出明显低于全合一组和对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),而MCT/LCT组又明显低于LCT组(P<0.05);术后第3天起,与对照组相比,MCT/LCT组、LCT组和全合一组受者每日氮平衡和累计氮平衡的差异均有统计学意义(P<(1.05或P<0.01).结论 肝移植术后给予含MCT/LCT的肠内营养制剂较只含LCT的营养支持能更有效地减轻受者机体蛋白质分解,加快机体从分解代谢向合成代谢的转变,从而改善受者的营养状况.     

结构脂肪乳对胃肠道肿瘤患者术后细胞免疫功能的影响

胃肠道肿瘤患者术前大多数存在不同程度的营养不良和免疫功能低下,手术创伤进一步加重机体的代谢紊乱和免疫功能损害,因此,术后营养支持对于改善患者的营养状态和免疫功能十分重要.结构脂肪乳剂(structoglyceride,STG)在水解、氧化利用及产热作用均明显高于传统的长链脂肪乳剂(long chain triglycerides,LCT)[1],并且与中／长链脂肪乳(medium chain triglyceride/long chain triglycerides,MCT/LCT)相比,STG更有利于改善氮平衡及蛋白质的代谢,对三脂酰甘油及中链脂肪酸的代谢影响较小[2-3].我们观察STG、MCT/LCT和LCT对胃肠道肿瘤患者术后细胞免疫功能的影响.     

不同脂肪乳剂对肝脏术后患者肝肾功能的影响

目的 观察结构脂肪乳剂(STG)和物理混合的中、长链脂肪乳剂(MCT/LCT)对肝脏手术患者术后的影响.方法 将肝脏手术后患者随机分为STG组(n=64)和MCT/LCT组(n=61),术后第l天起连续5天分别给予STG或MCT/LCT进行肠外营养,在术后第1天(POD+1)和术后第3～5天(POD+3～5)及术后第8天以后(POD+8～)检测肝肾功能,并记录住院时间.结果术后STG组谷丙转氨酶(ALT)下降速率优于MCT/LCT组,在住院时间上STG比MCT/LCT缩短(P<0.05).结论 STG对肝脏术后患者肝功能的恢复要优于单纯物理混合的MCT/LCT.     

胆源性肝硬变家兔肝脏脂蛋白脂酶变化对脂代谢的影响

目的:观察肝硬变家兔肝脏脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)变化对脂代谢的影响。方法:21只新西兰大白兔制成胆源性肝硬变模型后,随机分为长链脂肪乳剂(LCT)-肠外营养(PN)组(LCT组,n=10)和中/长链混合乳剂(MCT/LCT)-PN组(MCT组,n=11),另设正常对照组(n=12)。肠外营养(PN)前、PN后1、4、7d分别测定血浆甘油三酯(TG)和胆固醇(Chol)。实验结束后处死动物,取肝脏作病理形态学检查以及脂肪含量测定,用ABC法作LPL单克隆抗体在肝脏的表达;用Northern杂交法检测LPL基因的mRNA表达。结果:MCT乳剂对甘油三酯及胆固醇代谢的影响较小,MCT组的肝脏脂肪含量明显低于LCT组,P<0.01。形态学检查表明,两组的变性、坏死和增生性病变的检出率均无显著差异,但在LCT组肝细胞中能较多地见到脂肪颗粒。肝脏二氨基联苯胺(DAB)显色以及mRNA表达明显下降。结论:肝硬化时,肝脏代谢脂肪的能力已受损;相对而言,此时对MCT乳剂的体内代谢较小影响。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.