肝细胞癌侵犯肝内主要管道结构的螺旋CT表现

目的 探讨原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)侵犯肝内主要管道结构(门静脉、肝静脉和胆管)的多排螺旋CT(MDCT)表现特征。方法 收集68例侵犯肝内主要管道结构的HCC患者MDCT双期增强扫描资料，进行回顾性分析。着重观察和记录肝内门静脉血管、肝静脉及下腔静脉肝内段、胆道系统以及肝实质等结构在肝动脉期和门静脉期的形态学改变。结果 68例HCC中侵犯门静脉系统并继发癌栓病例47例，侵犯肝静脉及下腔静脉肝内段12例，侵犯胆管并继发胆管内癌栓者9例。肝内静脉血管受侵的直接CT征象有：①受累静脉扩张或增粗，伴管腔内软组织密度样“充盈缺损”；②静脉内癌栓在动脉期出现强化．呈现静脉的动脉化现象等。间接征象包括：①动脉-静脉瘘形成；②癌旁肝实质在动脉期出现异常强化；③门静脉海绵样变等。HCC侵犯胆管征象为：①病灶周围胆管或近端胆管扩张；②胆管腔内软组织密度结节或肿块影。结论 HCC侵犯肝内主要管道结构可出现相应的MDCT征象。MDCT增强双期扫描结合图像重建技术可以更好地评价肝内管道结构的受侵情况。     

21例肝门胆管癌CT分析

目的: 分析肝门胆管癌的CT表现. 方法: 回顾分析21例经临床、病理证实的肝门胆管癌的CT资料. 结果: 浸润型9例,外生型11例,管内型1例,所有病灶均位于左右肝管汇合处,CT表现为肝内胆管不同程度的"软藤样"扩张,平扫仅33%病例显示肿块,增强扫描可见肿块呈缓慢持续强化. 结论: 肝门胆管癌的CT表现特征为:肝门区胆管内等密度或低密度肿块伴肝内胆管不同程度的"软藤样"扩张.增强扫描可见肿块呈缓慢持续强化.     

原发性胆管癌的螺旋CT诊断分析

目的分析原发性胆管癌的螺旋CT表现特征。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的87例胆管癌的螺旋CT平扫及动态增强表现特征。结果肝内周围型胆管癌（19例）平扫呈相对低密度或等密度肿块，增强扫描肝动脉期17例呈边缘环状强化，2例无强化，门静脉期12例呈中心强化，延迟期中心强化更明显，坏死区无强化；48例肝门区胆管癌中42例呈浸润性肿块，增强早期呈轻至中度强化，晚期强化明显，少数无强化；肝外胆管癌（20例）多呈浸润性生长或表现为腔内乳头状肿块，增强早期呈中度强化，晚期明显强化。结论螺旋CT多期增强扫描，是诊断原发性胆管癌的重要影像检查方法，能较准确地显示各类胆管癌的生长特征，延迟扫描对胆管癌的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要参考价值。     

HCC合并胆管癌栓的外科手术治疗

<正>背景HCC合并胆管癌栓临床中较少见,发生率为1.2%~9%,针对这种情况的外科处理文献报道的更少。外科处理面临的两个难题为:是否保留有癌栓的胆管;术后复发如何处理。为解决这些难点,笔者中心采取保留肝外胆管的肝切除治疗HCC合并胆管癌栓,取得较好的临床效果。方法 1994年10月至2011年7月间东京大学医附属医院行肝切除的1473例HCC中,19例(1.3%)患者合并肉眼胆     

肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓、继发门静脉海绵样变多层螺旋CT表现

目的探讨肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓、继发门静脉海绵样变的多层螺旋CT表现。方法收集31例经病理证实为肝细胞癌合并门脉癌栓继发门静脉海绵样变的多层螺旋CT资料,与手术病理相对照,回顾分析其栓塞部位、CT表现及侧支循环开放情况。结果栓塞部位：门静脉主干及左、右支栓塞23例,其中4例合并肠系膜上静脉和（或）脾静脉、下腔静脉栓塞,1例合并胆囊浸润;门静脉主干及左支栓塞1例;f1静脉主干及右支栓塞5例,其中2例合并肝右静脉和（或）下腔静脉栓塞;门静脉主干及肠系膜上静脉栓塞1例;单纯右支栓塞1例。CT表现：平扫癌栓均为等密度;增强扫描动脉期明显不均匀强化,门静脉期强化程度减退呈等密度,相应血管内可见充盈缺损。侧支循环开放与血管扩张情况：肝门胆管周围侧支开放31例（100％）,胆囊窝周围侧支开放19例（61．29％）,胃底、胃小弯区侧支开放21例（67．74％）,食管下段侧支开放7例（22．58％）,脾静脉扩张15例（48．38％）。结论HCC并门静脉癌栓继发门静脉海绵样变的多排螺旋CT表现具有一定的特征性,可为I临床提供准确的参考信息,有助于该病的诊断。     

胆道癌栓与胆道结石的影象学特点分析

目的 探讨原发性肝癌或转移性肝癌所致的胆道癌栓与胆道结石在CT片、MRCP上的不同影象学特点。方法 60例患者均经ERCP检查证实为胆管结石或胆管癌栓，在此前提下，回顾性分析60例患者CT片、MRCP的影像学特点。结果男性36例，女性24例，胆管结石患者为40例（占66％），胆管癌栓患者为20例（占34％）。CT检查对胆管癌栓的符合率82．4％，对胆管结石的符合率88．6％，MRCP检查在胆管癌栓的诊断符合率为94％，对胆管结石的诊断符合率为96％。综合ERCP，CT，MRCP的影像学检查所见，胆道癌栓表现为有局部胆管膨胀性扩张，肝内胆管多呈“软藤症样扩张”表现，对胆管的阻塞可以是不完全性的，造影剂可以部分通过，胆管壁也较光滑，这与胆管癌时管腔的完全阻塞及胆管壁僵硬变形有所不同；往往无胆道结石的病史，肿瘤标志物显著升高，肝内或其他部位可查见肿瘤。而胆道结石无局部胆管膨胀性扩张，肝内胆管多呈“枯树枝样扩张”，易有胆道完全梗阻，往往有胆道结石的病史，肿瘤标志物无或轻度升高，扩张的胆管在取石后往往恢复正常；肝内或其他部位往往无肿瘤存在。结论 胆道癌栓与胆道结石的判断是结合病史、ERCP、CT片、MRCP片的综合判断，ERCP对表现不典型病例不仅能对病变进行诊断，且可以进行针对性治疗。     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断与治疗

肝细胞癌（简称肝癌）合并胆管癌栓不常见。胆管癌栓通常是由肝癌侵入其所在部位的肝内胆管而形成并沿肝内胆管向肝门部胆管甚至胆总管生长,最终导致梗阻性黄疸或合并胆道出血。肝癌合并胆管癌栓并不是一种终末期疾病,有时会被误诊为胆管癌,及时正确诊断至关重要。积极手术切除治疗有助于延长生存时间、改善远期预后。     

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目的探讨肝细胞癌(HCC)合并胆管癌栓外科治疗的效果。方法对1984年7月至2002年12月收治的53例HCC合并胆管癌栓的治疗情况进行回顾性总结和分析。结果53例中，1例未治，6例行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(PTCD)，46例开腹手术。开腹手术术后30d病死率为13．0％，并发症发生率为32．6％。肝切除术、胆管取癌栓及胆道引流术病人术后生存时间为5～46个月，中位生存期为23．5个月。结论黄疸不一定是肝癌的晚期表现，也不一定是手术禁忌证，对HCC合并胆管癌栓的早期诊断和手术治疗，是改善病人预后的关键。     

16 肝细胞癌合并脉管系统癌栓的外科治疗

目的:探讨肝细胞癌（HCC）合并脉管系统癌栓的外科治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析1993年1月—2002年1月采用肝切除和癌栓取出术治疗HCC合并脉管系统癌栓68例的临床资料，其中门静脉癌栓63例，肝左静脉癌栓1例，肝中静脉癌栓合并门静脉左支癌栓1例，肝右静脉、下腔静脉合并门静脉右支癌栓1例，下腔静脉癌栓2例。HCC合并门静脉癌栓患者中6例术后行门静脉化疗。结果:6例术后3个月内死于肝肾功能衰竭， HCC合并脉管系统癌栓患者术后1，3，5年生存率分别为41.7%，20.8%，4.1%。结论:肝切除并癌栓取出术是HCC合并脉管系统癌栓有效的治疗方法，术后辅助治疗能提高治疗的效果。     

肝细胞癌与肝内周围型胆管细胞癌的螺旋CT动态增强与病理分析

目的 分析肝细胞癌与肝内周围型胆管细胞癌的螺旋CT动态增强特征.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的80例肝细胞癌和21例肝内周围型胆管细胞癌的螺旋CT动态增强特点.结果 80例肝细胞癌共116个癌灶,增强动脉期均呈明显强化.门静脉期多表现为相对低密度(97/116),其中86个瘤灶高于动脉期密度,延迟扫描116个瘤灶强化程度不同程度下降,与邻近正常肝实质相比呈相对低密度,其中73个瘤灶高于动脉期密度;116个HCC中,64个呈现马赛克征,37个呈现假包膜征.肝内周围型胆管癌增强动脉期19例呈边缘环状强化,2例无强化,门静脉期14例呈中心片状、团簇状强化,5例延迟扫描中心强化更明显.结论 螺旋CT多期增强扫描特别是肝动脉期和延迟扫描,是肝细胞癌和肝内周围型胆管细胞癌诊断和鉴别诊断的关键扫描技术,肝细胞癌和肝内周围型胆管细胞癌增强后时间密度变化及对比剂在瘤内分布的差别,能大致反映肿瘤的病理学特征,为二者的诊断和鉴别诊断提供了重要的影像学依据.     

The benefit of curative liver resection with a selective bile duct preserving approach for hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic bile duct tumor thrombus

BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presenting with macroscopic bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT) is an uncommon event. The role of a curative hepatic resection and associated long-term outcomes remain controversial. In addition the necessity for bile duct resection is still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes of hepatectomy with a selective bile duct preservation approach for HCC with BDTT in comparison to outcomes without BDTT.MethodsA total of 22 HCC with BDTT patients who had undergone curative hepatic resection with a selective bile duct preservation approach at our institute were retrospectively reviewed. These were compared to group of 145 HCC without BDTT patients. The impact of curative surgical resection and BDTT on clinical outcomes and survival after surgical resection were analyzed.ResultsAll HCC with BDTT cases underwent major hepatectomy vs. 32.4% in the comparative group. Bile duct preservation rate was 56.5%. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates of HCC with BDTT patients in comparison to the HCC without BDTT group were 81.8%, 52.8% and 52.8% vs. 73.6%, 55.6% and 40.7% (P=0.804) respectively. Positive resection margin, tumor size ≥5 cm and AFP ≥200 IU/mL were significant risk factors regarding overall survival. However, it is unclear whether presence of a bile duct tumor thrombus has an adverse impact on either recurrence free survival or overall survival.ConclusionsBile duct obstruction from tumor thrombus did not necessarily indicate an advanced form of disease. Tumor size and AFP had greater impact on long-term outcomes than bile duct tumor thrombus. Major liver resection with a selective bile duct preserving approach in HCC with BDTT can achieve favorable outcomes comparable to those of HCC without BDTT in selected patients.     

Long-term Survival Analysis of Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Bile Duct Tumor Thrombus

Background

Long-term prognosis of liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with macroscopic bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT) has not been well assessed. This study intended to analyze the post-transplantation outcomes in patients who had HCC with macroscopic BDTT.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed with 14 patients who underwent LT for HCC with BDTT (0.7%) after selection from an institutional database of 2052 adult LT cases.

Results

Types of LT were living donor LT in 13 and deceased donor LT in 1. The extents of BDTT were Ueda type 1 in 4, type 2 in 3, and type 3 in 7. Milan criteria were met in 8 (57.1%). Concurrent bile duct resection was performed in 7 (50%). Mean model for end-stage liver disease score was 18.7 ± 4.9. Mean graft-recipient weight ratio was 1.2 ± 0.3. There was one case of perioperative mortality and one case of HCC-unrelated late mortality. Cumulative HCC recurrence rates were 15.4% at 1 year, 46.2% at 3 years, and 46.2% at 5 years. Overall patient survival rates were 92.9% at 1 year, 57.1% at 3 years, and 50% at 5 years. Univariate risk factor analyses revealed that only macrovascular invasion was a significant risk factor for HCC recurrence (P = .019).

Conclusions

The results of this study revealed that LT for HCC with macroscopic BDTT has a high risk of post-transplantation HCC recurrence; therefore, further large-volume studies are necessary to elucidate the risk factors.     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓53例临床诊断分析

目的探讨肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的临床特点和诊断方法。方法回顾性分析广西医科大学第一附属医院1998年至2008年53例肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的临床资料,应用B超、CT、MRCP、AFP定量等检查以及术中探查术后病理明确诊断。结果肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓临床表现主要为黄疸,全组53例中34例术前通过B超、CT、AFP定量等检查获得明确诊断,其中B超确诊22例,诊断率为41.5%（22/53）,CT确诊27例,诊断率为50.9%（27/53）,MRCP确诊6例,诊断率为85.7%（6/7）。另外19例通过手术得以明确诊断。结论肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓临床表现以黄疸为主,多种影像学联合检查以及结合AFP定量检查是明确诊断的主要方式,积极行MRCP检查是提高诊断率的有效方式,术中探查术后病理是本病确诊的最终依据。     

肝癌合并门静脉或胆管癌栓的综合治疗

The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)is poor,and tumor thrombus in the portal vein or in the bile duct is an important influencing factor.Approximately 30%of HCC patients are found to have portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT)when diagnosed,and their median survival time is about 2.7-4.0 months if they do not receive any treatment.The incidence of HCC complicated with bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT)is less than 10%,while the prognosis is dismal.Once tumor thrombus extends to the major bile ducts,obstructive jaundice and subsequent hepatic dysfunction are inevitable.The survival time of patients with HCC complicated with BDTT is less than 4 months if they only receive palliative biliary stenting.The management of HCC complicated with PVTT or BDTT is challenging with controversy at present.Different treatment approaches and their benefits for patients with HCC complicated with PVTT or BDTT are introduced in this paper.     

Surgical Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Bile Duct Tumor Thrombus: A Korean Multicenter Study

Background

The long-term outcomes after resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with macroscopic bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT) are unclear. This multicenter study was conducted to determine the prognosis of HCC patients with macroscopic BDTT who underwent resection with curative intent.

Methods

Of 4,308 patients with HCC from four Korean institutions, this single-arm retrospective study included 73 patients (1.7 %) who underwent resection for HCC with BDTT.

Results

Jaundice was also present in 34 patients (46.6 %). According to Ueda classification, BDTT was type 2 in 34 cases (46.6 %) and type 3 in 39 cases (53.4 %). Biliary decompression was performed in 33 patients (45.2 %), decreasing the median lowest bilirubin level to 1.4 mg/dL before surgery. Systematic hepatectomy was performed in 69 patients (94.5 %), and concurrent bile duct resection was performed in 31 patients (42.5 %). Surgical curability types were R0 (n = 57; 78.1 %), R1 (n = 11; 15.1 %), and R2 (n = 5; 6.8 %). Patient survival rates were 76.5 % at 1 year, 41.4 % at 3 years, 32.0 % at 5 years, and 17.0 % at 10 years. Recurrence rates were 42.9 % at 1 year, 70.6 % at 3 years, 77.3 % at 5 years, and 81.1 % at 10 years. Results of univariate survival analysis showed that maximal tumor size, bile duct resection, and surgical curability were significant risk factors for survival, and surgical curability was a significant risk factor for recurrence. Multivariate analysis did not reveal any independent risk factors.

Conclusions

Hepatocellular carcinoma patients with BDTT achieved relatively favorable long-term results after resection; therefore extensive surgery should be recommended when complete resection is anticipated.     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓多学科诊治中国专家共识(2020版)

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓是肝癌的一种特殊类型,发生率为0.5%~2.5%,疾病进展快、预后差,目前国内外尚无相关的诊断与治疗共识,造成该疾病的治疗极不规范。中国医师协会肝癌专业委员会基于国内外本领域研究获得的循证医学证据,并结合我国临床实践,制订《肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓多学科诊治中国专家共识(2020版)》。该共识针对肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的临床表现、诊断及分型、外科治疗、辅助治疗以及其他局部、区域性和系统性治疗进行系统阐述,旨在规范、普及和提高对肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断和多学科治疗水平,改善该疾病总体预后。     

肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓诊治进展

肝细胞癌可侵犯肝内外胆管形成胆管癌栓,其易与胆总管结石、胆管癌等疾病相混淆。目前,肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断及鉴别诊断主要依靠超声、CT、磁共振等影像学检查。在肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓治疗方面,外科手术切除已成为主要治疗方式。尽管有文献报道肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓的病人在接受根治性手术后能达到与不伴癌栓的病人相似的生存结局,但总体上此类病人的预后仍不良。手术治疗与胆管引流、经动脉化疗栓塞、射频消融等非手术疗法的综合应用或能提高此类病人的远期预后,在肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓的治疗中具有良好应用前景。     

肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓诊治进展

肝细胞癌可侵犯肝内外胆管形成胆管癌栓,其易与胆总管结石、胆管癌等疾病相混淆。目前,肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断及鉴别诊断主要依靠超声、CT、磁共振等影像学检查。在肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓治疗方面,外科手术切除已成为主要治疗方式。尽管有文献报道肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓的病人在接受根治性手术后能达到与不伴癌栓的病人相似的生存结局,但总体上此类病人的预后仍不良。手术治疗与胆管引流、经动脉化疗栓塞、射频消融等非手术疗法的综合应用或能提高此类病人的远期预后,在肝细胞癌伴胆管癌栓的治疗中具有良好应用前景。     

胰腺转移癌：CT表现及临床分析

目的 分析胰腺转移癌（PM）的CT影像学表现及临床特点,提高诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析21例经病理学证实PM的CT表现及临床资料.结果 21例PM临床主要表现为腹痛而无其他特殊症状.CT共发现27个病灶,呈圆形或类圆形22个,不规则分叶状5个;位于胰头部16个,胰体、颈部7个,胰尾部4个;26个肿瘤中心点位于胰腺内,1个突出胰腺外.肿瘤直径约7～63 mm,平均35 mm.平扫多呈相对较低密度,不均匀囊实性而边界欠清.增强扫描强化类似于原发肿瘤,多呈不均匀环状强化,明显强化9例,中度强化8例,轻度强化4例;边界逐渐清晰,与正常胰腺间分界清晰、边缘锐利13例,8例边缘较毛糙;伴胆总管轻度扩张3例,伴近端主胰管轻度扩张1例,侵犯胰外血管2例,合并胰腺外转移16例.结论 PM以胰腺单发结节或肿块多见,临床多无特殊症状,CT平扫呈不均匀较低密度而边界欠清,增强强化与原发肿瘤相似;肿瘤中心点多位于胰腺内而突出胰腺外少见;多数合并其他转移但胆、胰管梗阻及胰腺外局部侵犯较少见,腹膜后结构相对较清晰,CT有助于PM的诊断及鉴别.     

2D MRCP、3DMRCP结合冠状位T2WI对胆总管结石诊断价值的对比研究

目的比较T2WI脂肪抑制稳态进动快速成像(FIESTA)序列、单次激发快速自旋回波(2DSSFSE)-2D MRCP及快速自旋回波容积扫描(M3DFSE)-3D MRCP对胆总管结石的诊断价值。方法回顾分析80例经MRI检查,全部使用了FIESTA序列、2D MRCP和3D MRCP的病例,并经手术病理或临床最后诊断为胆总管结石。结果 FIESTA序列显示胆总管结石72例,显示率90%;2D MRCP显示胆总管结石76例,显示率95%;3D MRCP显示胆总管结石68例,显示率85%。结论FIESTA序列结合2D MRCP和3D MRCP对胆总管结石具有极高的诊断价值。