结直肠癌围手术期加速康复外科治疗的安全性及有效性研究

目的观察加速康复外科（FTS）治疗在结直肠癌手术患者中的安全性和有效性。方法30例结直肠癌患者分为两组,每组15例。对照组采用传统的围手术期处理方法;FST组采用FST程序,主要措施包括缩短患者术前的禁食时间,术前口服含碳水化合物的液体,不放置鼻胃减压管,不放置腹腔引流管,术后早期口服饮食,加强术后止痛,尽早下床活动等。观察比较两组手术及术后住院时间、营养状态、肠道功能、并发症发生及费用等情况。结果两组比较,FST组比对照组术后住院时间缩短、治疗费用减少、术后肠排气时间提前、停止静脉输液时间提前、手术后体重下降减轻,以上指标两组差异均有统计学意义。FST组的并发症并未增加。结论结直肠癌患者按FST治疗安全、有效,可以减少住院时间与费用,加速患者的康复。     

加速康复外科在老年腹腔镜胃癌根治术中的应用

选取2011年3月—2012年5月行腹腔镜胃癌根治术的老年患者118例,随机将其分为加速康复外科(FTS)组及对照组,FTS组采用FTS方案,对照组采用传统围手术期处理方案,FTS组术后下床时间、排气时间、术后住院时间、住院费用及术后并发症发生率均优于对照组(P<0.05),在手术时间及出血量方面2组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。FTS方案能够加速老年腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者术后康复,缩短住院时间,降低医疗费用,减少并发症。     

快速康复外科模式在腹腔镜胃癌根治术中的应用

目的：评价快速康复外科（FTS）在接受择期手术的腹腔镜胃癌根治术（D2根治）患者中的安全性和有效性。方法：将68例拟接受择期腹腔镜手术的胃癌患者分为快速康复组和传统治疗组,每组34例。快速康复组围手术期接受快速康复方案处理,传统治疗组接受传统的围手术期处理。观察术后首次排气时间、术后住院时间、住院总费用及术后并发症等。结果：两组病人均痊愈出院。快速康复组患者与传统手术相比,首次排气时间提前、术后的住院时间缩短、住院总费用减少（P〈0．05）。术后并发症发生率没有增加（P〉0．05）。结论：快速康复外科模式在接受择期腹腔镜手术的胃癌患者中安全可行,加快了患者术后康复,缩短了术后住院时间,降低了医疗费用。     

快速康复外科在腹腔镜直肠癌TME保肛术中的应用效果

目的评价快速康复外科在接受择期手术的腹腔镜直肠癌TME保肛术中应用的安全性和有效性。方法将入选的91例拟接受择期腹腔镜手术的直肠癌患者分为快速康复组（FTS组）和传统治疗组（对照组）,FTS组44例,对照组47例。FTS组围手术期接受快速康复方案处理,对照组接受传统的围手术期处理。观察术后首次排气时间、术后住院时间、住院总费用、术后并发症,以及术前、术后血清学指标。数据资料采用t检验和X2检验。结果两组患者均痊愈出院。FTS组患者与对照组相比,首次排气时间提前、术后的住院时间缩短、住院总费用减少,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术后并发症发生率没有增加（P〉0．05）。两组患者的炎性因子指标在术后均升高,但两组升高水平无显著差异（P〉0．05）。FTS组术后空腹血糖水平升高较对照组低,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论快速康复外科模式在接受择期腹腔镜直肠癌TME保肛术中安全可行,加快了患者术后康复,缩短了术后住院时间,降低了医疗费用,并且有效地控制了术后高血糖。     

结直肠癌患者围手术期快速康复外科的应用

目的探讨快速康复外科(fast-track surgery,FTS)技术在结直肠癌患者围手术期的临床效果。方法选取86例需行结直肠癌根治术的患者,随机分为2组,分别采用FTS技术(FTS组)和传统方法(对照组)进行治疗,观察2组术后排气、排便时间及住院时间、住院费用、术后并发症发生率等指标。结果相比对照组,采用FTS技术治疗在术后排气、排便及进食时间均缩短,住院时间、总住院费用及术后费用均降低,术后并发症的发生率无明显差别。结论采用FTS技术对结直肠癌患者进行围手术期处理可促进患者康复、减少费用。     

快速康复外科技术在下消化道肿瘤择期手术中的应用探讨

目的 探讨在下消化道肿瘤择期手术中应用快速康复外科(FTS)技术的安全性和可行性.方法 选取我院2009年1月至12月下消化道肿瘤手术病例60例,随机分为快速康复(FTS)组30例和常规对照组30例,对照组采用传统的围手术期处理,FTS组采用FTS围手术期处理.观察比较两组术后康复、并发症发生情况.结果 两组术后急性胃扩张、术后肠梗阻、吻合口漏、腹腔感染、切口感染等并发症比较,两组差异无统计学意义,而肺部感染、咽喉疼痛、恶心不适、肠道菌群失调和二重感染等并发症比较,FTS组明显低于常规对照组,差异有统计学意义;两组术后首次排气时间、首次排便时间、停止静脉输液时间及住院天数等术后康复情况比较,FTS组术后恢复明显提前,但两组差异无统计学意义.结论 FTS应用在下消化道肿瘤择期手术中是安全可靠的,能减少患者的术前术后不适感,减少应激反应,促进患者早日康复,缩短住院时间.     

加速康复外科对远端胃癌根治术后患者炎症反应和免疫功能的影响

目的:该研究应用加速康复外科新理念,观察对远端胃癌根治术后炎症反应和免疫功能的影响.方法:将46例远端胃癌手术病人随机分为两组,研究组(FTS组)痛人应用加速康复外科治疗,对照组病人应用传统围手术期处理方法.观察两组病人术后首次肠道通气时间、术后住院时间和并发症,并于术前1天、术后第1天和第3天检测病人外周血清中IL-6、CRP、CD3、CD4、CD8和CD4/CD8比值.结果:FTS组与对照组比,术后住院时间显著缩短(P<0.05);术后首次排气时间显著提前(P<0.05);而术后并发症两者无显著差异.FTS组与对照组比,术后第1、3天外周血中CRP和IL-6浓度均有显著下降(P<0.05);CD4/CD8比值均有显著增加(P<0.05).结论:应用加速康复外科能缓解远端胃癌手术病人的术后炎症反应,保护术后细胞免疫功能,促进病人快速康复.     

快速康复外科在胆道外科中应用的初探

目的 探讨快速康复外科(FTS)在胆道外科中应用的安全性及有效性.方法 将哈尔滨医科大学第一临床医学院2005年3月至2007年3月收治的234例接受腹腔镜胆囊切除术、小切口胆囊切除术、开腹胆总管探查切开取石术和肝管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的病人随机分为对照组和FTS组.对照组采用传统的围手术期处理方法 ;FTS组采用加速康复的新型围手术期处理方法 ,主要包括术前口服碳水化合物,不留置鼻胃减压管和尿管;术中维持病人体温,控制补液量及不留置腹腔引流管;术后早期下床活动,早期进食和采取有效的镇痛措施等.结果 与传统对照组相比,FTS组病人的术后住院时间和输液时间明显缩短,术中出血量和治疗费用显著减少,术后首次排气、排便时间明显提前(P<0.05);两组手术时间并无显著差异.结论 在胆道外科中应用FTS治疗是安全、有效的,可以减少治疗费用,缩短住院时间,更好地促进病人早日康复.     

快速康复外科理念在胃癌围手术期中的应用

目的探讨提高患者胃癌术后的营养状况与胃肠道免疫功能,加快康复速度,减少并发症发生率的方法。方法引进快速康复外科(FTS)治疗理念,采用术前营养风险筛查结合肠内营养支持、术后早期少量肠内营养支持、早期下床活动、围手术期护理等一系列措施,观察患者术后营养状况与胃肠道免疫功能,及术后肛门排气时间,并发症发生率、术后恢复时间上的差异。结果 FTS组(35例)与对照组(25例)比较,术后血清清蛋白及免疫球蛋白A(IgA)水平明显均明显提高,术后肛门排气早,并发症发生率较低及住院时间更短。结论 FTS的营养及护理理念能应用于胃癌围手术期治疗;其在不增加手术风险的前提下,可降低并发症发生率及缩短住院时间。     

快速康复外科在胃癌根治术围手术期护理中的应用

目的探讨快速康复外科(FTS)在胃癌根治术围手术期护理中的应用效果。方法将64例接受胃癌根治术的胃癌患者按入院时间分为2组,对照组实施常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上给予FTS护理措施。比较2组患者术后肛门恢复排气时间、首次进食时间和并发症发生率、住院时间及术前和术后3 d血清Ig A指标变化。结果观察组术后肛门恢复排气时间、首次进食时间和住院时间均短于对照组,术后并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组术前血清Ig A指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后2组血清Ig A指标较术前均有升高,其中观察组升高幅度明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在胃癌根治术围手术期应用FTS护理,可促进术后胃肠功能恢复,提高机体免疫力,减少术后并发症,提高治疗效果。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Development of Selective Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Apheresis System: Immobilized Polyanion as LDL-Specific Adsorption for LDL Apheresis System

Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is widely recognized as one of the major risk factors for developing coronary heart diseases. Despite intensive development of LDL-lowering drugs, there still exist those patients with refractory hyperlipidemia whose plasma LDL levels are not sufficiently lowered by drugs. LDL apheresis, direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is thought to be the most promising treatment for such refractory patients. Various techniques, such as the use of an im-munoadsorbent utilizing an anti-LDL antibody, have been used in an attempt to achieve the selective removal of LDL. However, none were widely used because of complications, poor selectivity, and so forth. To establish a safe and effective LDL apheresis system, we chose a synthetic affinity adsorbent as the LDL-removing device. Synthetic polyanion compounds were used as the affinity ligands for LDL adsorbent to simulate the anion-rich sequence of LDL binding sites in the human LDL receptor. Among various polyanion compounds, those polyanions with sulfate or sulfonate groups and hydrophilic backbone were found to have strong affinity for LDL. In contrast, polyanions with carboxyl groups showed poor affinity. Dextran sulfate (DS) was selected as the affinity ligand of LDL adsorbent for its high affinity and low toxicity. The influence of its charge density and molecular weight on its affinity for LDL was suitable. The affinity rapidly increased as the charge density increased, then, reached a constant value. Little affinity was found for either the DS monomer (glucose sulfate) or DS with a molecular weight higher than 10⁴ daltons whereas DS with molecular weights in the midrange showed strong affinity. DS with a midrange molecular weight was immobilized on cellulose hard gel to give LDL adsorbent clinical application. The adsorbent demonstrated an excellent selectivity for LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro. Adsorption of high-density lipoprotein and major plasma proteins was almost negligible. Additional study of the LDL-binding mechanism revealed that DS directly interacts with positively charged sites on LDL, which demonstrates that the nature of the interaction is the same as that of LDL receptor. An LDL adsorption column (Liposorber) packed with an LDL adsorbent and polysulfone hollow-fiber plasma separator (Sulflux) was developed as an efficient LDL apheresis system. Clinical investigation proved that this system is capable of intensively lowering the plasma LDL level without affecting major plasma components.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Artificial organs 2010: a year in review

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.     

Avaliação do clube de revista de anestesiologia por meio de mudanças semânticas

Background and objectives

The interactive approach of a journal club has been described in the medical education literature. The aim of this investigation is to present an assessment of journal club as a tool to address the question whether residents read more and critically.

Methods

This study reports the performance of medical residents in anesthesiology from the Clinics Hospital – University of São Paulo Medical School. All medical residents were invited to answer five questions derived from discussed papers. The answer sheet consisted of an affirmative statement with a Likert type scale (totally disagree–disagree–not sure–agree–totally agree), each related to one of the chosen articles. The results were evaluated by means of item analysis – difficulty index and discrimination power.

Results

Residents filled one hundred and seventy three evaluations in the months of December 2011 (n = 51), July 2012 (n = 66) and December 2012 (n = 56). The first exam presented all items with straight statement, second and third exams presented mixed items. Separating “totally agree” from “agree” increased the difficulty indices, but did not improve the discrimination power.

Conclusions

The use of a journal club assessment with straight and inverted statements and by means of five points scale for agreement has been shown to increase its item difficulty and discrimination power. This may reflect involvement either with the reading or the discussion during the journal meeting.     

Soluble TNFα Receptors Are Increased in Chronic Renal Insufficiency and Hemodialysis and Inhibit Neutrophil Priming by TNFα

Abstract: The oxidative burst of neutrophils from azotemic patients is refractory to priming by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Soluble TNFα binding proteins (TNFR) accumulate in the plasma of azotemic patients. To test the hypothesis that these increased sTNFR concentrations inhibit TNFa priming of oxidative burst activity, we measured plasma sTNFR concentrations in nondialyzed azotemic patients, hemodialysis patients, and normal subjects, and determined TNFa priming of fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated superoxide production in neutrophils incubated in plasma with differing levels of sTNFR. These sTNFR concentrations increased significantly as creatinine clearance decreased and were significantly greater in hemodialysis patients than could be accounted for by loss of renal function alone. TNFα primed superoxide production by normal neutrophils in normal plasma, but this effect was significantly reduced in plasma with increased concentrations of sTNFR. Neutrophils from azotemic and hemodialysis patients were refractory to priming by TNFα in autologous plasma, and incubation in normal plasma only partially corrected this defect. We conclude that sTNFR accumulate as a result of the loss of renal function and hemodialysis and inhibit TNFα priming of neutrophils in azotemic and hemodialysis patients, but that these cells also have an intrinsic functional defect.