不同速率输注右美托咪定对老年白内障手术患者的镇静效应

目的 观察不同速率输注右美托咪定对老年白内障手术患者球后神经阻滞麻醉下的镇静效应.方法 选择90例60～80岁白内障手术患者,根据应用右美托咪定维持剂量随机均分为右美托咪定Ⅰ组(0.2μg·kg-1·h-1)、Ⅱ组(0.4μg·kg-1·h-1)、Ⅲ组(0.6 μg·kg-1 ·h-1).观察并记录三组患者麻醉前(T0)、神经阻滞完毕即刻(T1)、用药后10 min(T2)、20 min(T3)、30 min(T4)、60 min(T5)的Ramsay评分和MAP、HR、RR、SpO2.结果 T2～T5时各组Ramsay评分高于T0时(P＜0.05),T3～T5时Ⅲ组高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05).T3～T5时三组HR显著慢于T0时(P＜0.05),以Ⅲ组减慢最明显;T3～T5时三组RR均慢于T0时,但差异无统计学意义;三组间MAP、SpO2差异无统计学意义.结论 静注右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg后以0.2～0.4 μg·kg- 1·h-1维持适合老年白内障手术患者的清醒镇静.     

右美托咪定对颅脑手术全麻苏醒期应激反应的影响

目的 观察右美托咪定对颅脑手术全麻苏醒期机体应激反应的影响.方法 40例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级颅内肿瘤行择期手术患者随机均分为右美托咪定组(D组)和对照组(C组).D组手术结束前30 min微量泵静脉输注右美托咪定1μg/kg,输注时间为15 min;C组不输注右美托咪定.记录两组手术结束前30 min(T1)、手术结束时(T2)及气管导管拔管时(T3) MAP、HR和SpO2.留取静脉血检测T1～T3时血糖、肾素活性及去甲肾上腺素水平.结果 与C组比较,T2、T3时D组MAP明显降低,HR明显减慢(P＜0.01);T2、T3时血糖和肾素活性降低(P＜0.05);T3时去甲肾上腺素明显降低(P＜0.01).结论 右美托咪定能明显抑制颅脑手术患者全麻苏醒期的应激反应,有利于血流动力学的稳定.     

右美托咪定对妇科腹腔镜手术患者麻醉恢复的影响

目的 评价右美托咪定对妇科腹腔镜手术患者麻醉恢复的影响.方法 妇科腹腔镜手术患者60例,随机均分为三组.D1、D2组术毕前30 min分别给予右美托咪定0.4、0.8μg/kg,C组患者给予等量生理盐水.患者均采用静-吸复合麻醉.记录患者入室时(T0)、苏醒时(T1)、拔管时(T2)和离开PACU时(T3)的HR和MAP.记录苏醒时间、拔管时间和离开PACU时间,以及苏醒和拔管时Ramsay镇静评分和Riker躁动评分,术后呕吐、寒战等不良反应,追加芬太尼的例数.结果 D1、D2组拔管时间明显短于C组(P＜0.05).D2组患者恢复期追加芬太尼例数明显少于C组(P＜0.05).苏醒时D2组Ramsay评分明显高于C组和D1组(P＜0.05),Riker评分明显低于C组和D1组(P＜0.05).与T0时比较,T1、T2时C组HR明显增快(P＜0.05);T2时D1组HR明显增快(P＜0.05);D2组HR变化差异无统计学意义;T2时C组MAP显著升高(P＜0.05),且C组和D1组明显高于D2组(P＜0.05);D2组MAP变化差异无统计学意义.结论 妇科腹腔镜手术结束前30 min给予右美托咪定0.8μg/kg可减少术后躁动,血流动力学稳定,不影响恢复时间.     

三种不同剂量右美托咪定对全麻鼻内镜手术围拔管期应激反应的影响

目的 观察三种不同剂量右美托咪定对全麻鼻内镜手术患者围拔管期应激反应的影响,并探讨右美托咪定在围拔管期应用的最佳剂量.方法 100例择期行鼻内镜手术患者,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为D1、D2、D3组和对照组(C组).手术结束前15 min D1、D2、D3组分别泵注右美托咪定0.3、0.6、0.9μg/kg,C组泵注等容量生理盐水,15 min内泵注完毕.记录给予右美托咪定前即刻(T1)、手术结束时(T2)、患者可唤醒时(T3)、拔管时(T4)、拔管后1 min(T5)、5 min(T6)、10 min(T7)的HR、MAP、RPP和心脏指数(CI);检测T1、T2、T4、T6时血浆中肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、血糖(Glu)和皮质醇(Cor)的浓度.记录四组患者唤醒时间和拔管时间,并记录T4时拔管质量评分及T6时Ramsay镇静评分.结果 与T1时比较,T2～T6时D1组和C组MAP明显升高,HR明显增快,RPP、CI均明显增加(P＜0.05),T7时D2组,T6、T7时D3组MAP明显降低、HR明显减慢,RPP、CI明显减少(P＜0.05).与C组和D1组比较,T2～T7时D2组、D3组MAP明显降低,HR明显减慢,CI、RPP明显减少(P＜0.05).D3组苏醒时间和拔管时间均明显长于D1、D2组和C组(P＜0.05).与C组和D1组比较,D2组、D3组拔管质量评分明显降低,Ramsay镇静评分明显升高(P＜0.05).与D2组比较,D3组镇静评分明显升高(P＜0.05).四组患者拔管后未发生呼吸抑制不良反应.与T1时比较,T2、T4、T6时D1组、C组血浆中E、NE、Glu、Cor明显升高(P＜0.05).与C组比较,T2、T4、T6时D2组、D3组血浆中E、NE、Glu、Cor明显降低(P＜0.05).与D1组比较,T4、T6时D2组、D3组血浆中E、NE、Glu、Cor明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 对鼻内镜手术患者术毕前15 min给予0.6μg/kg右美托咪定可有效抑制全麻手术拔管期的应激反应,维持血流动力学的稳定,同时不延长患者苏醒时间和拔管时间.     

右美托咪定对脊柱侧弯矫形术患者全麻诱导和术中唤醒时血流动力学的影响

目的 观察右美托咪定对脊柱侧弯矫形术患者全麻诱导和术中唤醒时血流动力学的影响.方法 择期行脊柱侧弯后路矫形手术患者40例,随机均分为右美托咪定组(D组)和生理盐水组(C组),分别在麻醉诱导前给予0.8μg/kg右美托咪定和等量生理盐水,10 min内输完.术中D组持续泵入右美托咪定0.2μg·kg-1 ·h-1,C组泵入生理盐水.观察麻醉诱导前10 min(T0)、麻醉诱导后3 min(T1)、气管插管后1min(T2)、3 min(T3)以及唤醒开始前即刻(T6)、唤醒试验开始后10min( T5)、15 min(T6)、唤醒时(T7)的SBP、DBP、HR.记录唤醒时间及唤醒期间的出血量.结果 与T0时比较,T1时两组SBP、DBP显著降低,HR显著减慢(P＜0.05),且D组显著高/慢于C组(P＜0.05).T2、T3时D组HR明显慢于C组(P＜0.05).T6、T7时D组SBP、DBP显著低于C组,HR明显慢于C组(P＜0.05).唤醒期间D组出血量显著少于C组(P＜0.01).结论 右美托咪定有助于脊柱侧弯矫形手术患者全麻诱导及术中唤醒时血流动力学的稳定,减少唤醒期间出血,不影响唤醒时间,具有较好的保护效应.     

右美托咪定复合瑞芬太尼在纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻清醒气管插管中的应用

目的 观察右美托咪定复合瑞芬太尼用于困难气道患者纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻清醒气管插管中的安全性及有效性.方法 选择择期手术的困难气道患者40例,随机均分为:右美托咪定复合瑞芬太尼组(D组)和丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼组(P组).D组给予右美托咪定1μg/kg静脉泵注15 min,同时给予瑞芬太尼0.5 μg/kg静脉泵注3 min;P组给予丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg静脉推注3 min和瑞芬太尼0.5 μg/kg静脉泵注3 min后纤支镜下经鼻插入气管导管.观察并比较两组患者入室时(T0)、给药前(T1)、给药后10 min(T2)、给药结束时(T3)、插管前(T4)、插管时(T5)、插管完成时(T6)、插管完成后1 min(T7)、5 min(T8)的HR、MAP、SpO2和RR;并记录患者插管过程中呛咳、恶心及躁动等不良反应和知晓情况.结果 与T0、T1时比较,T2～T8时两组HR、P组RR均明显减慢(P＜0.05);两组MAP、SpO2明显降低(P＜0.05).与P组比较,T2～T4、T8时D组HR明显减慢(P＜0.05);T2～T7时MAP明显升高(P＜0.05);T2、T3和Ts～T7时SpO2明显升高(P＜0.05);T2～T8时RR明显增快(P＜0.01).D组呛咳、恶心、躁动、插管知晓及SpO2下降发生率明显低于P组(P＜0.05).结论 右美托咪定复合瑞芬太尼或丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼在纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻清醒气管插管都是安全有效的.与丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼相比,右美托咪定复合瑞芬太尼可提供更稳定的血流动力学且不良反应发生率低.     

右美托咪定对家兔窦房结细胞动作电位的影响

目的 评价右美托咪定对家兔窦房结细胞动作电位的影响.方法 健康新西兰家兔,雌雄不拘,体重1.5～2.5 kg,开胸取心脏,分离窦房结,60个离体窦房结,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为6组(n=l0):正常对照组(C组)、0.5 ng/ml右美托咪定组(D1组)、5.0 ng/ml右美托咪定组(D2组)、5.0 ng/ml右美托咪定+α2肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂育亨宾组(D2+Y组)、5.0 ng/ml右美托咪定+非选择性超极化激活环核苷酸门控阳离子电流阻断剂氯化铯组(D2+C组)和50.0 ng/ml右美托咪定组(D3组).6组先用台氏液灌流60 min,C组继续用台氏液灌流40 min,D1组、D2组和D3组分别用含0.5、5.0、50.0 ng/ml右美托咪定灌流40 min,D2+Y组和D2+C组分别用含1 μmol/L育亨宾和2mmol/L氯化铯的台氏液灌流20 min,随后再加入5.0 ng/ml右美托咪定继续灌流20 min.分别于台氏液灌流60 min、育亨宾或氯化铯灌流20 min时和右美托咪定停止灌流时记录最大去极速率(Vmax)、动作电位幅度(APA)、复极化50％的动作电位时程(APD50)、复极化90％的动作电位时程(APD90)、4期自动去极速率(VDD)和起搏放电频率(RPF).结果 与C组比较,D1组、D2组和D3组T2,3时APA、VDD和RPF降低,Dt组、D2组和D3组上述指标依次降低(P＜0.05),4组间Vmax、APD5和APD90差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与T1时比较,T2时D2+C组VDD和RPF降低,T3时D2+Y组和D2+C组APA、VDD和RPF降低(P＜0.05),余参数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)；与T2时比较,T3时D2+Y组APA、VDD和RPF降低,D2+C组APA降低(P＜0.05),余参数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 右美托咪定可呈浓度依赖性地降低家兔窦房结细胞自律性,其机制与抑制超极化激活的环核苷酸门控阳离子电流有关,而与α2肾上腺素能受体无关.     

右美托咪定对老年患者全麻诱导过程中心率变异性的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定对老年患者全麻诱导过程中心率变异性(HRV)的影响。方法选择全麻老年患者50例,随机均分为两组:D组麻醉诱导前给予右美托咪定负荷量0.5μg/kg稀释至20ml泵注,10min输注完毕,再以0.3μg·kg-1·h-1泵注至插管后5min。C组静脉泵注等量生理盐水。记录入室后(T0)、右美托咪定负荷量结束后(T1)、气管插管前(T2)及插管后1min(T3)、3min(T4)、5min(T5)时HRV指标:总频(TP)、低频(LF)、高频(HF)及低频/高频(LF/HF)。结果与T1时比较,D组T3～T5时LF,T4、T5时HF,T5时TP明显升高(P0.05);T3～T5时LF/HF明显降低(P0.05)。与C组比较,T3～T5时D组LF,T2～T5的HF和TP明显升高(P0.05),T1～T5时D组LF/HF明显降低(P0.05)。结论全麻诱导过程中给予右美托咪定能够升高HRV,可以有效地调节交感-迷走神经张力的均衡性,稳定心血管功能。     

小剂量右美托咪定复合丙泊酚在无痛小肠镜诊疗术中的应用

目的 观察小剂量右美托咪定复合丙泊酚在无痛小肠镜诊疗术中应用的安全性和有效性.方法 50例行无痛小肠镜检查的患者,ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级,年龄32～76岁,体重48～73 kg.随机均分为右美托咪定复合丙泊酚麻醉组(D组)、丙泊酚麻醉组(P组).记录给药前(T0)、给药后5min (T1)、10 min (T2)、15 min (T3)、20 min(T4)、30 min (T5)时的HR、MAP、RR、SpO2;记录手术时间、苏醒时间、丙泊酚总用量、不良反应发生率及患者满意度.结果 所有病例均能顺利完成操作,T1～T5时D组HR慢于T0时和P组(P＜0.05);T1、T2时P组MAP高于T0时和D组(P＜0.05),两组RR、SpO2、手术时间、苏醒时间差异无统计学意义;D组丙泊酚总用量、不良反应发生率均明显低于P组(P＜0.05),两组患者满意度差异无统计学意义.结论 静脉注射小剂量右美托咪定能产生一定的镇静作用,麻醉中可节省丙泊酚的用量,并具有良好的安全性.     

不同剂量右美托咪定对琥珀胆碱气管插管时眼内压的影响

目的观察不同剂量右美托咪定对琥珀胆碱气管插管引起的眼内压(IOP)升高的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级无眼部疾患的全麻患者60例,随机均分为三组:D1组和D2组,麻醉诱导前10min内分别静脉给予右美托咪定0.4、0.6μg/kg;C组,给予等量生理盐水。监测和记录给予右美托咪定前(基础值,T0)、给予右美托咪定后3min(T1)、麻醉诱导后30s(T2)、给予琥珀胆碱后30s(T3)、气管插管后1min(T4)、2min(T5)、4min(T6)和6min(T7)时的MAP、HR和IOP。结果给予右美托咪定后D2组有2例患者因出现低血压和心动过缓被排除本研究。与T0时比较,T1～T3时D1组和D2组IOP明显降低(P<0.05);C组T3～T7时IOP和T4～T7时MAP明显升高;T4～T6时HR明显增快(P<0.05)。与C组比较,T3～T7时D1、D2组IOP明显降低(P<0.05),T4～T7时D1、D2组MAP明显降低、HR明显减慢(P<0.05)。结论静脉给予右美托咪定0.4、0.6μg/kg可有效预防与琥珀胆碱和气管插管有关的IOP升高,但0.6μg/kg右美托咪定可引起明显的低血压和心动过缓。因此,建议术前应用0.4μg/kg右美托咪定预防IOP升高。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Development of Selective Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Apheresis System: Immobilized Polyanion as LDL-Specific Adsorption for LDL Apheresis System

Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is widely recognized as one of the major risk factors for developing coronary heart diseases. Despite intensive development of LDL-lowering drugs, there still exist those patients with refractory hyperlipidemia whose plasma LDL levels are not sufficiently lowered by drugs. LDL apheresis, direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is thought to be the most promising treatment for such refractory patients. Various techniques, such as the use of an im-munoadsorbent utilizing an anti-LDL antibody, have been used in an attempt to achieve the selective removal of LDL. However, none were widely used because of complications, poor selectivity, and so forth. To establish a safe and effective LDL apheresis system, we chose a synthetic affinity adsorbent as the LDL-removing device. Synthetic polyanion compounds were used as the affinity ligands for LDL adsorbent to simulate the anion-rich sequence of LDL binding sites in the human LDL receptor. Among various polyanion compounds, those polyanions with sulfate or sulfonate groups and hydrophilic backbone were found to have strong affinity for LDL. In contrast, polyanions with carboxyl groups showed poor affinity. Dextran sulfate (DS) was selected as the affinity ligand of LDL adsorbent for its high affinity and low toxicity. The influence of its charge density and molecular weight on its affinity for LDL was suitable. The affinity rapidly increased as the charge density increased, then, reached a constant value. Little affinity was found for either the DS monomer (glucose sulfate) or DS with a molecular weight higher than 10⁴ daltons whereas DS with molecular weights in the midrange showed strong affinity. DS with a midrange molecular weight was immobilized on cellulose hard gel to give LDL adsorbent clinical application. The adsorbent demonstrated an excellent selectivity for LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro. Adsorption of high-density lipoprotein and major plasma proteins was almost negligible. Additional study of the LDL-binding mechanism revealed that DS directly interacts with positively charged sites on LDL, which demonstrates that the nature of the interaction is the same as that of LDL receptor. An LDL adsorption column (Liposorber) packed with an LDL adsorbent and polysulfone hollow-fiber plasma separator (Sulflux) was developed as an efficient LDL apheresis system. Clinical investigation proved that this system is capable of intensively lowering the plasma LDL level without affecting major plasma components.     

Artificial organs 2010: a year in review

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.     

Avaliação do clube de revista de anestesiologia por meio de mudanças semânticas

Background and objectives

The interactive approach of a journal club has been described in the medical education literature. The aim of this investigation is to present an assessment of journal club as a tool to address the question whether residents read more and critically.

Methods

This study reports the performance of medical residents in anesthesiology from the Clinics Hospital – University of São Paulo Medical School. All medical residents were invited to answer five questions derived from discussed papers. The answer sheet consisted of an affirmative statement with a Likert type scale (totally disagree–disagree–not sure–agree–totally agree), each related to one of the chosen articles. The results were evaluated by means of item analysis – difficulty index and discrimination power.

Results

Residents filled one hundred and seventy three evaluations in the months of December 2011 (n = 51), July 2012 (n = 66) and December 2012 (n = 56). The first exam presented all items with straight statement, second and third exams presented mixed items. Separating “totally agree” from “agree” increased the difficulty indices, but did not improve the discrimination power.

Conclusions

The use of a journal club assessment with straight and inverted statements and by means of five points scale for agreement has been shown to increase its item difficulty and discrimination power. This may reflect involvement either with the reading or the discussion during the journal meeting.     

Lymphocytapheresis

Abstract: Leukocytapheresis has long been performed with the centrifugal method. But in 1989 in Japan, the Asahi Medical Co. developed the extracorporeal leukocyte-removal filter, Cellsorba. This filter consists of non-woven fabric, which can remove leukocytes from whole blood during extracorporeal circulation. In the incipient stage, this filter was applied to collagen diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. During the following studies, this filter has been found to have an immunosuppressive effect. Now, it is beginning to be applied to various kinds of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, this filter has recently been recognized to be effective in inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. The outline of Cellsorba and the application of this filter is described here.     

Soluble TNFα Receptors Are Increased in Chronic Renal Insufficiency and Hemodialysis and Inhibit Neutrophil Priming by TNFα

Abstract: The oxidative burst of neutrophils from azotemic patients is refractory to priming by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Soluble TNFα binding proteins (TNFR) accumulate in the plasma of azotemic patients. To test the hypothesis that these increased sTNFR concentrations inhibit TNFa priming of oxidative burst activity, we measured plasma sTNFR concentrations in nondialyzed azotemic patients, hemodialysis patients, and normal subjects, and determined TNFa priming of fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated superoxide production in neutrophils incubated in plasma with differing levels of sTNFR. These sTNFR concentrations increased significantly as creatinine clearance decreased and were significantly greater in hemodialysis patients than could be accounted for by loss of renal function alone. TNFα primed superoxide production by normal neutrophils in normal plasma, but this effect was significantly reduced in plasma with increased concentrations of sTNFR. Neutrophils from azotemic and hemodialysis patients were refractory to priming by TNFα in autologous plasma, and incubation in normal plasma only partially corrected this defect. We conclude that sTNFR accumulate as a result of the loss of renal function and hemodialysis and inhibit TNFα priming of neutrophils in azotemic and hemodialysis patients, but that these cells also have an intrinsic functional defect.