颈前路分节段减压植骨融合术治疗多节段颈椎病

目的探讨颈前路分节段减压植骨融合术治疗多节段颈椎病的可行性及疗效。方法对11例病变累及3个以上椎间隙脊髓型颈椎病患者,采用经颈前路单椎体次全切除,钛网内充填减压椎体松质骨植骨融合,单间隙减压采用聚醚醚酮椎间融合器植骨融合,并行带锁钢板固定。结果11例均获随访,平均15个月,植骨于术后12～16周骨性愈合。术后恢复的椎间高度未发生再丢失现象,颈椎生理曲度维持良好,无钢板及螺钉折断、椎间融合器滑脱、植骨不融合等并发症。手术时间150min（120～240min）,JOA评分由平均术前8．3分上升至术后13分。结论颈前路分节段减压植骨融合术治疗多节段颈椎病及带锁钢板内固定应用前景良好。     

颈椎前路减压cage与zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定治疗单节段脊髓型颈椎病的疗效比较

目的比较颈椎前路减压cage椎间植骨融合钛板内固定与zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定治疗单节段脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效及并发症情况。方法纳入自2013-06—2015-06诊治的110例单节段脊髓型颈椎病,采用颈椎前路减压cage椎间植骨融合钛板内固定治疗55例(cage组),采用颈椎前路减压zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定治疗55例(zero-p组)。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间,术后12个月JOA评分、NDI指数、颈椎曲度、颈椎节段高度及植骨融合率,术后1周、3个月吞咽困难发生例数。结果所有患者均获得(22.78±3.10)个月随访。2组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组术后12个月JOA评分、NDI指数、颈椎曲度、颈椎节段高度、植骨融合率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。zero-p组术后1周、3个月吞咽困难发生例数少于cage组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论颈椎前路减压cage椎间植骨融合钛板内固定与zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定治疗单节段脊髓型颈椎病均可取得满意的临床疗效,但zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定术后吞咽困难发生的风险明显较低,其安全性更符合临床需要。     

颈椎病前路减压不同重建术式疗效的临床观察

目的探讨颈椎病前路减压后,应用自体髂骨植骨加前路钢板内固定、钛网植骨加前路钢板内固定、多枚颈椎钛金属Vigor椎间融合器及多枚聚醚醚酮(PEEK)融合器等不同重建方式,在恢复颈椎稳定性,维持颈椎病疗效的应用价值。方法总结2001年-2006年82例脊髓型颈椎病,采取椎体次全切+自体髂骨植骨+Windows钢板内固定术、椎体次全切+钛网植骨+Windows钢板内固定术、多个单间隙减压+颈椎Vigor椎间融合器及多个单间隙减压聚醚醚酮(PEEK)界面固定治疗。结果平均随访1.5年,82例患者颈椎生理前凸及椎间隙高度恢复满意,神经功能得到不同程度恢复。结论颈椎病前路手术后的神经功能恢复与减压的彻底性及脊髓受压变性密切相关,手术应达到充分减压,彻底解除脊髓压迫。应用自体髂骨植骨加前路钢板内固定、钛网植骨加前路钢板内固定、多枚颈椎钛金属Vigor椎间融合器及多枚聚醚醚酮(PEEK)融合器等不同重建方式,能使颈椎即刻稳定,维持颈椎生理曲度及椎间高度,有利于维持颈椎病的远期疗效。     

颈椎椎体间融合器在脊髓型颈椎病治疗中的应用

目的 观察颈椎椎体间融合器(cervical interbody fusion cage,CIFC)在脊髓型颈椎病前路手术中的应用疗效,并与环锯法颈椎前路减压植骨融合术(环锯法)作对比分析。方法 CIFC组42例,共56个椎间隙,环锯法组40例,共50个椎间隙,术后定期随访及拍摄X线片,观察疗效及手术融合节段的稳定性、椎间高度和融合情况。结果 CIFC组56个椎间隙中52个间隙获得骨性融合,融合率92.86％,术后2周椎间高度较术前增加(1.5±0.8)mm,随访24个月,椎体高度仍较术前增加(1.1±0.6)mm,生理曲度维持满意,无内植物并发症;环锯法组50个椎间隙中有41个间隙获骨性融合,融合率82％,23例26个间隙不同程度的存在椎间高度丢失、椎体塌陷,椎间高度较术前降低(1.2±0.7)mm。结论 应用颈椎椎体间融合器能使颈椎融合节段获得术后即刻稳定,提高椎间骨性融合率和维持术后椎间高度,降低自体植骨并发症,并能维持脊髓减压疗效。     

颈前路减压植骨融合Zero-P钢板与传统钢板内固定治疗单节段颈椎病的疗效比较

目的比较颈前路减压植骨融合Zero-P钢板与传统钢板内固定治疗单节段颈椎病的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010-01—2013-04行颈前路减压植骨融合内固定术治疗的51例单节段颈椎病,24例术中采用Zero-P钢板(观察组),27例术中采用传统钢板与椎间融合器(对照组)。比较2组术后疼痛VAS评分(神经根型颈椎病)、JOA评分(脊髓型颈椎病)、NDI指数、颈椎Cobb角、吞咽困难Bazaz等级、植骨融合Eck等级、邻近节段退变发生率。结果 51例均获得随访,观察组随访(81.0±4.4)个月,对照组随访(79.0±3.4)个月。观察组术后1、6个月吞咽困难Bazaz分级优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);但2组术后12个月吞咽困难Bazaz分级差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组术后邻近节段退变发生率、术后12个月植骨融合Eck分级差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组与对照组术后1个月、12个月及末次随访时JOA评分、疼痛VAS评分、NDI指数、颈椎Cobb角比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论颈前路减压植骨融合内固定治疗单节段颈椎病术中应用Zero-P钢板在减轻患者术后早期吞咽困难症状方面较传统颈前路钢板固定具有优势,但这两种手术方式在维持颈椎生理曲度、缓解临床症状、植骨愈合、邻近节段退变发生率方面并无明显差异。     

颈椎椎间融合器翻修术

目的 分析颈椎椎间融合器(以下简称Cage)手术失败的原因，探讨颈椎Cage翻修手术的适应证、手术方式和手术效果。方法 颈椎Cage翻修术27例．其中颈椎间盘突出症4例。神经根型颈椎病2例，脊髓型颈椎病21例；单节段Cage 8例，双节段15例，三节段4例。就诊时距原手术时间2～25个月．平均10．3个月。患者表现为颈肩部不适22例，颈肩部疼痛9例，脊髓压迫症状19例，术前JOA评分平均11．6分，翻修术前颈椎曲度较原手术术后当时平均丢失7.1mm、椎间高度平均丢失3．9mm，24例出现颈椎后凸畸形．多节段者均出现两个Cage交错咬合现象，植骨不愈合6例．动态X线片显示颈椎不稳9例，CT或MRI显示减压节段仍存在压迫19例。对23例(29个Cage)行前路Cage取出、减压植骨、钢板固定，其中16例加后路侧块螺钉钢板固定植骨融合术；4例(9个Cage)行后路椎板减压、矫形固定。结果 全部病例随访4～26个月．平均11．7个月，较翻修术前颈肩部症状改善率为81％．脊髓压迫症状改善率为58％．术后JOA评分平均14.2分．前路翻修中17例植骨块于术后3个月时愈合，6例延迟愈合。颈椎后凸畸形消失，椎间高度平均增加3mm．未出现神经损伤和内固定失败病例，结论 Cage手术失败原因包括减压不够彻底、Cage沉陷产生颈椎曲度的丢失和植骨不愈合，翻修的适应证为神经症状进行性加重或出现颈椎不稳、畸形者、翻修时尽量采用前入路，取出Cage，彻底减压，植骨固定。注意保留原有的骨质和颈椎的活动节段．长节段融合时应加后路固定.     

单用椎间融合器与加用钢板固定治疗多节段颈椎病的疗效分析

[目的]探讨多节段颈椎前路减压椎间融合器(Cage)置入融合术(ACDF-CA)有无必要加用颈椎前路钢板固定。[方法]对2003年4月～2010年10月实行多节段颈椎前路减压手术的72例颈椎病患者进行回顾性研究。根据手术方式分2组:A组32例行颈椎前路减压单纯Cage植骨融合术(ACDF-CA),B组40例行颈椎前路减压Cage植骨融合加钢板内固定术(ACDF-CPA)。根据手术情况、症状改善情况及影像学资料对两组患者作分析比较。[结果]出血量两组无显著性差异(P>0.05),手术时间和放射性暴露时间B组比A组长(P<0.05)。术后症状改善率和融合率两组均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。两组颈椎生理曲度D值术后明显增加(P<0.01);术后随访1年时颈椎的生理前凸丢失程度A组大于B组(P<0.01)。两组椎间高度术后明显增加(P<0.01);术后随访1年椎间高度丢失程度A组大于B组(P<0.01)。[结论]多节段ACDF-CA与ACDF-CPA两种手术方式都是安全、有效的,加用钢板可以促进椎间融合、减少塌陷,有助于保持椎间高度及颈椎生理曲度。     

颈前路减压cage与zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定治疗单节段颈椎病的疗效比较

目的比较颈前路减压cage与zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定治疗单节段颈椎病的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2015-03—2018-03诊治的120例单节段颈椎病,60例采用颈前路减压zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定治疗(zero-p组),60例采用颈前路减压cage椎间植骨融合内固定治疗(cage组)。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后出现吞咽困难数,比较2组术后3个月及末次随访时上肢疼痛VAS评分、JOA评分、C_(2～7)颈椎曲度、病椎Cobb角、邻近椎体高度,比较2组末次随访时Eck植骨融合等级。结果 2组均顺利完成手术并获得至少2年的随访。zero-p组手术时间较cage组短,术后出现吞咽困难数较cage组少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组术中出血量比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后3个月及末次随访时2组颈部及上肢疼痛VAS评分、JOA评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后3个月2组C_(2～7)颈椎曲度、病椎Cobb角、邻近椎体高度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);末次随访时zero-p组C_(2～7)颈椎曲度、病椎Cobb角、邻近椎体高度较cage组小,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。末次随访时2组Eck植骨融合等级比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论颈前路减压cage与zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定治疗单节段颈椎病疗效相当,而颈前路减压zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定手术时间较短,术后吞咽困难的发生率较低,但维持椎间高度与颈椎曲度的效果较差。     

椎间融合器与单纯椎间植骨法治疗退变性腰椎滑脱症的疗效分析

目的探讨椎弓根螺钉系统固定结合椎间融合器(cage)和椎弓根螺钉系统固定结合椎间单纯植骨融合在治疗退变性腰椎滑脱症中的临床疗效。方法对60例退变性腰椎滑脱症采用后路椎弓根螺钉系统固定,根据椎间融合方法不同,分为A组(cage融合器组)和B组(单纯椎间植骨组)。结果两组临床疗效比较差异具有显著性意义(P=0.032)。A组融合率为92.12%,B组为81.04%,两组间比较有显著性差异(P=0.043)。术后第1天,A组椎间隙高度平均为(12.8±1.3)mm,B组为(12.1±1.5)mm,两组比较无显著性差异(P0.05);术后2年时A组为(11.0±0.6)mm,B组为(9.5±0.7)mm,两组椎间高度丢失率比较有显著性差异(P=0.006)。结论在椎弓根螺钉系统固定的基础上,采用椎间融合器融合治疗退变性腰椎滑脱症在临床疗效、植骨融合率和维持椎间隙高度方面均优于椎间单纯植骨。     

前路减压植骨内固定术治疗多节段颈椎病的临床分析

[目的]探讨多节段颈椎病前路椎间盘切除减压植骨内固定术的临床应用价值。[方法]对30例多节段颈椎病患者,采用前路多节段椎间盘切除减压植骨内固定术治疗,观察患者临床表现、神经功能改善、椎间隙高度、颈椎生理曲度恢复和矫形重建。[结果]所有患者术后JOA评分均有改善,颈椎Cobb角、D值和椎间高度术后与术前比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。术后X线片均显示融合节段融合。[结论]多节段颈椎病如果致压物来自前方,没有后纵韧带骨化,经前路多节段椎间盘切除减压植骨内固定术治疗,临床效果满意。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Development of Selective Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Apheresis System: Immobilized Polyanion as LDL-Specific Adsorption for LDL Apheresis System

Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is widely recognized as one of the major risk factors for developing coronary heart diseases. Despite intensive development of LDL-lowering drugs, there still exist those patients with refractory hyperlipidemia whose plasma LDL levels are not sufficiently lowered by drugs. LDL apheresis, direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is thought to be the most promising treatment for such refractory patients. Various techniques, such as the use of an im-munoadsorbent utilizing an anti-LDL antibody, have been used in an attempt to achieve the selective removal of LDL. However, none were widely used because of complications, poor selectivity, and so forth. To establish a safe and effective LDL apheresis system, we chose a synthetic affinity adsorbent as the LDL-removing device. Synthetic polyanion compounds were used as the affinity ligands for LDL adsorbent to simulate the anion-rich sequence of LDL binding sites in the human LDL receptor. Among various polyanion compounds, those polyanions with sulfate or sulfonate groups and hydrophilic backbone were found to have strong affinity for LDL. In contrast, polyanions with carboxyl groups showed poor affinity. Dextran sulfate (DS) was selected as the affinity ligand of LDL adsorbent for its high affinity and low toxicity. The influence of its charge density and molecular weight on its affinity for LDL was suitable. The affinity rapidly increased as the charge density increased, then, reached a constant value. Little affinity was found for either the DS monomer (glucose sulfate) or DS with a molecular weight higher than 10⁴ daltons whereas DS with molecular weights in the midrange showed strong affinity. DS with a midrange molecular weight was immobilized on cellulose hard gel to give LDL adsorbent clinical application. The adsorbent demonstrated an excellent selectivity for LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro. Adsorption of high-density lipoprotein and major plasma proteins was almost negligible. Additional study of the LDL-binding mechanism revealed that DS directly interacts with positively charged sites on LDL, which demonstrates that the nature of the interaction is the same as that of LDL receptor. An LDL adsorption column (Liposorber) packed with an LDL adsorbent and polysulfone hollow-fiber plasma separator (Sulflux) was developed as an efficient LDL apheresis system. Clinical investigation proved that this system is capable of intensively lowering the plasma LDL level without affecting major plasma components.     

Artificial organs 2010: a year in review

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.     

Avaliação do clube de revista de anestesiologia por meio de mudanças semânticas

Background and objectives

The interactive approach of a journal club has been described in the medical education literature. The aim of this investigation is to present an assessment of journal club as a tool to address the question whether residents read more and critically.

Methods

This study reports the performance of medical residents in anesthesiology from the Clinics Hospital – University of São Paulo Medical School. All medical residents were invited to answer five questions derived from discussed papers. The answer sheet consisted of an affirmative statement with a Likert type scale (totally disagree–disagree–not sure–agree–totally agree), each related to one of the chosen articles. The results were evaluated by means of item analysis – difficulty index and discrimination power.

Results

Residents filled one hundred and seventy three evaluations in the months of December 2011 (n = 51), July 2012 (n = 66) and December 2012 (n = 56). The first exam presented all items with straight statement, second and third exams presented mixed items. Separating “totally agree” from “agree” increased the difficulty indices, but did not improve the discrimination power.

Conclusions

The use of a journal club assessment with straight and inverted statements and by means of five points scale for agreement has been shown to increase its item difficulty and discrimination power. This may reflect involvement either with the reading or the discussion during the journal meeting.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.