经皮穿刺内固定治疗上颈椎骨折与不稳

目的:探讨经皮穿刺内固定治疗上颈椎骨折与不稳的方法与效果。方法:对40例20～45岁正常人C1、C2行CT扫描,测量C1、C2侧块的标准角、安全角、椎动脉内壁至标准角距离、齿状突基底冠状径、矢状径、齿状突长度、枢椎总高度及齿状突轴心线与C3椎体前缘夹角等相关数据。采用自行设计的器械行经皮穿刺内固定治疗上颈椎骨折与不稳47例。其中齿状突骨折21例,Jefferson骨折7例,C1前弓骨折4例,寰枢椎脱位及本脱位15例,分析其治疗结果。结果:C1、C2侧块在正位投照上的标准角右侧为(24.0±3.7)°,左侧为(23.8±1.8)°。安全角右侧为15.2°～30.3°,左侧为14.8°～32.1°。椎动脉内壁至寰椎侧块上下缘中点连线的距离右侧为(5.6±2.2)mm,左侧为(5.8±1.9)mm。侧位投照像上,标准角为(24.1±18)°,安全角为12.6°～26.8°。齿状突基底冠状径为(8.8±1.2)mm,矢状径为(10.9±1.0)mm,齿状突长度为(14.2±1.2)mm,枢椎总高度为(38.2±1.8)mm,齿状突轴心线与C3椎体前缘夹角为(23.1±1.4)°。全组病例平均随访18个月,未发现脱钉、弯钉及断钉。齿状突螺钉固定17例,除2例齿状突骨折未愈合外。余均获骨性愈合。C1、C2侧块螺钉固定治疗者中26例颈椎旋转活动比正常减少40°,伸屈正常。4例颈部强直感,未恢复原有工作。结论:经皮穿刺颈     

齿状突螺钉钢板内固定系统的研制及解剖学可行性分析

【摘要】 目的：自行设计与制作齿状突螺钉钢板内固定系统,并验证其解剖学可行性。方法：收集40例健康志愿者（其中男20例,女20例,年龄22～32岁,平均26岁）的颈椎CT数据,导入到Mimics 15.01中,通过Mimics软件测量枢椎（C2）、第3颈椎（C3）及C2/3椎间盘的相关解剖参数,包括：齿状突高度、齿状突前后径、齿状突横径、枢椎椎体前缘高度、枢椎椎体后缘高度、枢椎椎体前后径、枢椎椎体横径、枢椎前下唇的高度、枢椎前下唇的宽度、枢椎前唇与枢椎椎体后缘最高点连线与C2椎体下终板面的夹角、齿状突轴径与冠状面的夹角、在枢椎椎体横径测量平面测量该切面枢椎椎体前突部分的夹角、枢椎椎体矢状面前缘与C2~C3椎体前缘矢状面切线的夹角、C3椎体前后径、C3椎体横径、C3椎体前缘高度、C3椎体后缘高度、C3前下唇的高度、C2/3前部椎间盘厚度、C2/3中部椎间盘厚度、C2/3后部椎间盘厚度、C3椎体正中矢状位前缘最高点与后缘最低点连线与C3椎体上终板面的夹角、C3上终板面与C2~C3椎体前缘矢状面切线的夹角、齿状突理想钉道与C2~C3椎体前缘矢状面切线的夹角。并进行统计学分析,为齿状突螺钉钢板内固定系统的设计提供相关解剖参数范围,在此基础上设计与制作齿状突螺钉钢板内固定系统,并将其在Mimics软件上和尸体标本上进行模拟手术。在Mimics软件上模拟齿状突螺钉钢板内固定系统置入后,通过Mimics软件上的透明功能观察螺钉通道在C2和C3中的位置是否合理,尸体模拟手术后通过对标本行CT扫描和三维重建,观察钉道是否准确。结果：根据上述C2、C3及C2/3椎间盘的相关解剖参数测量结果设计、采用医用钛合金材质（Ti-6A1-4V）制作的齿状突螺钉钢板内固定系统,主要由螺钉固定板、C2/3椎间融合器和相关配件组成,其中配件包括齿状突固定部件、椎体锚定部件和锁定部件。齿状突螺钉钢板内固定系统在Mimics软件上和尸体标本上模拟手术置入后,通过透明功能和CT检查显示钉道位置合理。结论：自行研制的齿状突螺钉钢板内固定系统的置入在解剖学上具有可行性。     

国人前路齿突螺钉置入安全角度与齿突容纳能力的影像学分析

目的以CT三维重建资料为基础,对3种不同标志方法引导的前路齿突螺钉置入的安全角度及可靠性进行分析,并评估国人齿突的容纳能力。方法应用影像归档和通信系统(PACS)对选取的141例国人颈椎CT三维重建资料中的齿突图像进行测量分析,其中男96例,女45例。分别以寰椎前结节、枢椎椎体下终板、C3椎体前缘切线为标志,测量不同标志线下前路齿突螺钉置钉的安全角度范围、最佳置钉角度与最佳置钉长度,并对男性与女性的最佳置钉长度进行比较分析。进一步测量齿突基底部最窄矢状内径与外径、基底部最窄冠状内径与外径,分析国人齿突是否能够容纳2枚直径为3.5 mm的皮质骨螺钉,并分别对男性与女性齿突基底部径线长度及齿突的螺钉容纳能力进行比较。结果以寰椎前结节、枢椎椎体下终板、C3椎体前缘切线作标志线置钉的安全角度范围分别为22.82°~30.37°、55.55°~63.08°、13.83°~21.42°;最佳置钉角度分别为27.09°±2.98°、58.85°±4.43°、18.09°±5.09°;最佳置钉长度为(38.35±2.93)mm,其中男性为(39.04±2.89)mm,女性为(36.89±2.46)mm,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。齿突基底部最窄冠状内径、外径分别为(6.21±1.01)mm、(8.87±1.04)mm,最窄矢状内径、外径分别为(7.16±1.13)mm、(10.34±0.98)mm,男性与女性齿突基底部矢状、冠状径线相比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。141例资料中,有65例(46%)齿突冠状面能够容纳2枚直径为3.5 mm的皮质骨螺钉,其中男50例,女15例,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);在齿突基底部的矢状径线上,有128例(91%)能够容纳2枚直径为3.5 mm的皮质骨螺钉,其中男92例,女36例,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论以寰椎前结节、枢椎椎体下终板及C3椎体前缘切线做标志线,前路齿突置钉的安全角度范围分别为22.38°~30.43°、55.52°~63.54°、13.38°~21.53°。齿突的矢状径有容纳2枚螺钉的更大空间,为国人前路齿突交叉置钉提供了可能。     

后路寰椎侧块螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的探讨应用寰椎侧块螺钉与枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合治疗寰枢椎不稳的疗效。方法2002年2月至2004年3月,采用寰椎侧块螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎不稳15例,男9例,女6例;年龄15～57岁,平均39.5岁;齿突陈旧性骨折5例,先天性游离齿突4例,新鲜齿突骨折6例(AdersonⅡC型)。所有患者均伴有寰枢椎半脱位或不稳,表现为不同程度的颈枕区疼痛,活动受限。术前JOA评分5.1￣10.9分,平均7.6分。术前行颅骨牵引。寰椎侧块螺钉进钉点选择在寰椎后结节中点旁18￣20mm与后弓下缘以上2mm的交点处,钉道与冠状面垂直,矢状面上螺钉头端向头侧倾斜约5°。枢椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点为枢椎下关节突根部中点,钉道与矢状面夹角约15°,与横断面夹角约30°。螺钉直径3.5mm,寰椎侧块螺钉长28～32mm,枢椎椎弓根螺钉长22～26mm。应用Vertex7例,Axis3例,Cervifix5例。结果15例患者共置入寰椎侧块螺钉和枢椎椎弓根螺钉各30枚。术后无一例患者发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤。所有患者均获随访,随访时间10～25个月,平均14个月。术后6个月JOA评分13.2～16.8分,平均14.8分,改善率为87.5%。骨折的齿突均骨性愈合,植骨块全部融合,无内固定断裂、松动。结论后路寰椎侧块螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定具有稳定的三维固定效果,可用于治疗寰枢椎不稳。     

颈前路空心加压螺钉治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折

目的探讨前路单枚空心加压螺钉内固定治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的临床疗效。方法 C臂X线机透视下采用前路单枚空心加压螺钉内固定治疗AndersonⅡ型齿状突骨折24例。结果 24例均获随访,时间12-48（24±12）个月。患者全部骨性愈合。无术中及术后并发症。末次随访时无内固定螺钉松动、移位或断裂,颈椎活动无明显受限。结论前路空心加压螺钉固定治疗齿突骨折既可提供良好的稳定性,又能保留寰枢关节活动性,骨折愈合率较高,并发症低,是治疗Ⅱ型齿突骨折有效的方法。     

枢椎影像学测量与镁合金中空拉力螺钉设计与制作

目的研究正常人齿状突及Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的基本影像数据．指导设计Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的内固定可降解AZ31B镁合金中空螺钉设计与制作。探讨采用镁合金中空拉力螺钉治疗Ⅱ型齿状骨折的可行性。方法来自广州军区广州总医院的正常成人齿状突螺旋CT影像资料150份,Ⅱ型齿状突骨折影像资料43份,在计算机上采用螺旋CT的影像标尺直接测量枢椎的总高度、齿状突长度、骨折线距齿状突尖的距离、齿突后倾角及枢椎可供中空螺钉固定长度。根据影像学数据设计出理想的镁合金中空螺钉并在6具尸体标本模拟ⅡB型齿状突骨折镁合金中空螺钉内固定。术后目测骨折端即时稳定性。结果枢椎高度为（35．11±4．15）mm,齿状突长度（14．99±1．26）mm,齿状突基底的冠状径为（8．94±1．26）mm,矢状径为（10．20±1．02）mm,骨折线距齿状突尖的距离为（10．49±1．75）mm,进针后倾角（17．56±5．29）°。结论国人Ⅱ型齿状突骨折内固定的螺钉长38mm,直径3．5mm,远端螺纹长约1cm较合适。设计出可降解AZ31B镁合金中空螺钉外表美观,与临床使用钛合金中空螺钉外形基本相符,操作便利,目测骨折端即时稳定性好,为下一步行生物力学检测提供依据。     

前路三钉内固定治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折

背景：齿状突加寰枢椎前路经关节螺钉内固定是近来治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折的一种新方法,临床报道较少。 目的：探讨颈前路三钉,即齿状突螺钉加寰枢椎前路经关节螺钉内固定治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折的方法及疗效。 方法：2008年2月至2011年10月于C型臂X线机透视下行颈前路齿状突螺钉加寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折5例。 结果：5例骨折患者共植入5枚齿状突螺钉,9枚经寰枢关节螺钉,1例因左侧经寰枢关节螺钉进钉点处骨折而行右侧单侧固定。全部获得随访,随访时间为10~30个月,平均18个月,螺钉位置满意,齿状突骨折均获骨性愈合,寰枢关节稳定,无一例发生螺钉松动、断钉,无一例发生脊髓、椎动脉损伤等并发症。 结论：颈前路齿状突螺钉加寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折,对齿状突直接固定同时即刻稳定寰枢椎,为寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折患者提供了一种新的治疗方法。     

颈前路加压螺钉固定治疗齿状突骨折

目的：分析颈前路加压螺钉内固定治疗齿状突骨折的临床疗效。方法：对8例新鲜齿状突Ⅱ型骨折在C型臂X线机监视下行前路加压螺钉内固定治疗，分析其结果及并发症。结果：随访4个月-3年1个月，平均10个月，X线片示骨折均获骨性愈合，无明显颈部运动受限，无螺钉断裂、移位及神经损伤等并发症，临床症状完全消失7例，1例合并颅脑损伤者残留部分头痛、头晕。结论：颈前路加压螺钉内固定技术是治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折可供选择的方法，具有损伤小、并发症少、固定牢靠及愈合率高等优点，能最大限度地保留寰枢椎的生理活动功能。     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗上颈椎损伤

目的总结枕骨、枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统或寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统固定用于治疗上颈椎损伤的效果。方法对16例上颈椎损伤患者术前常规行颅骨牵引复位。术中寰枢椎椎弓根的进钉点选择在寰椎后结节中点旁开18~20 mm、后弓上缘下4 mm交点处。矢状面上螺钉向头侧倾斜约5°。冠状面垂直。枢椎进钉点为枢椎关节突根部中点,钉道与矢状面夹角为20°~25°,与横断面夹角30°~35°。椎弓根螺钉φ3.5 mm,寰椎、枢椎椎弓根螺钉长24~28 mm,术中遇阻力大时随时调整方向。结果平均手术时间110 min。术前Frankel分级C级1例,D级4例,术后均恢复至E级。随访6~38个月,16例全部植骨融合,内固定无松动。结论枕骨、寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合治疗上颈椎损伤是一种新技术,具有固定牢固、固定节段短和三维固定的优点。     

Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨Ⅱ型齿状突骨折行手术治疗的疗效.方法 对12例Ⅱ型齿状突骨折分别采用前路空心螺钉内固定术和寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定术.结果 本组获3～24个月的随访,内固定均无松动,骨折均愈合和植骨融合.结论 前路空心螺钉内固定术适合治疗齿状突骨折ⅡB型,寰枢椎椎弓根钉适合ⅡC型.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Development of Selective Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Apheresis System: Immobilized Polyanion as LDL-Specific Adsorption for LDL Apheresis System

Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is widely recognized as one of the major risk factors for developing coronary heart diseases. Despite intensive development of LDL-lowering drugs, there still exist those patients with refractory hyperlipidemia whose plasma LDL levels are not sufficiently lowered by drugs. LDL apheresis, direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is thought to be the most promising treatment for such refractory patients. Various techniques, such as the use of an im-munoadsorbent utilizing an anti-LDL antibody, have been used in an attempt to achieve the selective removal of LDL. However, none were widely used because of complications, poor selectivity, and so forth. To establish a safe and effective LDL apheresis system, we chose a synthetic affinity adsorbent as the LDL-removing device. Synthetic polyanion compounds were used as the affinity ligands for LDL adsorbent to simulate the anion-rich sequence of LDL binding sites in the human LDL receptor. Among various polyanion compounds, those polyanions with sulfate or sulfonate groups and hydrophilic backbone were found to have strong affinity for LDL. In contrast, polyanions with carboxyl groups showed poor affinity. Dextran sulfate (DS) was selected as the affinity ligand of LDL adsorbent for its high affinity and low toxicity. The influence of its charge density and molecular weight on its affinity for LDL was suitable. The affinity rapidly increased as the charge density increased, then, reached a constant value. Little affinity was found for either the DS monomer (glucose sulfate) or DS with a molecular weight higher than 10⁴ daltons whereas DS with molecular weights in the midrange showed strong affinity. DS with a midrange molecular weight was immobilized on cellulose hard gel to give LDL adsorbent clinical application. The adsorbent demonstrated an excellent selectivity for LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro. Adsorption of high-density lipoprotein and major plasma proteins was almost negligible. Additional study of the LDL-binding mechanism revealed that DS directly interacts with positively charged sites on LDL, which demonstrates that the nature of the interaction is the same as that of LDL receptor. An LDL adsorption column (Liposorber) packed with an LDL adsorbent and polysulfone hollow-fiber plasma separator (Sulflux) was developed as an efficient LDL apheresis system. Clinical investigation proved that this system is capable of intensively lowering the plasma LDL level without affecting major plasma components.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Artificial organs 2010: a year in review

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.     

Avaliação do clube de revista de anestesiologia por meio de mudanças semânticas

Background and objectives

The interactive approach of a journal club has been described in the medical education literature. The aim of this investigation is to present an assessment of journal club as a tool to address the question whether residents read more and critically.

Methods

This study reports the performance of medical residents in anesthesiology from the Clinics Hospital – University of São Paulo Medical School. All medical residents were invited to answer five questions derived from discussed papers. The answer sheet consisted of an affirmative statement with a Likert type scale (totally disagree–disagree–not sure–agree–totally agree), each related to one of the chosen articles. The results were evaluated by means of item analysis – difficulty index and discrimination power.

Results

Residents filled one hundred and seventy three evaluations in the months of December 2011 (n = 51), July 2012 (n = 66) and December 2012 (n = 56). The first exam presented all items with straight statement, second and third exams presented mixed items. Separating “totally agree” from “agree” increased the difficulty indices, but did not improve the discrimination power.

Conclusions

The use of a journal club assessment with straight and inverted statements and by means of five points scale for agreement has been shown to increase its item difficulty and discrimination power. This may reflect involvement either with the reading or the discussion during the journal meeting.     

Soluble TNFα Receptors Are Increased in Chronic Renal Insufficiency and Hemodialysis and Inhibit Neutrophil Priming by TNFα

Abstract: The oxidative burst of neutrophils from azotemic patients is refractory to priming by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Soluble TNFα binding proteins (TNFR) accumulate in the plasma of azotemic patients. To test the hypothesis that these increased sTNFR concentrations inhibit TNFa priming of oxidative burst activity, we measured plasma sTNFR concentrations in nondialyzed azotemic patients, hemodialysis patients, and normal subjects, and determined TNFa priming of fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated superoxide production in neutrophils incubated in plasma with differing levels of sTNFR. These sTNFR concentrations increased significantly as creatinine clearance decreased and were significantly greater in hemodialysis patients than could be accounted for by loss of renal function alone. TNFα primed superoxide production by normal neutrophils in normal plasma, but this effect was significantly reduced in plasma with increased concentrations of sTNFR. Neutrophils from azotemic and hemodialysis patients were refractory to priming by TNFα in autologous plasma, and incubation in normal plasma only partially corrected this defect. We conclude that sTNFR accumulate as a result of the loss of renal function and hemodialysis and inhibit TNFα priming of neutrophils in azotemic and hemodialysis patients, but that these cells also have an intrinsic functional defect.