Radioactive seed localisation (RSL) in the treatment of non-palpable breast cancers: Systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionThis systematic review compares the outcomes of radioactive seed localisation (RSL) versus standard wire-guided localisation (WGL) in the management of non-palpable breast cancers.MethodsWe performed a literature search of PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane database to identify clinical studies using RSL. Included studies examined invasive breast cancer and reported objective pathological outcome measurements. Quantitative data analyses were performed.Results197 papers were identified with eight being clinically relevant to our study. From these eight studies there was only one identified as being a randomised controlled trial (RCT) and four as cohort studies having a control WGL group and included in the quantitative analysis. This provided an overall combined odds ratio (OR) 0.51 (95% CI, 0.36–0.72; z = 3.88; p = 0.0001) for involved surgical margin status; OR, 0.47 (95% CI, 0.33–0.69; z = 3.96; p < 0.0001) for re-operation rates and mean difference (MD) ?1.32 (95% CI, ?2.32, ?0.32; z = 2.58; p = 0.01) for operative time favouring RSL over WGL. In the case of volume of specimens excised, MD 1.46; (95% CI, ?22.35, 25.26; z = 0.12; p = 0.90) showing no statistical significance for volume of tissue excised in specimens between the two groups.ConclusionsThe results of this systematic review demonstrate a statistically significant benefit of RSL over the gold standard of WGL in terms of involved margin status, re-operation rates and reduced operative time but no statistically significant difference with WGL in terms of volume of tissue excised in the treatment of non-palpable breast cancers. Adequately powered, multicentre RCTs are needed to validate these results.     

Combined Radioguided Nonpalpable Lesion Localization and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Early Breast Carcinoma

Background The aim of this study was to test a new strategy for radioguided management of malignant or suspicious nonpalpable breast lesions, with a combination of radioguided occult lesion localization (ROLL), sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping, and, if necessary, immediate local surgery and SLN biopsy with a single injection of ^99mTc-labeled dextran for the whole procedure. Methods A total of 115 nonpalpable lesions were studied: 101 with high suspicion of malignancy from which frozen sections had been produced, and 14 carcinomas diagnosed by mammotomy. On the day before surgery, 0.2 mL of solution of dextran labeled with 15 MBq of ^99mTc was injected into the center of the lesions under imaging guidance. All patients underwent lymphoscintigraphy and open-surgery biopsy guided by gamma probe, followed by radiographic verification of the specimen. If malignancy was detected, in cases of infiltrating or ductal carcinoma-in-situ with comedonecrosis or high nuclear grade, breast-conserving surgery and SLN biopsy were performed during the same operation. Results The combination of ROLL and SLN biopsy was feasible and practical. The rate of simultaneous SLN mapping by lymphoscintigraphy was 97.4% (112 of 115), and the confirmation rate for breast lesion removal by specimen radiography was 100%. It was known that 57 cases were malignant at the time of surgery. After segmental breast resection, SLN immediately underwent biopsy in 50 cases (34 infiltrating carcinomas and 16 ductal carcinoma-in-situ) with probe monitoring. Three were cytologically positive for metastasis and required full axillary dissection. Conclusions ROLL and SLN biopsy are emerging procedures that can be used simultaneously. They permit exact breast lesion excision, immediate local breast surgery, and intraoperative SLN biopsy in a single procedure. The combination of radioguided nonpalpable lesion localization and SLN biopsy is a suitable alternative to working up subclinical imaging-detected breast carcinomas.     

Randomized prospective evaluation of a novel technique for biopsy or lumpectomy of nonpalpable breast lesions: radioactive seed versus wire localization

Background: Standard wire localization (WL) and excision of nonpalpable breast lesions has several shortcomings.Methods: Ninety-seven women with nonpalpable breast lesions were prospectively randomized to radioactive seed localization (RSL) or WL. For RSL, a titanium seed containing ¹²⁵I was placed at the site of the lesion by using radiographical guidance. The surgeon used a handheld gamma detector to locate and excise the seed and lesion.Results: Both techniques resulted in 100% retrieval of the lesions. Fewer RSL patients required resection of additional margins than WL patients (26% vs. 57%, respectively; P = .02). There were no significant differences in mean times for operative excision (5.4 vs. 6.1 minutes) or radiographical localization (13.9 vs. 13.2 minutes). There were also no significant differences in the subjective ease of the procedures as rated by surgeons, radiologists, and patients. All WLs were carried out on the same day as the excision, whereas RSL was performed up to 5 days before the operative procedure.Conclusions: RSL is as effective as WL for the excision of nonpalpable breast lesions and reduces the incidence of pathologically involved margins of excision. RSL also reduces scheduling conflicts and may allow elimination of intraoperative specimen mammography. RSL is an attractive alternative to WL.     

触诊阴性乳腺病灶活检在乳腺癌早诊早治中的价值

目的探讨临床触诊阴性乳腺病灶的定位切除活检在乳腺癌早期诊断与治疗中的价值。方法141例女性患者，共158个由钼靶X线发现的触诊阴性乳腺病灶，采用金属线定位技术进行切除活检。结果全组158个临床触诊阴性乳腺病灶中，乳腺癌42个(42例患者)，占26．6％，根据美国癌症联合会第6版乳腺癌分期标准，0期12例(28．6％)，Ⅰ期24例(57．1％)，Ⅱ期2例(4．8％)，Ⅲ期4例(9．5％)。所有乳腺癌患者术后中位随访时间31个月，只有1例Ⅲ期患者于术后16个月出现对侧腋窝淋巴结转移，其余41例患者全部无癌生存。结论临床触诊阴性乳腺癌大多数为早期癌，预后良好，对于此类病灶，应当积极进行定位切除活检，以利于临床触诊阴性乳腺癌的早期诊断与治疗。     

Preoperative Needle Localization of Nonpalpable Breast Lesions: Determination of Appropriate Needle Length

▪ Abstract: Determination of needle length for needle localization of nonpalpable breast lesions prior to surgical excision biopsy may occasionally be problematic. A method for more accurate needle length determination is presented for use when uncertainty arises. This method was evaluated in 46 consecutive lesions targeted for excision biopsy following mammographically guided needle localization. ▪     

Survivin亚细胞定位与乳腺癌临床病理特征关系的研究

目的:探讨survivin的亚细胞定位与临床病理特征的关系。方法:收集行乳腺癌改良根治术、保乳手术和(或)腋窝淋巴结清扫手术,病理诊断为浸润性乳腺癌的患者标本80例。采用免疫组织化学方法对样本survivin表达水平进行检测,分析乳腺癌中survivin的亚细胞定位与临床病理特征之间的关系。结果:乳腺癌组织中survivin的阳性率为76%,其中26%定位于细胞核,15%定位于细胞浆,两者染色均阳性为35%。亚细胞定位差异与淋巴结转移相关(P<0.05),与病例分级、ER表达、肿瘤大小无关(P>0.05)。结论:survivin在乳腺癌表达具有亚细胞定位差别,并且与淋巴结转移相关,提示该基因的不同定位在乳腺癌发生和转移过程中发挥着不同的作用。     

Conservative surgery and radiation therapy for macroscopically multiple ipsilateral invasive breast cancers

BACKGROUND: The presence of macroscopically multiple ipsilateral invasive breast cancer (MMIIBC) has been considered a contraindication for breast conservation. Early series reported high rates of local recurrence. A treatment regimen was developed to accommodate patient requests for breast conservation in MMIIBC. METHODS: We reviewed medical records of the 15 MMIIBC patients who underwent partial mastectomy followed by radiation between 1989 and 1997. All patients had 2 or more separate macroscopic tumors greater than 2 mm in diameter. After tumor excision, all specimens were evaluated; the protocol required surgical margins of at least 2 mm. RESULTS: As of June 2000 (median follow-up 76 months), 14 patients (93%) were alive without evidence of disease. One patient died of systemic disease without local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: In selected cases, the combination of breast conservative surgery and radiation therapy with systemic therapy results in acceptable local-regional control. Patients who present with MMIIBC with clear surgical margins should be considered for breast conservation.     

A multi-site validation trial of radioactive seed localization as an alternative to wire localization

Abstract:  This study aims to validate radioactive seed localization (RSL) as an alternative to wire localization (WL) in the operative excision of nonpalpable breast lesions. Eligible patients were recruited sequentially. A sample of 99 patients treated with WL was compared to the next 383 patients treated with RSL. Margins were considered "negative" if ≥2 mm from in-situ and invasive disease. Pain and convenience scores were recorded on a 10-point scale. Patient characteristics and histology were similar. The lesion and localization device were retrieved in all patients. Margins of the first specimen were negative in 73% of RSL patients, versus 54% of WL patients (p < 0.001). A second operation was required in 8% of RSL patients to achieve negative margins, versus 25% of WL patients (p < 0.001). Pain scores were not statistically different. However, the RSL group had higher convenience scores (p = 0.015). RSL is safe, effective, and compared to WL, reduces the rates of intraoperative re-excision and reoperation for positive margins by 68%. Patient satisfaction is improved with RSL. We strongly favor RSL over WL.     

A significant number of women present with palpable breast cancer even with a normal mammogram within 1 year

Background

Although mammography is the gold standard for breast cancer screening, clinical breast examination (CBE) and self breast examination (SBE) are important adjuncts whose utility has been questioned.

Methods

A retrospective review of invasive breast cancer patients from 2000 to 2008 was performed. We compared 3 groups: breast cancer detected by (1) imaging only (nonpalpable) or palpable mass with a normal mammogram (2) ≥1 year (mammogram ≥1 year) or (3) <1 year (mammogram <1 year).

Results

Of 1,222 women, presentation included 67% nonpalpable, 21% mammogram ≥1 year, and 13% mammogram <1 year. Patients presenting with palpable masses on SBE or CBE even with a normal mammogram within 1 year tended to have more aggressive tumors (larger size, lymph node positive, and triple-negative disease) resulting in more aggressive therapy (a higher mastectomy rate and a greater likelihood of chemotherapy).

Conclusion

A significant number of women present with palpable breast cancer within 1 year of a normal mammogram, many with an aggressive cancer. Therefore, we continue to advocate SBE and CBE for breast cancer screening.     

MRI‐guided needle localization: Indications,tips, tricks,and review of the literature

We describe the history of, indications for, and techniques involved in MRI‐guided needle localization (MRI‐NL). MRI‐NL continues to be a safe, effective method of sampling lesions that are only detected with MRI, particularly for anatomically challenging lesions such as those near the chest wall, the nipple, the skin, and/or in close proximity to implants.     

Single-step ultrasound localization of breast lesions and lumpectomy procedure

BACKGROUND: This review was made to evaluate whether the efficiencies of intraoperative ultrasound-guided localization could be extended to stereotactic biopsy cases by using a marker visible by sonography and mammography. METHODS: A retrospective review identified 170 stereotactic directional vacuum-assisted biopsy (DVAB) procedures marked with an ultrasound-visible marker. Localization device, imaging method, lesion retrieval, and margin status were assessed for patients having subsequent lumpectomy or wider excision. RESULTS: Nineteen of 170 patients underwent lumpectomies (12) or wider excision (7) localized by a radiofrequency device or 18G needle up to 7 weeks after stereotactic biopsy. In 15 of 19 procedures, an ultrasound-guided localization was performed intraoperatively, targeting the marker. All targeted lesions were successfully excised. In the 13 malignant lesions (of 19 surgeries), only 1 had a positive margin (8%). CONCLUSIONS: Marking stereotactic biopsies with a sonographically visible marker allows ultrasound-guided intraoperative localization, improving efficiencies for the patient, surgeon, and operating room schedule.     

Adequacy of invasive and in situ breast carcinoma margins in radioactive seed and wire-guided localization lumpectomies

Image-guided preoperative localizations help surgeons to completely resect nonpalpable breast cancers. The objective of this study is to compare the adequacy of specimen margins for both invasive breast cancer (IBC) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) after radioactive seed localization (RSL) vs wire-guided localization (WGL). We retrospectively reviewed 600 cases at a single Canadian academic center from January 2014 to September 2017, comparing surgical margins, re-excisions and reoperations, localization accuracy and major complications (migration, accidental deployment, vasovagal reaction), as well as operative duration between RSL and WGL cases. IBC margins were positive in 7% of RSL and 6% of WGL cases (P = .57). Tumor size (P = .039) and association with DCIS (P = .036) predicted positive margins in invasive carcinoma. DCIS margins were positive in 6% and 8%, and close (≤2 mm) in 37% and 36% of cases (P = .45) for RSL and RSL cases respectively. The presence of extensive intraductal component predicted positive DCIS margins (P < .0001). There was no significant difference between intraoperative re-excisions (P = .54), localization accuracy (P = .34), and operation duration (P = .81). Reoperation for lumpectomies and mastectomies was marginally higher for WGL than RSL (P = .049). There were 11 (4%) WGL and no RSL complications (P = .03). Overall, positive margins for IBC, close or positive margins for DCIS, intraoperative re-excision, localization accuracy, and operation duration were similar between RSL and WGL. The reoperation rate was higher in WGL than RSL, which may reflect practice changes over time. RSL was safer than WGL with lower complication rates.     

Conservative excision of wire-bracketed breast carcinomas: a community hospital's experience

We report our experience with excision of hooked-wire bracketed breast carcinomas in a community hospital setting. The mammographic and pathology reports from 36 nonpalpable or minimally palpable breast cancers were retrieved from a single surgical oncologist's office records and a number of factors that might influence a successful initial surgical excision were examined. The median lesion size was 1 cm. The radiographic abnormalities were microcalcifications only in 14 cases (39%), combined mass/density and microcalcifications in 9 cases (25%), and mass/density without microcalcifications in 13 cases (36%). The median number of bracketing wires placed was two. A prior fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or core biopsy was performed in 29 of the 36 cases (81%). Of these, 27 were positive for malignancy. The tumor was considered to be inadequately excised if it was present within 5 mm of any surgical margin; this outcome occurred in 21 of the 36 cases (58%). Fifteen cases (42%) had tumor involving either the margin or extending to within 1 mm of the margin. Inadequately excised lesions were more commonly seen with increasing tumor size, a radiographic appearance of microcalcifications without an associated mass, and a pathologic diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). An intraoperative consult led to taking additional marginal tissue in 23 cases and was successful in achieving final clear histologic margins in 8 of these (35%). Our experience suggests that there are at least two ways to optimize the adequacy of conservative excision of nonpalpable or difficult-to-palpate breast cancers using standard modalities presently available in most community hospitals. These are (a) having the pathologist and radiologist available for intraoperative consultation and (b) obtaining a tissue diagnosis of malignancy preoperatively. The use of bracketing wires to better delineate the margins of tissue to be excised may also be helpful, but this needs to be further evaluated in a randomized study.     

An autopsy case of triple cancers including signet-ring cell carcinoma of the breast —Report of a rare case with reference to a review of the literature—

A 67 year old Japanese woman who had been suffering from general fatigue was diagnosed as having metastasis of signet-ring cell carcinoma of the bone marrow from a biopsied specimen. A clinical effortive search to the systemic organs revealed a tumor of 4×3 cm in size in the lower part of her left breast, which was subsequently diagnosed as the primary site histopathologically. The patient was immediately treated surgically, however, her general condition generally deteriorated and she expired 5 months after the operation. Autopsy revealed dissemination of tumor cells in the bone marrow, bilateral pleura, and soft tissue around the operated site. The autopsy additionally revealed squamous cell carcinoma of keratinizing type in the uterine cervix and well differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma in the gallbladder. A review of the literature revealed this case to be the first reported case of triple cancers including signet ring-cell carcinoma of the breast, proven by autopsy in Japan.     

Bracketed radioactive seed localization vs bracketed wire‐localization in breast surgery

Multiple localizers placed in a bracketed fashion facilitates excision of radiographically extensive breast lesions. In this study, bracketed radioactive seed localization (bRSL) was compared to bracketed wire localization (bWL). We hypothesized that bRSL would achieve adequate margins and decrease re‐operation rates with similar or less specimen volumes (SV) than bWL. Retrospective review identified patients who underwent bracketed breast procedures at an academic medical center. Data collected included patient demographics, tumor features, treatment variables, and surgical outcomes. Wilcoxon rank‐sum test and chi‐square test were used to compare continuous and categorical data, respectively. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between re‐excision and localization technique after adjusting for clinically relevant variables. Patients who underwent bWL were 3.9 times more likely to undergo re‐excision compared to patients in bRSL group (OR=3.9, 95% CI: 2.0‐7.4). Initial and total SV did not significantly differ between the two groups (P=.4). Patients were significantly more likely to undergo a mastectomy in the bWL group than in the bRSL group (24% vs 7%; P<.01). For patients undergoing excision of radiologically extensive breast lesions, bRSL serves as an alternative to bWL. In this retrospective study, bRSL was associated with a decreased re‐excision rate with similar SV and a lower rate of mastectomy when compared to bWL.     

麦默通旋切活检和金属导丝定位活检在临床触诊阴性乳腺病灶活检中的应用对比

［摘要］ 目的 评价麦默通旋切活检和金属导丝定位活检对临床触诊阴性乳腺病灶（NPBL）诊断的准确性和安全性。方法 将84例NPBL患者采用随机数字表法随机分为两组,分别行麦默通旋切活检（MMT组,42例）和金属导丝定位活检（WL组,42例）,比较两组的诊断结果、手术指标、费用和并发症等。结果 两组患者均成功活检。MMT组患者手术用时短、出血量少、标本体积小,与WL组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。在费用和并发症发生率方面,MMT组显著高于WL组（P<0.05）。MMT组冰冻切片确诊41例（97.6%）,未确诊1例;WL组冰冻切片确诊42例,两组的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。对活检后的切缘进行评价,MMT组5例行根治性手术的患者中,有1例切缘阳性,而WL组6例患者中,未见切缘阳性。结论 对于NPBL的活检,麦默通旋切活检和金属导丝定位活检均有很高的诊断准确性。麦默通旋切活检手术耗时短,切除乳腺组织标本量少,手术切口小,美容效果好,但其费用高,并发症发生率较金属导丝定位活检高。麦默通旋切活检后可能有较高的切缘阳性率,对于临床上考虑为高危的病灶,建议选择金属导丝定位活检较为合适。     

Right- and left-sided colorectal cancers display distinct expression profiles and the anatomical stratification allows a high accuracy prediction of lymph node metastasis

Accurate preoperative prediction of lymph node metastasis and degree of tumor invasion would facilitate an appropriate decision of the extent of surgical resection of cancers to reduce unnecessary complication or to minimize the risk of recurrence in patients. We analyzed gene expression profiles characteristic of the invasiveness of colorectal carcinoma in a total of 89 cases, using a cDNA array and pattern classification algorithms. We set binary classes for a panel of clinicopathologic parameters, each of which was divided at different levels for categories (discrete) or values (continuous). We searched an optimal combination of genes to discriminate the classes by using of a feature subset selection algorithm, which was applied to a set of genes preselected on the basis of statistical difference in expression (two-sided t test, P < or = 0.05). We used a sequential forward feature selection which additively searched a combination of genes, giving a minimal leave-one-out classification error rate of a k-nearest neighbor classifier. In the process of gene preselection, we found a remarkable difference in the expression pattern of genes according to the anatomical location of cancers. The difference was most prominent when the classes were set for cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon (CATD) versus sigmoid colon and rectum (SR). By stratifying these two locations, we were able to extract gene expression profiles characteristic of the classes of the presence versus absence of lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion and degree of mural invasion, and pathological stages, with an accuracy of more than 90%. These results suggest that colorectal cancers harbor distinct molecular pathophysiological statuses according to their right-to-left locations, of which stratification is important for pattern classification of cDNA array data.     

Mediastinal hyperfunctioning parathyroids: incidence, evolving treatment, and outcome

BACKGROUND: The evaluation and treatment of hyperfunctioning mediastinal parathyroid gland(s) (MPG) is evolving. This study reports our overall experience with MPG in a tertiary referral center. METHODS: A prospective database of 922 patients undergoing parathyroidectomy by 2 surgeons from 1982 to 2005 was reviewed. RESULTS: Thirty-two of 922 (3.5%) patients had MPG. Nine (28%) patients had a prior failed parathyroidectomy. Sestamibi and computed tomography scans were correctly positive in 24/28 (86%) and 6/7 (86%) patients, respectively. MPGs were removed via cervical approach in 22 (69%). Eleven of 22 patients had a focused cervical approach. Nine MPGs required a limited sternotomy (n = 3) or a successful radioguided video-assisted thoracoscopic approach (VATS, n = 4) for removal. Two VATS were converted to a full sternotomy. One patient refused surgery. All patients who required sternotomy/VATS had MPGs caudal to the innominate vein. Twenty-nine of 31 (94%) patients were cured. Two are stable on calcimimetics. One patient has permanent hypoparathyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: Most MPGs can be removed through a cervical approach. Preoperative Sestamibi and computed tomography scans can help the surgeon plan the best initial surgical approach. Those below the innominate vein require a thoracic procedure, preferably a radioguided probe-assisted thoracoscopic resection with intraoperative parathyroid hormone (ioPTH). An alternative to surgical removal is medical treatment.     

触诊阴性乳腺病灶定位切除的适应证选择及预后

目的探讨触诊阴性乳腺病灶定位切除的适应证选择及预后。方法回顾性分析我院1998年3月~2007年12月190例女性209个经金属线定位切除的临床触诊阴性乳腺病灶的临床资料,在未知病理诊断的情况下复阅乳腺钼靶片,根据BI-RADS第四版标准分类,计算各类病灶的阳性预测值,并对归并后的良、恶性倾向组的阳性预测值行χ2检验。结果190例共接受209个触诊阴性乳腺病灶的定位切除,54例55个病灶为恶性,阳性预测值为26.3%(55/209),BI-RADS2、3、4和5类病灶的阳性预测值分别为0%(0/21)、5.3%(4/76)、27.0%(20/74)和81.6%(31/38),恶性倾向组的阳性预测值45.5%(51/112)显著高于良性倾向组的4.1%(4/97)(χ2=45.973,P=0.000)。190例中位随访时间59个月(1~118个月)。55个恶性病灶中,0期和Ⅰ期乳腺癌共45个(81.8%),除1例Ⅲ期患者术后出现对侧淋巴结转移外,其余患者无病生存。结论对于BI-RADS4类和5类病灶应积极行定位切除活检,而BI-RADS2类和3类病灶则以定期随诊为主。经定位切除确诊的临床触诊阴性乳腺癌绝大部分为...