AO微型钛板治疗手部骨折的体会

目的分析应用AO微型钛板内固定治疗手部骨折的疗效。方法2004年10月至2006年10月，对手部掌、指骨骨折50例68处，行切开复位后AO微型钛板内固定治疗。结果术后用石膏托外固定．时间为7～14d（平均8．5d）。X线骨折愈合时间为2～4周（平均3．0周）。重返工作岗位时间为5～11周（平均7．5周）。结论应用AO微型钛板治疗手部骨折，固定牢固可以缩短术后外固定时间，缩短骨折愈合时间，使患者提早重返工作岗位。     

应用微型钢板治疗指掌骨骨折

目的 研究并分析微型钢板内固定治疗手部骨折的疗效。方法 2003年10月～2004年10月，对手掌部、指骨骨折28例34处作切开复位、微型钢板内固定治疗。结果 术后外固定时间为2—3天（平均2．3天）。X线片示骨折愈合时间为3-5周（平均4．1周）。重返工作岗位时间为3—12周（平均4．6周）。结论 应用微型钢板治疗手部骨折可以缩短术后外固定时间，缩短骨折愈合时间，使患者提早重返工作岗位。     

AO微型钛板内固定治疗手部骨折

目的临床应用并分析AO微型钛板内固定治疗手部骨折的疗效。方法对手部掌、指骨骨折256例307处，行切开复位后用AO微型钛板内固定治疗。术后用石膏托外固定，时间为2-14d(平均7．1d)。结果x线片示骨折愈合时间为3—5周(平均4．6周)。重返工作岗位时间为6—12周(平均8周)。术后2例因螺丝钉松动，假关节形成，行植骨后愈合。3例因软组织挫伤严重，骨外露致骨髓炎后行岛状皮瓣修复及植骨术而愈合。结论应用AO微型钛板治疗手部骨折，固定牢固，可缩短骨折愈合时间；但局部软组织挫伤严重者不宜急诊手术。     

AO微型钢板内固定治疗掌指骨骨折

目的 探讨AO微型不锈钢板内固定治疗掌指骨骨折的疗效。方法 2001年6月至2002年6月，对46例62指掌指骨骨折，应用AO微型不锈钢板进行内固定治疗，辅以早期功能锻炼及正确的康复指导。结果 术后46例中创口一期愈合43例，钢板外露3例，其中1例发生慢性骨髓炎，行截指术。术后随访6．12个月，45例骨折全部愈合，X线片显示骨折愈合时间为4～10周，平均6周。按TAM功能评定，优良率达到86％。结论 AO微型钢板内固定治疗掌指骨骨折固定牢固，有利于手功能的恢复。     

有限内固定结合微型外固定架治疗手部骨折

目的 总结应用有限内固定结合微型外固定架治疗手部关节内或关节周围骨折的方法及疗效。方法 2002年5月-2005年2月，对15例手部关节内或关节周围骨折的患者，应用有限内固定结合Orthofix微型外固定装置进行治疗。结果 术后骨折全部愈合，愈合时间为6～12周，平均8周。按TAM标准评定手指活动度其优良率达93．3％。术后无钢针断裂、松动及针道感染等并发症。结论 有限内固定结合微型外固定架治疗手部关节内或关节周围骨折具有微创、固定可靠、疗效肯定等优点，为手部关节内或关节周围骨折的治疗提供了一种新的思路。     

掌指骨骨折AO微型钢板内固定25例报告

目的：评价AO微型钢板治疗手部骨折的近期疗效。方法：25例手部骨折患者复位后用AO微型钢板行内固定，掌骨骨折18例（28块钢板），指骨骨折6例（6块），掌指骨同时骨折1例，术后平均随访时间4个月（2－12个月），25例都行切开复位钢板内固定。结果：根据TAF评分，22例为优良，优良率为88％，畸形愈合1例，手术感染1例，所有病例均无骨不连发生，结论：AO微型钢板内固定是手部骨折理想的固定方法，只要适应证合理，掌握良好的手术技巧和术后早期功能锻炼，即可取得满意的疗效。     

国产微型钢板螺钉固定掌指骨骨折疗效评价

目的：探讨国产微型钢板螺钉固定掌、指骨骨折的疗效。方法：切开复位，微型钢板螺钉固定掌、指骨骨折，术后外固定0—2周，然后去除外固定，进行早期主动性手部功能训练。定期随访摄片，骨折愈合时间为6—10周，骨折愈合后2—3个月取出钢板螺钉。结果：55例患均获满意疗效，功能恢复优良(96％)。结论：国产微型钢板螺钉固定掌、指骨骨折可提供稳定可靠的内固定，又可进行术后早期功能训练，能缩短骨折愈合时间，有利于手部功能早日康复。治疗效果明显优于常规的固定方法，值得应用和推广。     

应用AO微型接骨板及螺钉治疗手部骨折

目的 研究AO微型接骨板螺钉治疗手指骨折的疗效.方法 2004年1月-2009年6月,采用切开复位,AO微型接骨板螺钉内固定治疗手指骨折28例34指.术后均早期进行功能锻炼.结果 骨折全部愈合,X片示愈合时间为4～9周,平均5周.术后随访10～20个月,根据TAM功能评定：优21指,良9指,可3指,差1指,优良率为88%.结论 应用AO微型接骨板螺钉内固定治疗手部骨折,配合早期功能锻炼,可获得良好的效果.     

手部近关节部骨折的内固定方式选择

目的探讨手部关节内和关节周围骨折的治疗方法及疗效。方法A组对32例闭合和GustiloI型开放性手部关节内和关节周围骨折行切开复位AO微型钛板内固定术,B组12例多指GustiloⅡ型以上开放性手部关节周围骨折行清创后克氏针内固定加石膏托保护。两组随访观察2～10个月。结果A组骨折愈合时间平均4．1周,术后3～10个月解除内固定。无感染、骨折畸形愈合和内固定断裂。用TAF法评价手部功能,优良率为87．5％。B组骨折愈合时间平均为6．7周,4周左右解除克氏针,并发低毒性感染1例,成角畸形愈合1例,末端指坏死1例,TAF法评价优良率41．6％。结论AO微型钛板治疗手部关节内和关节周围骨折能够解剖复位关节面,坚强固定和利于早期功能活动,是治疗手部关节内和关节周围骨折的有效方法。对于软组织条件差的多指GustiloⅡ型以上开放性骨折患者,传统的石膏、克氏针固定仍作为一种简单有效的保指治疗方法。     

应用微型钛板治疗掌指骨骨折

目的探讨应用微型钛板内固定治疗手部骨折及其临床疗效。方法2007年8月～2009年8月对手部掌指骨骨折75例（95处）采用切开复位,微型钛板内固定治疗。结果术后随访4～12个月,平均6个月,优良率为97％,骨折临床愈合时间4～12周（平均8周）。结论采用微型钛板治疗手部掌指骨骨折,获得稳定的骨折固定,缩短骨折愈合时间,疗效满意。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Development of Selective Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Apheresis System: Immobilized Polyanion as LDL-Specific Adsorption for LDL Apheresis System

Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is widely recognized as one of the major risk factors for developing coronary heart diseases. Despite intensive development of LDL-lowering drugs, there still exist those patients with refractory hyperlipidemia whose plasma LDL levels are not sufficiently lowered by drugs. LDL apheresis, direct removal of plasma LDL from circulating blood, is thought to be the most promising treatment for such refractory patients. Various techniques, such as the use of an im-munoadsorbent utilizing an anti-LDL antibody, have been used in an attempt to achieve the selective removal of LDL. However, none were widely used because of complications, poor selectivity, and so forth. To establish a safe and effective LDL apheresis system, we chose a synthetic affinity adsorbent as the LDL-removing device. Synthetic polyanion compounds were used as the affinity ligands for LDL adsorbent to simulate the anion-rich sequence of LDL binding sites in the human LDL receptor. Among various polyanion compounds, those polyanions with sulfate or sulfonate groups and hydrophilic backbone were found to have strong affinity for LDL. In contrast, polyanions with carboxyl groups showed poor affinity. Dextran sulfate (DS) was selected as the affinity ligand of LDL adsorbent for its high affinity and low toxicity. The influence of its charge density and molecular weight on its affinity for LDL was suitable. The affinity rapidly increased as the charge density increased, then, reached a constant value. Little affinity was found for either the DS monomer (glucose sulfate) or DS with a molecular weight higher than 10⁴ daltons whereas DS with molecular weights in the midrange showed strong affinity. DS with a midrange molecular weight was immobilized on cellulose hard gel to give LDL adsorbent clinical application. The adsorbent demonstrated an excellent selectivity for LDL and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro. Adsorption of high-density lipoprotein and major plasma proteins was almost negligible. Additional study of the LDL-binding mechanism revealed that DS directly interacts with positively charged sites on LDL, which demonstrates that the nature of the interaction is the same as that of LDL receptor. An LDL adsorption column (Liposorber) packed with an LDL adsorbent and polysulfone hollow-fiber plasma separator (Sulflux) was developed as an efficient LDL apheresis system. Clinical investigation proved that this system is capable of intensively lowering the plasma LDL level without affecting major plasma components.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Artificial organs 2010: a year in review

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2010 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps, Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders "to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level."Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide such meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected and especially to those whose native tongue is not English. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.     

Avaliação do clube de revista de anestesiologia por meio de mudanças semânticas

Background and objectives

The interactive approach of a journal club has been described in the medical education literature. The aim of this investigation is to present an assessment of journal club as a tool to address the question whether residents read more and critically.

Methods

This study reports the performance of medical residents in anesthesiology from the Clinics Hospital – University of São Paulo Medical School. All medical residents were invited to answer five questions derived from discussed papers. The answer sheet consisted of an affirmative statement with a Likert type scale (totally disagree–disagree–not sure–agree–totally agree), each related to one of the chosen articles. The results were evaluated by means of item analysis – difficulty index and discrimination power.

Results

Residents filled one hundred and seventy three evaluations in the months of December 2011 (n = 51), July 2012 (n = 66) and December 2012 (n = 56). The first exam presented all items with straight statement, second and third exams presented mixed items. Separating “totally agree” from “agree” increased the difficulty indices, but did not improve the discrimination power.

Conclusions

The use of a journal club assessment with straight and inverted statements and by means of five points scale for agreement has been shown to increase its item difficulty and discrimination power. This may reflect involvement either with the reading or the discussion during the journal meeting.