直肠脱垂的外科治疗

直肠脱垂是外科的常见病,主要见于老人和儿童。除幼儿直肠脱垂用非手术治疗多可治愈外,成人完全性直肠脱垂的治疗以手术为主。由于造成直肠脱垂的原因很多,患者的局部与全身情况亦不相同,所以针对直肠脱垂而进行的手术种类十分繁杂。如何寻找一种创伤小、疗效可靠的治疗直肠脱垂的理想方法,是外科临床工作者所面临的一个重要课题。治疗直肠脱垂的手术入路有3种,即经会阴部、开腹和经腹腔镜进行手术。一、经会阴部手术对老年人和伴有其他器官系统合并症的高危患者应首选。主要术式有经会阴直肠黏膜切除肌层折叠术(Delorme手术)及经会阴直肠…     

经腹直肠后补片固定悬吊治疗成人型直肠脱垂的体会

目的探讨成人型直肠脱垂的外科治疗方法。方法回顾分析10例成人型直肠脱垂病人的临床资料,其中Ⅱ度完全脱垂6例,Ⅲ度完全脱垂4例,均采用经腹直肠后补片固定悬吊术治疗。结果所有病人术后均获随访,痊愈10例,无术后并发症及复发者。结论经腹直肠后补片固定悬吊治疗成人型直肠脱垂是一种较好的手术方式。     

经腹直肠悬吊及补片固定加消痔灵液注射治疗成人型直肠脱垂

目的探讨成人型直肠脱垂的外科治疗方法。方法回顾分析15例成人型直肠脱垂病人的临床资料,其中10例Ⅱ度完全脱垂者采用经腹直肠悬吊加消痔灵液注射治疗,5例Ⅲ度完全脱垂者采用经腹直肠悬吊及补片固定加消痔灵液注射治疗。结果所有病人术后均获随访,平均随访48．3个月,痊愈14例,好转1例,无术后并发症及复发者。结论经腹直肠悬吊及补片固定加消痔灵液注射治疗成人型直肠脱垂是一种较好的手术方式,手术同时应治疗其他的合并病。     

经会阴直肠乙状结肠部分切除术治疗直肠脱垂

治疗直肠全层脱垂的手术方式多达100多种,主要分为经会阴入路和经腹入路。国外文献报道的手术疗效存在较大差异,地域因素和个人经验等在一定程度上混淆了各种手术的效果。经会阴直肠乙状结肠部分切除（Altemeier）术是20世纪50～60年代积极推广的治疗直肠脱垂的术式。自2010年9月至2013年3月,武汉大学中南医院结直肠肛门外科运用Altemeier术治疗直肠脱垂患者18例,疗效满意,现报道如下。     

成人完全性直肠脱垂的术式讨论

直肠脱垂虽然不常见,但仍属外科治疗的棘手问题。在儿童,直肠脱垂是一种自限性疾病,故以非手术治疗为主。成人完全性直肠脱垂是严重的,可致括约肌张力松弛而失禁、溃疡、肛周污染、直肠出血,脱垂肠段水肿、狭窄及坏死的危险,以手术治疗为主。成人完全性直肠脱垂的手术方法较多,约有100多     

直肠内脱垂的手术疗效分析

目的评价分析直肠内脱垂的手术治疗效果。方法通过对 6 2例直肠内脱垂手术治疗患者的病史回顾和信访调查 ,分析手术疗效和伴随症状的改善情况。结果直肠内脱垂手术有效率为 73% ,其中排便困难、肛门坠胀、便不尽感、手法协助排便及服用泻剂维持排便的有效率分别为77%、80 %、71%、86 %和 97%。结论直肠内脱垂必须经过严格的非手术治疗确认无效后 ,方可考虑外科治疗 ,应严格掌握手术适应证。     

直肠黏膜多点结扎加肛门环缩术治疗直肠脱垂(附34例报告)

目的直肠黏膜脱垂是肛肠外科较为严重且常见的疾病,探讨成人直肠黏膜脱垂手术治疗的有效方式。方法采用直肠黏膜多点结扎加肛门环缩术的联合术式,治疗Ⅱ度、Ⅲ度直肠黏膜脱垂34例,观察其临床疗效。结果34例患者均一次成功。手术时间短肛门功能恢复好。结论应用直肠黏膜多点结扎加肛门环缩术治疗直肠黏膜脱垂,具有疗效高、疗程短、痛苦小、复发率低等优点,是治疗成人完全性直肠黏膜脱垂的理想途径。     

经腹直肠阴道固定术加盆腔盲管(Cul-De-Sac)缝合

子宫切除术后阴道脱垂在临床上是一个十分棘手的问题。近年来研究发现其与直肠脱垂常同时发生，这大大增加了外科处理的难度。本文讨论了针对此问题的一种新的手术治疗方式一经腹直肠阴道固定术加盆腔盲管缝合，并报道了对89例行此种手术的病人术后跟踪随访的结果。方法：对于子宫切除术后同时出现阴道脱垂与直肠脱垂症状且经临床检查     

Altemeier手术治疗直肠脱垂

正直肠脱垂是一种相对少见的盆底外科疾病,其发病机制不详,可能与肛提肌分离、乙状结肠冗长、肛门括约肌松弛及直肠骶骨韧带功能降低有关[1]。目前,手术是治疗直肠脱垂的主要手段,已报道的手术方式主要分为经肛门(会阴)入路和经腹入路,术式多达一百多种[1-2]。目前,国外文献报道的手术疗效存在较大差异[2]。国内直肠脱垂病人具有以下特点:(1)大部分直肠脱垂病人病史较长,且并存肛门失禁或者便秘;     

经肛门直肠部分切除吻合术治疗直肠脱垂31例

目的：观察直肠脱垂经肛门直肠部分切除吻合术治疗的临床疗效。方法：对长度小于15cm的直肠脱垂,采用吻合器经肛门行直肠脱垂部分切除吻合手术治疗。结果：术后随诊超过12个月者16例,15例随诊超过6个月,均未见复发。结论：经肛门吻合器直肠部分切除吻合术,适合Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ度直肠脱垂以及年迈和全身状况不佳的病人,消除了开腹手术带来的风险。     

Mediastinal infection after cardiac surgery

Mediastinitis is an uncommon complication after cardiac surgery; however, its associated morbidity and mortality demand early recognition and emergency therapy. This review is intended to emphasize certain features of the incidence, pathogenesis, and bacteriology of this complication in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass through a median sternotomy. The diagnosis and treatment of mediastinitis after cardiac surgical procedures, as well as methods of prevention, are also reviewed.     

Peyronie's disease

Peyronie's disease remains one of the most perplexing diseases in urology. With continued basic research in wound healing and scarring, the understanding and management of this frustrating disease will improve. Initial treatment of Peyronie's disease should be conservative, with expectant therapy and medical management. Once the penile curvature and plaque have stabilized, patients with severe deformity can be offered surgery depending on their symptoms and complaints. Patient selection is the key to proper treatment. Less experienced surgeons should limit themselves to medical management or simple surgical management of the disease, including plication or Nesbit procedures. Penile-lengthening procedures or the placement of complicated penile prosthesis should be reserved for surgeons with familiarity and expertise in this type of reconstruction. Education on the pathogenesis and natural history of the disease will allow the patient and his partner to make an informed decision in regards to treatment options and expected outcomes.     

Surgical Management of Chronic Pancreatitis

Advances over the past decade have indicated that a complex interplay between environmental factors, genetic predisposition, alcohol abuse, and smoking lead towards the development of chronic pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis is a complex disorder that causes significant and chronic incapacity in patients and a substantial burden on the society. Major advances have been made in the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease and the role of genetic predisposition is increasingly coming to the fore. Advances in noninvasive diagnostic modalities now allow for better diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis at an early stage of the disease. The impact of these advances on surgical treatment is beginning to emerge, for example, patients with certain genetic predispositions may be better treated with total pancreatectomy versus lesser procedures. Considerable controversy remains with respect to the surgical management of chronic pancreatitis. Modern understanding of the neurobiology of pain in chronic pancreatitis suggests that a window of opportunity exists for effective treatment of the intractable pain after which central sensitization can lead to an irreversible pain syndrome in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Effective surgical procedures exist for chronic pancreatitis; however, the timing of surgery is unclear. For optimal treatment of patients with chronic pancreatitis, close collaboration between a multidisciplinary team including gastroenterologists, surgeons, and pain management physicians is needed.     

Diagnosis and treatment of infections associated with fracture-fixation devices

The pathogenesis of infections associated with fracture-fixation devices is related to microorganisms growing in biofilms, which render these infections difficult to treat. These infections are classified as early (<2 weeks), delayed (2-10 weeks) or late infections (>10 weeks) according to the implant surgery. Most infections are caused by staphylococci and are acquired during trauma (in penetrating injuries) or subsequent fracture-fixation procedures. A combination of clinical, laboratory, histopathology, microbiology, and imaging studies are usually needed to accurately diagnose infection. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are often used to diagnose infection and plan surgical treatment. Positron emission tomography (PET) and PET-CT are promising new tools for diagnosing implant-associated osteomyelitis. The treatment goal is achieving bone consolidation and avoiding development of chronic osteomyelitis. Successful treatment requires adequate surgical procedures combined with 6-12 weeks of antimicrobial therapy acting on adhering stationary-phase microorganisms. In chronic osteomyelitis, orthopedic and plastic- reconstructive surgery is combined in the same procedure or within a short time span. In this article, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and treatment of infections associated with intramedullary nails, external-fixation pins, plates, and screws are reviewed.     

Die chirurgische Therapie der alveolären Echinokokkose und deren Langzeitergebnisse

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is low, and studies and progress reports with regard to surgical procedures are rare. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of surgical therapy of AE and its long-term results between 1983 and 2000 by evaluating medical records and questionnaires. SETTING: German university hospital within the endemic area. RESULTS: Twenty-five surgical procedures were performed in 19 patients with AE (12x partial resection of the liver, 3 of them with additional extrahepatic resection; 3x just extrahepatic resection, 4x bilidigestive anastomosis, 5x exploratory laparotomy, 1x bypass procedure). Fifteen patients were operated on the first time with that diagnosis, four due to a relapse. Seven surgical procedures were estimated to be curative, whereas 18 were palliative, because the parasitic mass could not be resected in toto. One patient died from persistent systemic sepsis as a consequence of microbial superinvasion of a splenic parasitic mass. Morbidity was 28%. All patients had additional medical treatment and periodic follow-up. Three of seven patients estimated for curative surgery developed a relapse. One of the patients discharged following palliative surgery died 13 years after diagnosis with liver insufficiency. Advances in conservative and interventional treatments have greatly improved the prognosis of the disease. CONCLUSION: Curative surgery for AE is feasible only in a minority of patients, because frequently the disease has already spread widely when diagnosed. The minimum distance between the lesion and the cut surface should be 2 cm. Taking the advances in conservative treatment into consideration, the benefit of palliative surgery is uncertain and today there is no evidence for prolonged survival by palliative surgical procedures. Palliative surgery should therefore be reserved for cases with complications that could not be managed by conservative and interventional treatment.     

Beauty and the beast: management of breast cancer after plastic surgery

OBJECTIVES: Cosmetic surgery procedures increase in incidence annually, with 11 million performed in 2006. Because breast cancer is the most frequently occurring malignancy in women, a personal history of cosmetic surgery in those undergoing treatment for breast cancer is becoming more common. METHODS: This review identified key studies from the PubMed database, to consolidate existing data related to treatment of breast cancer after plastic surgery. Data were reviewed for factors affecting breast cancer treatment after breast augmentation, breast reduction, abdominoplasty, and suction lipectomy. RESULTS: There are little comprehensive data on the management of breast cancer after plastic surgical procedures. Plastic surgery may affect diagnostic imaging, surgical options, and radiotherapy management. Breast augmentation and reduction are two of the most common cosmetic procedures performed and knowledge of their influence on the incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer is important for proper management. CONCLUSIONS: Plastic surgery does not significantly affect breast cancer outcomes but does present management challenges that must be anticipated when deciding various treatment options. Knowledge of the existing literature may be helpful in discussing those options with patients and planning the multidisciplinary approach to this malignancy.     

Role of surgery for colorectal cancer in the elderly

The prevalence of subjects with colorectal cancer is expected to grow in the next future decades and surgery represents the most successful treatment modality for these patients. Anyway, currently elderly subjects undergo less elective surgical procedures than younger patients mainly due to the high rates of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Some authors suggest extensive surgery, including multistage procedures, as carried out in younger patients while others promote less aggressive surgery. In older patients, laparoscopic-assisted colectomy showed a number of advantages compared to conventional open surgery that include lower stress, higher rate of independency after surgery, quicker return to prior activities and a decrease in costs. The recent advances in chemotherapy and the introduction of new surgical procedures such as the endoluminal stenting, suggest the need for a revisitation of surgical practice patterns and the role of palliative surgery, mainly for patients with advanced disease. In this article, we discuss the current role of surgery for elderly patients with colorectal cancer.     

Application of the concept of ‘Therapeutic index’ to surgery for stress incontinence

The pharmacological concept of therapeutic index can be applied to surgery for stress incontinence to obtain an objective prediction of surgical outcome. The rationale and mechanics of its application to surgery are discussed in this article. The conclusions support current clinical trends which favor discarding the anterior repair and needle suspension procedures as first-line surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence in favor of the retropubic procedures. Suburethral sling procedures should be, as now, reserved for second-line surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence.     

Surgical treatment for adult congenital heart disease: consideration for indications and procedures

The number of the adult patients with congenital heart diseases (ACHD) continues to grow owing to improvement of surgical results and medical management. Corrective surgery for complex CHD does not always mean complete cure. It is not rare that the patients will visit the cardiology institutes because of secondary lesions due to residua or sequela in adults. Some patients with CHD remain unrepairable with different degree of heart failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Association of arrhythmias is common in ACHD patients and sometimes critical. We experienced 265 surgical procedures for ACHD patients at our center between 1999 and 2015. Of these procedures, palliative surgery was performed in 3%, palliation to corrective surgery in 6%, primary repair in 57%, and redo surgery in 34%. Hospital mortality within 30 days in this period was 1.1%. Surgery for ACHD patients is safe, beneficial and low-risk treatment; however, tailored procedures for the individual patient are essential to obtain the optimal quality. A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach is required to fulfill this goal.     

Continuing warfarin during cutaneous surgery.

The risk of haemorrhage from minor cutaneous surgical procedures has long been a concern in the treatment of patients receiving warfarin as anti-coagulation therapy. Interruption, alteration, hospital admission and monitoring have resource implications as well as the potential for complications. Therefore, we wanted to determine whether it was feasible to undertake typical minor plastic surgery procedures without altering patients' warfarin dosage regimens. We undertook a prospective study of 51 patients (age range 36 to 86), with 78 wounds, undergoing a range of minor cutaneous surgical procedures including excision biopsies, local flaps and skin grafts. The patients continued their normal warfarin regimen and the INR was checked on the day of surgery, ranging from 1.1 to 4.0. There were no problems encountered during surgery, but two patients presented with bleeding from a wound a few days post-operatively. We feel that it is unnecessary to modify warfarin regimens for minor cutaneous surgery. However, a well-briefed patient and experienced surgical management with good support facilities are a prerequisite for this.