老年股骨转子间骨折三种手术方法的疗效比较

目的比较老年股骨转子间骨折三种手术方法疗效。方法对218例老年股骨转子间骨折分别采用动力髋螺钉(DHS)，Gamma钉和股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)进行手术治疗，随访8～28个月。结果DHS组76例中有2例延迟愈合，2例移位愈合，2例髋内翻，3例伤口感染；Gamma钉组64例中有1例延迟愈合，2例移位愈合；PFN内固定组78例中无1例延迟愈合。结论PFN对骨折端的血循环影响和骨质破坏较小，固定更为牢靠，是对老年股骨转子间骨折新的有效手术治疗方法。     

股骨转子间骨折的治疗方法选择(附1037例分析)

目的通过比较保守疗法与不同手术方法治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效及术后并发症，探讨股骨转子间骨折的手术适应证。方法1980年1月～2005年12月共收治1037例股骨转子间骨折患者，其中216例采用保守治疗，行骨牵引、皮肤牵引或髋“人”字石膏固定；手术治疗821例：集柬针固定28例，空心螺钉固定33例，Ender钉固定98例，动力髋螺钉（DHS）固定411例。动力髁螺钉（DCS）固定86例，Gamma钉固定52例，股骨近端螺钉（PFN）固定17例，人工关节置换26例，角钢板固定70例。结果972例获得随访的患者中，保守治疗组176例；集柬针固定组28例，空心螺钉固定组32例，Ender钉固定组93例，DHS固定组392例，DCS固定组86例，Gamma钉固定组52例，PFN固定组17例，人工关节置换组26例，角钢板固定组70例，其优良率分别为52．8％、67．9％、87．5％、77．4％、95．9％、93．O％、90．4％、88．2％、92．3％、84．3％。保守治疗组死亡11人，肺部感染7例，尿路感染4例，髋内翻35例。集柬针固定组髋内翻3例，钉退出4例。Ender钉固定组髋内翻3例，切口感染3例。DHS固定组死亡1例，尿路感染3例，肺部感染3例，螺钉松动2例。DCS固定组内固定断裂1例。Gamma钉固定组螺钉松动1例。人工关节置换组死亡1例。角钢板固定组断裂1例。结论保守治疗髋内翻及内科并发症发生率高。逆股骨转子间骨折采用DCS、Gamma钉或PFN固定，DHS适用于稳定性骨折，四者对股骨转子间骨折的疗效确切，且并发症发生率低。     

DHS、DCS和PFN治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折临床分析

目的 比较DHS、DCS、PFN治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折术中、术后情况及疗效.方法 106例老年股骨粗隆同骨折,DHS治疗42例,DCS治疗25例,PFN治疗39例.结果 DHS组1例出现钢板松动,1例固定螺钉断裂,1例髋内翻.DCS组1例髋内翻.PFN组1例髋螺钉内移切出.按Parker髋关节评分标准评价术后功能;DHS、DCS、PFN优良率分别为85.70%、84.0%、96.48%,统计学显示在手术切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、输血量以及骨折愈合时间上PFN组均优于DHS和DCS组(P<0.05),DHS和DCS组之间无显著差异性.结论 PFN治疗股骨粗隆间骨折疗效优于DHS及DCS,其可显著缩短手术时间、减少出血量及缩短术后愈合时间.     

老年不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的临床治疗分析

目的 探讨老年不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的治疗方案.方法 184例老年不稳定型股骨转子间骨折,手术治疗143例,随机抽取动力髋螺钉(DHS)治疗(A组)与人工股骨头置换(B组)各28例,评估2组的效果.结果 A组,内固定失败3例,髋内翻4例,患肢短缩＞2.0 cm 2例,骨延迟愈合2例,下肢静脉栓塞2例,坠积性肺炎1例.B...     

三种方法治疗股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效比较

目的通过比较目前治疗股骨转子间骨折常用的三种内固定系统：动力髋螺钉（DHS）,动力髁螺钉（DCS）和股骨近端髓内钉（PFN）的临床疗效,评价三者在治疗股骨转子间骨折的优劣。方法对93例股骨转子间骨折,根据Evans分型,结合患者的年龄、骨折粉碎程度及骨折线的位置,分别选用DHS治疗58例,DCS治疗15例,PFN治疗20例。结果所有患者均获随访,时间为7～36个月,平均18个月,全部骨性愈合。根据Parker髋部骨折疗效标准：优63例,良22例,可8例,总优良率91．4％。结论DHS、DCS适用于稳定的I型、Ⅱ型及部分Ⅲ型股骨转子间骨折,DCS更适于股骨粗隆下或逆粗隆骨折,而PFN适用于股骨转子间各种类型骨折,而对Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型不稳定型骨折优势明显。     

下肢

股骨近端髓内钉与动力髋螺钉治疗老年股骨转子间及转子下骨折的比较研究；多孔减压加金葡液注入治疗早期股骨头坏死；80岁以上股骨颈骨折患者人工股骨头置换手术后生活质量评价；加压空心螺钉内固定与人工髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的疗效比较；PFN和DHS治疗股骨转子间骨折的生物力学研究及临床疗效观察；关节镜下应用带血管蒂骨瓣转移治疗股骨头缺血性坏死；股骨颈完全疲劳骨折三例临床分析；特制股骨假体置换治疗老年粗隆部不稳定骨折；90岁以上非稳定性股骨转子间骨折患者人工股骨头置换术；     

动力髋部螺钉和股骨近端髓内钉与人工股骨头置换术治疗老年股骨转子间不稳定型骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨动力髋部螺钉（DHS）、股骨近端髓内钉（PFN）和人工股骨头置换术对老年股骨转子间不稳定型骨折的疗效。方法96例股骨转子间不稳定型骨折患者中,DHS组34例,PFN组36例,人工股骨头置换术组26例,对其术中、术后指标进行比较。结果96例患者随访10—38个月,平均18个月。3组术中出血量、手术时间、术后引流量、术后下床时间之间的差异有统计学意义。术后并发症以DHS组最多,PFN组次之,人工股骨头置换组最少。按Harris评分系统评估,各组优良率分别是79．4％（DHS组）、94．2％（PFN组）、92．3％（人工股骨头置换组）;后两组的优良率显著高于DHS组（P〈0．05）。结论对于老年股骨转子间不稳定型骨折的治疗,PFN和人工股骨头置换两种术式均行之有效,优于DHS,在严格掌握适应证的前提下,人工股骨头置换术后可早期下床行走,减少并发症,对高龄伴严重骨质疏松的患者尤为适宜。     

DHS和PFN治疗不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的比较

目的比较应用动力髋螺钉（dynamic hip screw,DHS）和股骨近端髓内钉（proximal pemoral nail,PFN）治疗不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效及其优缺点,探讨内固定方案的选择。方法对我院2008年5月至2010年10月收治的13例不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折患者分别采用DHS和PFN手术治疗,其中19例采用DHS内固定,男13例,女6例,年龄55～77岁,平均68岁;24例采用PFN内固定,男16例,女8例,年龄55～80岁,平均71岁。随访12～20个月,观察骨折愈合情况、并发症、术后功能评分、优良率。结果 DHS组2例发生髋内翻,2例出现动力螺钉退出,2例出现褥疮,1例死亡（脑血管意外）。PFN组1例螺丝松动,1例出现轻度髋内翻,1例发生下肢深静脉血栓,其余患者骨折全部愈合。随访结果显示PFN组髋内翻、动力螺钉退出的发生率比DHS组低。结论针对不稳定的股骨粗隆间骨折,两种内固定方法均可获得较好的效果,但PFN组能减少不稳定粗隆间骨折的髋内翻、动力螺钉退出等的发生率。     

股骨近端髓内钉内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆部位骨折优势分析

老年股骨粗隆部位（包括粗隆间及粗隆下）发生骨折后，保守治疗常导致骨不连、骨延迟愈合及骨畸形愈合，且长期卧床会带来褥疮、肺部感染等并发症，目前多主张手术治疗。目前，最常见的髓外固定系统是动力髋螺钉（DHS），髓内固定系统是Gamma钉和股骨近端髓内钉（PFN）。我院采用PFN治疗股骨粗隆部位的骨折97例，并与传统的DHS和Gamma钉固定相比较，研究PFN内固定的特点与优势。     

3种外科方法治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效比较

目的比较动力髋螺钉(DHS)与股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板(LCP)和髋关节置换3种处理方法治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法笔者自2008-01—2014-12对35例股骨粗隆间骨折采用DHS和LCP及髋关节或股骨头置换内固定治疗,比较3种内固定术后髋内翻发生率、并发症发生率、髋关节Harris评分优良率等指标。结果 DHS组髋内翻发生率达30%,LCP组及关节置换组均未出现髋内翻,而LCP组2例出现螺钉断裂,但未影响骨折愈合,无钢板松动、断裂,无螺钉切出股骨头等;按Harris髋关节功能评分,优良率较高的是LCP,其次是关节置换,较差的是DHS。结论LCP内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折均优于DHS组,手术创伤小、骨折内固定可靠、应力分布合理、骨折愈合率高,并发症少等优点;而髋关节置换或股骨头置换应用于高龄合并严重骨质疏松、合并股骨头缺血性坏死的患者。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.